ناصر امام جمعه کاشان

The aim of the current research is to investigate the effect of climate change on the milk production curve and fat percentage and fat percentage and the rate of milk changes of Holstein cows in different climates from seven provinces. For this purpose, 70,000 test day records related to 22,471 Holstein cows were collected during the years 2001 to 2016. Using data from the nearest synoptic station, the climate temperature humidity index was calculated and compared using temperature and relative humidity. Due to the possibility of greater impact of longer periods of heat stress compared to shorter periods, the average of 1, 2 and 3 day were also calculated. In general, the changes caused by different climates were calculated through artificial networking using Neurosolution software. In general, the changes caused by different climates were calculated through artificial networking using Neurosolution software. The goodness of fit was determined using the coefficient of explanation r and the mean square error of the MSE model. Based on the results, the temperature humidity index (THI) was determined as the best criterion to investigate the climatic conditions of the studied area. Based on the results, the humidity and temperature index was determined as the best criterion to investigate the climatic conditions of the studied area. It has also been observed that the average temperature and relative humidity 2 days before recording can explain a greater share of the changes in production performance than on the day of recording alone. The results of this study showed that increasing the THI value reduced milk production and increased milk fat percentage.

Milk production and fertility are important traits for genetic evaluation of bulls in breeding programs. The goal of this research was to investigate the reproduction and fertility status in Iranian Holstein dairy cattle and effect of days open on the milk production and genetic ranking of bulls. A total number of 706,653 test day records of first parity of 78,517 Holstein cows in 448 herds during the years from 1991 to 2016 were used. The phenotypic and genetic relationship of the amount of milk production in 270 days and the number of open days and their genetic parameters were estimated through a two-trait model. Also data were analyzed using a random regression model and predicted the breeding values of bulls. The results showed that in the studied population, 7.7 and 60% of the cows in the herds became pregnant by 45 and 112 days after calving, respectively and 54.6% of successful pregnancies occur after 90 days in milk. The heritability of 270 days milk and open days and their genetic correlation were estimated of to be 0.257 (±0.016) and 0.0314 (±0.004) and 0.538 (±0.06) respectively. The range of estimated heritability of 270 days milk for first to ninth groups were 0.11-0.26. Days open was a source of variation of the parameter. The results showed that number of open days affected the predicted breeding value of bulls and their ranking. It is concluded that, in sire evaluation programs in order to increase the accuracy of breeding value prediction of the sires it is necessary to include the variable of number of open days in the statistical models.

If spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are transplanted into the testicles of lambs that do not have this type of cell, they begin to produce sperm in the testis of the recipient rams. The aim of this study was to prepare recipient lambs. For this purpose, heat treatments of 35, 45, 55 and 65 °C or water-ice treatment for 20, 40 and 60 minutes were used for three replicates with two days interval. The results showed that the condition of the testicles was normal at 45 °C, but the treatment at 55 °C caused infection in the seminiferous tubules and at 65 °C, the testicles were completely destroyed. The use of water-ice treatments did not change the appearance of the testes. Colony formation after extraction and culture of SSCs at 45 °C treatment and water-ice treatments were significantly reduced compared to the control (P <0.05). Also, the expression of c-myc, plzfand gfrl genes as specific SSC markers was significantly reduced in 45 °C and cold treatments compared with the control (P <0.05). Accordingly, for reducing the number of SSCs in lambs’ testicles, water ice or 45 °C treatments for 20 minutes can be used three times at intervals of two days.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of genotype by environment interaction through calculating the rank correlation between estimated breeding values of bulls in Iran and in Interbull. The data of 2,000,378 records of 305 days of milk, fat and protein production in the first, second and third lactations in years of 2004 to 2021 were used. The records were from daughters of 9603 sires in 3,444 herds. In model one, the breeding values of animals in the multivariate analysis for milk, fat and protein production of first lactation were estimated. In model two, a repeatability model was used to estimate breeding values in the multivariate analysis for milk, fat and protein production from first to third parity. Rank correlation were estimated between Iran and Interbull for bulls which had at least 20 daughters in 10 herds. In the single-parity model, the rank correlations between the estimated breeding values in Iran and Interbull for milk, fat and protein were 0.76, 0.75 and 0.76, respectively. In the multiple-parity model, the rank correlations between the estimated breeding values in Iran and Interbull for milk, fat and protein production were 0.48, 0.43 and 0.51, respectively, which shows the interaction of genotype by environment. The results showed different rank correlations for two types of models used. Therefore, due to genotype by environment interaction, the rank of bulls in Iran could be different from Interbull estimates.

