ناصر طالب بیدختی

Investigation of the internal surface roughness of fluid transmission systems pipes is very important in the amount of energy loss. Different concepts and methods have been used to examine surface roughness. Some of these methods are based on roughness measurement devices and equipment in this field. Significant researches are done in surface roughness measuring in steel, copper, plastic, or coated pipes.

In this study, the inner surface roughness of fiberglass pipes, has been evaluated using laboratory methods and roughness measuring devices in several diameters and two different types. Calibration and verification results of the surface roughness tester machine on sandpaper and U-PVC pipe wall surfaces are evaluated. In addition, the effect of roughness parameters and their calculated surface roughness and time using of fiberglass pipe have been investigated.

According to the results, the roughness parameters Rz and Ra in the cut length of 0.8 and 2.5 respectively are suitable parameters to estimate the roughness of the inner surface of the fiberglass tube. Also, the roughness of the inner surface of biaxial tubes is lower than uniaxial tubes. In addition, in comparing the roughness of newly produced and old fiberglass pipes, the surface roughness parameters decrease due to the passage of time and the use in projects. Whereas, the roughness parameters related to the type of pipe have not changed.

Based on the results of the Surftest SJ-210 device has best results with accuracy of the roughness height reported for fiberglass pipes is equal to 98.84%. In U-PVC, similar to fiberglass pipe, the average roughness values has been estimated with high accuracy using the Ra with a cutting length of 2.5.

Cities are considered flexible but complex systems. Increasing the level of resilience of the urban environment to the stresses caused by the crisis and also minimizing the time of rehabilitation are among the most important factors that should be considered in urban planning and management. The amount of hydraulic resilience of Sadra city water network against earthquakes with different intensities and locations and considering the physical characteristics of the network and the complete characteristics of pipes, both geometric and hydraulic, have been studied. The population index affected by the decrease in the efficiency of the urban water supply network caused by the earthquake has been studied and compared as an important criterion for different scenarios. The results of this study are 5 objectives of identifying critical pipelines, determining the resilience of Sadra water network, determining critical areas based on failure criteria, determining the population affected by pipeline failure and examining different urban areas in terms of water leakage. For this purpose, 18 scenarios with changes in earthquake intensity, earthquake center and two repair strategies with a decrease in the expected consumer demand were examined. The results showed that in earthquakes with less intensity, the northern region has the highest amount of damaged pipes, while with increasing earthquake intensity, the city center is more vulnerable. Likewise, results regarding the Todini index depicted that North is the most vulnerable region and the south is the most resilient region against earthquakes. In addition, the study of leakage diagrams from the pipeline network also confirmed that the highest rate of leakage occurs in the north of the city, as a result of which the most affected population due to earthquake damage to the water supply network is concentrated in the North. Studying the PI index showed that North, with a population of nearly 74,000, is the most vulnerable area. Finally, the time of system return to normal was determined, which shows a positive correlation between earthquake intensity and system recovery time in all three areas.

The increase in consumption demand, competition between different stakeholders, decrease of water resources and being placed under water bankruptcy condition have caused many challenges for water resources management in recent years. The current study assesses the existing challenges between stakeholders who intend to extract from shared water resources. Chicken game has been applied to solve the problem, which is a practical method of games theory in order to eliminate the oppositions between two players. The main goal is to achieve a suitable behavioral pattern for two players by considering appropriate foresight. In this research, MODFLOW model has been used to simulate shared groundwater resource in the studied region. Then, the model is connected to a two-objective optimization model by minimize the drop in the aquifer’s water table and profit increase by using a neural network. The management period of this research was four years and its practicality has been evaluated one of the sub-basins of Golestan province located in northern Iran. In the study, different optimized cultivation areas in various modes of the game have been developed and then, based on the obtained results from the extracted groundwater, the exact amount of groundwater drawdown and obtained profit have been determined. The results show that different stakeholders in exploiting the common water source by using foresight can prevent their strategic losses in the future.

Assessing the resilience of the urban water distribution system against natural disasters and unforeseen events is very important in urban management. In this paper, the amount of hydraulic resilience of Sadra water network against earthquake has been studied. Various strategies have also been defined for repairing the water distribution network. In this paper, Sadra city water network is first simulated in EPANET and then imported as input into WNTR (Water Network Tool for Resilience) code, which is programmed in Python. WNTR is developed based on the theory of complex networks and calculates the index of citizens' access to water services. In this paper, 18 scenarios were examined considering changes in earthquake intensity, earthquake center and two repair strategies with a decrease in the amount of consumer demand. Pipes are divided into two categories, general and minor damage, based on the probability of failure. Todini index is used to evaluate the failure criteria in the water distribution network. Results showed that while the increase in earthquake intensity in all areas is positively correlated with the paternal damage of the water supply network, the return time of the network to normal conditions depends on the repair strategy and change in the expected consumer demand. Meanwhile, the fractal analysis of the water supply network has been performed in order to analyze the redundancy of the network based on the fractal dimension in order to find the most vulnerable area of ​​the network. Assessing the hydraulic resilience indices and fractal analysis depicted that the North is the most vulnerable area and South has the highest network resilience. Finally, the return time of the system to normal condition in each scenario and the number, ID and location of damaged pipes in each scenario was determined.