Breeding between Indus cows and Taurus cows in the Sistan region of Iran has been done in recent years through the use of liquid sperm, frozen sperm, or foreign bulls. There are few studies in Iran on the effects of interbreeding programs on Sistani cattle. The present study was performed to identify mononucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) based on RNA-Seq data in purebred Sistani cows and its crosses with three foreign breeds of Holstein, Simmental, and MonteBilliarde cows.

In this study, RNA-Seq data were used for pure Sistani, Sistani and Holstein, Sistani and Montebeliarde, Sistani and Simmental cattle. For this purpose, first of the tail vein of purebred cattle mixed with Holstein, Simmental, and MonteBilliarde. (4 treatments and for each treatment two biological replications) in the same environmental, nutritional, and managerial conditions located in the breeding center of Sistani cattle in Zabol. blood was drawn.

SNP discovery analysis was performed on transcriptome using SAMtools software package, which led to the discovery of 152496, 177042, 134285, and 163362 SNPs in pure Sistani breeds and its crosses with three foreign breeds of Holstein, Simmental, and Montebeliarde bulls. In this study, there was no direct relationship between the number of SNPs identified and the length of chromosomes. Also, 12 types of SNPs were identified, of which four types were transition and eight types were transversion. The most common known SNPs were transition which was 71.84% in pure Sistani, 72.65% in Sistani and Holstein, 72.60% in Sistani and Simmental, and 71.94% in Sistani and MonteBilliarde.

Overall, the results of this study confirmed that RNA-Seq technology is an effective, economical, and efficient method for identifying SNP loci. Factors influencing RNA-Seq evaluation are such as the number of samples.

In order to understand the causes of bovine embryo mortality and viability, it is necessary to identify different pathways between the embryonic fission and the blastocyst. The enriched sets of genes from a bovine embryonic cell to a 16-cell and blastocyst stage were examined. The raw DNA microarray data was downloaded from the GEO database. Then differentially expressed probes were enriched with the online software agriGO v2 by means of singular enrichment analysis (SEA). The results of this study showed that a total of 5 genes with increased expression, including KPNA7, RGS2, TESC, MLLT11, BMP15 and 5 genes with decreased expression, including KRT8, CLDN6, PLAC8, FN1, KRT18 had the highest differentially expressed pattern (P ≤0.05). In addition, 39 gene sets in various molecular metabolic pathways, including NADP metabolism, tRNA, ATP, phospholipid catabolism, apoptosis and cell growth, glycolysis, mitosis; 13 gene sets on the path of molecular functions, including manganese ion, RRNA, cytochrome C oxidation activities, translation primers, ATP and ATPase activity and at the level of the cellular components of 12 gene sets on the path of the cytoplasmic cavesicle membrane, endoplasmic reticulum membrane, microtubules and Spindles and plasma membrane showed the highest enrichment (P ≤0.05). As a result, the gene sets enriched with blastocysts indicate the beginning of cell differentiation and the transition from the blastocyst state to the implantation process. Ultimately, at this stage, gene sets are expressed, the interaction of which is likely to result in the survival or analysis of the embryo.

Profitability in dairy herds depend on animal survival in the herd, which is provided by reducing involuntary culling and increasing the voluntary culling in the herd. The aim of this study was to investigate the non-genetic factors affecting longevity and to estimate the genetic parameters of longevity and somatic cell score in Iranian Holstein cows. For this purpose, the data of 277715 cattle that were collected by Animal Breeding Center of Iran during 2001 to 2018, were used. Longevity was defined as length of life (LL), lifetime number of days in milk (LDIM), lifetime milk yield (LMY), lifetime fat yield (LFY), and lifetime protein yield (LPY), and the effect of environmental factors on traits and risk of culling were determined using Survival kit and cmprsk statistical packages. Variance components of longevity traits were estimated based on exponential distribution and censored data along with somatic cell score trait using two-trait analysis by Gibbs sampling method. The results showed that the effect of herd, year and season of calving and calving age of cows was significant on all longevity traits (P <0.001). Cows with a high degree of dystocia had a higher culling risk than other cows and the culling risk was higher for cows born in the spring than in other seasons (except to the LL). The range of heritability for different longevity traits varied from 0.076 to 0.186 and the heritability of the somatic cell score was estimated to be 0.31. The results showed that genetic selection for somatic cell score and some longevity traits such as LPY can be effective in improving these traits, although due to the importance of environmental factors on longevity traits, these factors should also be considered. Genetic and residual correlation between somatic cell score with longevity traits were negative and the amount of genetic correlation between traits were higher than their residual correlation. Therefore, genetic selection for somatic cell score and considering it as a selection criterion in breeding programs can indirectly improve the longevity traits in Iranian Holstein cows. Increasing and improvement of longevity is not only economically important but also improves animal welfare.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fosfomycin antibiotic as well as yeast probiotics of S. bulardii and S. cerevisiae on performance, antioxidant activity and expression of interleukin-6 gene in Holstein calves. In order to test, 20 newborn Holstein calves were distributed in 5 treatments and 4 replications (each replication including 1 calf) for 60 days after feeding with colostrum in a completely randomized design from the age of 3 days. Experimental treatment diets include 1: control (without antibiotics and probiotics), 2: fosfomycin (0.165 g/kg BW), 3: milk-soluble S. boulardii (1 g/kg BW), 4: milk-soluble S. cerevisiae (1 g/kg BW) and 5: A mixture of S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae were dissolved in milk (1 g/kg BW each). The amount of feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio of none of the treatments were not significantly different from the control (P>0.05). The amount of serum glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes as well as the amount of interleukin-6 gene expression in the whole period in calves that used a mixture of S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae had the highest significant difference with the control (P<0.05). In general, the use of a mixture of yeast probiotics had a greater effect on the antioxidant system and immune system of calves than their separate use and also compared to antibiotics in calves nutrition.

The objective of this study was predicting breeding values for sires and cows at an early stage of cows’ first lactation, to enable early selection of sires. Accuracy of predicted breeding values were investigated using cross validation method. Data consisted of 2,166,925 test-day records from 456,712 cows calving between 1990 and 2015. (Co)-variance components and breeding values were estimated using a random regression test-day model and the average information Restricted Maximum Likelihood method. Legendre polynomial functions of order 3 were chosen to fit the additive genetic and permanent environmental effects and homogeneous residual variance was assumed throughout lactation. The lowest heritability of daily milk yield was estimated to be 0.14 in early lactation, and the highest heritability of daily milk yield was estimated to be 0.18 in mid lactation. Cross validation showed high positive correlation of predicted breeding values between consecutive yearly evaluations for both cows and sires. Correlation between predicted breeding values in early lactation (5-90 days) and late lactation (181-305 days) were 0.77-0.87 for cows and 0.81-0.94 for sires. These results show that we can select sires according to their daughters’ early lactation before they finish first lactation. This can be used to decline generation interval and increase genetic gain in Iranian Holstein population.

All breeds of Irannians sheep except Zel has a fat tail, and despite their lower carcass fat percentage, male lambs have higher fat-tail weight. Using within breed genetic variation requires accurate and precise measuring of fat tail weight on candidates of selection. The aime of this study was comparision of artificial neural network (ANN) modeling and linear modeling methods to prediction of fat tail weight, using body weight and different tail dimensions. 32 lambs of Chal and Zandi breeds,crosses of Zandi×Chal,Zel×Zandi and Zel×Chal hybrids were used for modeling to an estimation of fat-tail weight. Inputs of the model was birth type, sex, breed, upper width , mid width and lower width of fat tail,fat tail height and body weight, output of the model was fat tail weight. body weight, genotype, and fat tail mid-width had the largest positive correlations with fat-tail weight,0.83,-0.82 and0.80,respectively. The adequacy parameters of the best artificial neural network model had a coefficient determination of 0.99 and a mean squared error(RMSE)of 70.3g. The values of these estimated parameters by the multiple linear model were 0.891 and 263.86, respectively. The results of the extension of the original study showed the complexity of the interactions between the model inputs. Present research approved to accurate and unbiased estimation of tail weight of different breeds and crosses using artificial neural network. Furthermore, present study showed that ANN model can be used for accurate and presise estimation of fat tail weight using measured traits on sheep,than linear model.

111543 records of first calving test day milk production with three milking times during the years 1983 to 2016 were used for 62 herds in the Breeding Center data file. The dairy cows under study had 10 test day records. Variables from the herd-year-calving combination as random effect and herd-test-month-age combination at the time of record as fixed effects were created for each animal. Average milk yield in hot and dry climate was higher than hot and wet climate. The average traits of milk fat and milk protein percentage in hot and dry climates were higher than hot and wet climates, but somatic cell traits were higher in hot and wet climates. The phenotypic variance of milk yield was higher in hot and dry regions in all ten test day records. The phenotypic variance of milk fat percent was higher in hot and dry area on the first, second, fifth and sixth test days. The average genetic variance of milk fat percentage in hot and wet region at 9 test day records was higher than in hot and dry region. Phenotypic variance of milk protein percentage in hot and dry area was higher than in hot and wet regions in all test days. In countries where calving occurs throughout the year, mastitis is dependent to the pattern of growth of pathogens in different seasons and years. Changes in animal physiological conditions (calving and changes in breast status) increase the number of somatic cells in milk, which has a physiological effect. As a result, the interaction of genotype and environment changes the ranking of male cows in high-yield, medium-yielding and low-yielding herds. In other words, male cows that have a high corrective value in high-yielding herds may not have the expected yield in low-yielding herds.

In order to determine the optimum number of test-day records for the progeny test program of Holstein bulls, 732,140 milk yield test-day were used. These milk yield test-days, which were related to 73,214 first parity dairy cows belonging to 62 herds, had been collected by the Animal Breeding Center of Iran from 1992 to 2016. The correlation of predicted breeding value (EBV) of bulls from ten test-day of their daughters compared with EBV predicted from different number of recorded test-days. The Correlation of predicted EBV from ten test-days with EBV from even, odd, (second, fifth, seventh), (second, fifth, tenth) and (second, sixth) test-day records were estimated to be 0.99, 0.98, 0.98, 0.97 and 0.94 respectively. The results showed that to reduce cost of recording, number of records and generation interval in EBV prediction of bulls with random regression model it is possible to use only second, fifth and seventh test-days instead of ten test-days.

Due to the harmful effects of using chemical pesticides to control Varroa in honey bee colonies, the use of non-chemical methods such as hygenic behaviors of honey bee has been considered. The hygenic behaviour includes detection of dead, infected or abnormal infants in breed cells, uncapping, removing the broods and grooming to remove Varroa from the body. These hygenic behaviours are important defense mechanisms against a variety of pathogens such as bee bacteria, fungi and also Varroa mites. In this research, the hygenic mechanism and grooming behaviour of Iranian honey bees against Varroa mite was investigated in two generations. The study was accomplished on 60 colonies (30 resistant and 30 sensitive colonies as control) of Alborz National Institute of Animal Science Research in two sessions: one day a week from September to October 2014, and from June to October 2015. To measure the grooming behaviour, grease-treated plates were installed in the floor of the test bed and the number of healthy and unhealthy Varroa Mite on the plates was counted. The rate of uncapping and removed of dead broods was determined in resistant and control colonies on June 2014 and October 2015. To determine the hygenic behaviour, liquid Nitrogen was used to kill pupae. The number of uncapped and discharged cells was counted in three periods of 24, 48 and 72 hours after the application of liquid nitrogen. Colonies that removed more than 95% of dead, infected or abnormal broods within 48 hours were considered as very hygienic colonies.The average of grooming behaviour in 2014 and 2015 was 61 ± 1 and 65 ± 3 per colony respectively (p<0.01). Hygenic colonies were 30% and 32.3% in 2014 and 2015 respectively. Also, the percentage of uncapping and removing after 48 hours in 2014 and 2015 Were 88.5, 91.3 and 85, 5.86.6 respectively, which was different significantly (p<0.01). The results showed, the correlation between grooming behaviour and honey production was significant. Also, the correlation between uncapping and removing behaviours was significant. The results of this research and other studies conducted by other Iranian researchers showed that the Iranian honeybee has shows higher hygenic behaviour against Varroa and other bee diseases. By selecting and implementing good breeding programs, it is possible to increase the rate of these behaviours in order to create Varroa mite-resistant populations.

The present investigation was undertaken to study reason of culling, non genetic effects and genetic parameters of longevity with two method linear model and Weibull. A data set of information from Holstein dairy cows of Isfahan province (Iran) was used for this study. The culling date of 36340 animals from 65 herds recorded in 1993-2014 was used. From 33219 culled cows in these years were 27.9 and 72.1 percent for voluntary and involuntary culling respectively. Lifespan and Length of productive life (LPL) were analyzed for longevity. Functional productive life (FPL) was estimated by adjusting LPL for first lactation milk yield relative to herd average. The mean of lifespan and length of productive life were estimated to be 954 and 1710 (days) respectively. The results with GLM procedure showed that HYS and age at the first calving had significant on length of productive life. The results with Lifereg procedure with Weibull function showed that effects of herd, year of first calving (p

In order to analyse the effects of some environmental factors on milk production characteristics of Holstein cows in dairy farms of Mashhad، a total of 46،420 test day milk records belonging to 5،323 first lactation cows calved between 1994 and 2007 were utilised. First، Gompertz non-linear function was fitted to test day milk records of individual cows using SAS software. Then، based upon the estimated parameters of the function، milk porduction characteristics including time to peak yield (TM)، milk yield at peak time (YM)، lactation milk yield (YL) and initial milk yield (Y0) were calculated. Analysis of the environmental factors for the traits was carried out through a set of linear mixed models. The fixed effects of herd، year، season of calving and sperm type were significant on all the traits. Holstein gene percentage had significant influence on YL، PT and Y0. Calving age had only significant affect on YM and Y0. The effect of days open was significant for YL، YM and TM. There were positive and significant annual phenotypic trends for YL (10. 27 kg)، YM (0. 43 kg) and TM (2. 84 d).

In this study, genetic parameters and trends were estimated for milk yield at peak time (YM), peak time (TM) and total lactation milk yield (YL) using 46,420 monthly test day records belonging to 5,323 first lactation Holstein cow in Mashhad’s dairy farms. The number of herds was 64 and cows calved during 1994-2007. Total number of sires and dams were 660 and 4,685, respectively. Gompertz non-linear function was utilized to describe the shape of the lactation curve. In order to genetic analysis of the traits, a multivariate animal model was used in which fixed effect of contemporary group of herd- year – calving season – sperm type, some covariables, as well as random additive genetic effect were included. Restricted maximum likelihood statistical method was used to estimate variance and covariance components. Heritability of milk yield at peak time, peak time and total lactation milk yield were found to be 0.159, 0.129 and 0.190, respectively. Genetic and environmental correlations between YM and TM were 0.830 and 0.515, between YM and LY were 0.978 and 0.938, and between TM and YL were 0.920 and 0.689, respectively. The results indicated that there were positive and significant (P<0.05) genetic trends for YL 4.664 kgy- 1), YM (0.017 kgy-1) and TM (0.130 dy-1).

In this study body weight traits at hatch, 14, 28, 42 and 49 days, age of sexual maturity, carcass yield and mean of daily weight gain were compared in three strains of Japanese quail. 51 male and 51 female of each strain were randomly selected from the base population, located in separate cages and collected their eggs in every day and for two weeks. Mean of hatch weight in wild, black and white strains was 7.2, 7.1 and 6.9 respectively and differences were not significant. Body weight in other ages was significantly affected by strain and sex(p<0.001). Difference between LSM of carcass yield in wild, black and white were not significant. Age of sexual maturity in females in wild strain was more than that the rest. Difference of Mean of weight gain in three strain were significant except ages of 1 to 14 and 42 to 49 days (p<0.05). The result of this study indicated that wild strain have highest performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of maternal breeding values of the weight of day-old chick chicks in a commercial broiler line with egg traits including yolk fatty acids. Maternal breeding values of 63 hens of known pedigree were estimated through an animal model, containing direct additive genetic effect, maternal additive genetic effect, maternal common environmental effect and covariance between direct and maternal additive genetic effects, through DFREML program employing 6476 records of day-old chick weights. Hens were divided into 3 genetic groups (low, LGG; medium, MGG; and high, HGG) on the basis of estimated maternal breeding values. From the hens, 126 eggs (2 eggs from each hen) were collected at 32 weeks of age for an assessment of egg quality and quantity traits (egg weight, shell thickness, shell strength, shell weight, yolk weight, yolk percentage, albumin weight and albumin percentage) as well as yolk fatty acids (palmetic, palmitoleic, estearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids). Analysis of variance was carried out through GLM procedure and differences among the means evaluated using Tukey method. Egg, shell, yolk, and albumin weights as well as albumin percentage were higher (p<0.05) for HGG than for MGG and LGG. However, yolk percentage mean decreased as maternal breeding values increased. With the as fitting egg weight as a covariate, the differences among the means in the 3 genetic groups were not found as significant. The results indicated that egg weight accounts for a considerable part of variability of all traits. The MGG had the higher and the HGG a lower mean of yolk fatty acids, but the differences were not significant.

Arab horse is one of the popular pure breed in Iran that is registered by World Arabian Horse Organization (WA. H. O.). In this research 13 conformation traits were studied on a random sample of the Iranian Arab horses. Animal model with Derivative Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood (DF-REML) approach and DFREML software were used to estimate variance components of traits. Mean of the inbreeding coefficient for the population under study was 2. 12 percentage. The inbreeding coefficient of each horse was considered as a covariate. The effect of inbreeding on the whithers height (P<0. 01)، mid body، croup height and fore and back canon bones circumference was significant (P<0. 05). The lowest and highest heritability were equal to (0. 050 ± 0. 008) and (0. 614 ± 0. 087) and related to neck length and croup height respectively. This research was done at Islamic Azad University، Ghaemshahr Branch in (2007).

The data covered 10237 milk production records related to first parity of Holstein cattle in Moghan Agribusiness collected between 1988 and 2002. The longevity was defined in nine different cases from the first parity to 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, 72, 78 and 84 months after first parturition. Genetic parameters of milk yield, fat percentage and longevity were estimated using Restricted Maximum Likelihood method (REML) fitting an animal model. Heritability of milk yield and fat percentage were estimated as 0,27, and 0,40 respectively. Heritability estimates for longevity in different time intervals were 0,026 to 0,092. The genetic correlation of milk production and fat percentage was -0,38. The genetic correlation of milk production and fat percentage with longevity in different time intervals were (0,34 to 0,51) and (-0,20 to -0,25) respectively. The breeding values of the sires for milk and fat percentage and longevity predicted and compared with each other. Basis of this, for all traits, breeding values for Iranian sires were considerable (561,1 kg, 0,5% and 0,87 month for milk production, fat percentage and longevity up to 84 months). Although genetic trend was estimated positive (17,3 kg per year) for milk production; this was negative for fat percentage of milk (-0,014% per year). For longevity, a little-positive genetic trend (0,066 month per year) was obtained.