In this paper, the seismic performance safety of a concrete gravity dam (Hygher dam) located in Fars Province, Iran, has been evaluated. Probable levels of seismic damages of Hygher dam induced by three levels of ground motions (DBE, MDE and MCE) have been quantitatively estimated according to the USACE guidelines. The methodology is based on the stress demand-capacity ratio (DCR) and the cumulative inelastic duration as two performance indices. Based on the EAGD computer code linear analyses results, it is concluded that the response of the dam at the DBE level (0.34g) will exhibit either no damage or at most minor damages. At the MDE and MCE levels (0.42g and 0.55g), some tensile cracking will occur, but its level is considered acceptable with no possibility of total collapse. According to the proposed performance criteria, the selected ground motions did not produce significant nonlinear deformation in this dam, and so the said guideline did not require nonlinear analysis to be performed.

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus Outbreak 2019 (COVID-19) has caused worldwide concern and has affected all aspects of human life. This change in human lifestyle has brought advantages and disadvantages to the environment. Therefore, research on these effects by focusing on the presence and evolution of the COVID-19 virus in water, soil, and other environmental factors, as well as providing solutions to improve the environment, is very important. This study aims to show the direct and indirect positive and negative effects of COVID-19 on the environment. The results indicate that despite the temporarily positive effects of coronavirus on the environment due to implementing lockdown, such as improvement in air quality, environmental noise reduction, cleaner beaches and coastal areas, there are negative short- and long-term effects, such as excessive water consumption, reducing waste recycling, and significant increase of both residential and medical solid waste generation, which leads to pollute or degrade the environment (air, water, and land). Moreover, with the global economic re-launching in most countries in the coming months, it could result in adverse effects such as increasing greenhouse gas emissions.

This study investigated the effects of climatic changes on temperature, rainfall, and runoff in the Doroudzan catchment in the northeast of Fars province, Iran. Temperature and rainfall changes in two future middle and far period downscaled and studied using 15 CMIP3 climatic models, under emission scenarios A2, B1and A1B, from the database of the LARS WG5.5 model. The difference in the amount of variations in temperature and rainfall in the periods and the observational amounts under the 15 models indicated the uncertainty of the changes values. To reduce this uncertainty and limit the results to the management and planning of water resources, an ensemble approach was considered. For the preparation of the ensemble approach, the parameters from the files of the 15- models file scenarios were averaged so that a climatic ensemble model could be obtained for each period. Then, the runoffs of the next two periods were produced using the FEEDFORWARD neural network. The results indicated an increase in the average monthly maximum temperature and the minimum temperature. The results also showed a decrease in the rainfall in the early months of the year as well as an increase in the rainfall in the spring in most scenarios. Generally, results showed a reduction in the average annual rainfall. The maximum amount of reduction was in far future far period. Besides, a reduction occurred in the average runoff of the catchment in the periods, values in the most years.

In this paper, two optimization methodologies for conjunctive operation from surface and groundwater resources are developed. The first proposed methodology consists of an integrated model that is able to consider and analysis supply and water demand management policies, together. In this model, optimum decisions are determined for reservoir-river-groundwater system simultaneous operation for developing water supply and increasing water demands conditions. Also, different climate change scenarios are considered for evaluating the system in the different situations. In this model, using NSGA-II multi-objective optimization model that surface and groundwater allocation are determined with multi-objective goal programming approach for 10-year periods in different climate. For analyzing optimization model, performance criteria are determined for system in the conjunctive operation structure in order to evaluate and rank operation approaches. Finally, using Borda count model, an appropriate solution is chosen on the obtained trade-off among different objectives. In the second methodology, a simulation-optimization model is developed for conjunctive operation from surface and groundwater resooptimum decisions are determined for reservoir-river-groundwater system simultaneous operation under different climate scenarios for developing water supply and increasing demands system. They are presented in the operation rules framework and rule curves in the monthly and weekly time steps. Finally, using fallback bargaining model, an appropriate solution is determined in obtained trade-off among different objectives of stakeholders. The results show that, aquifer modeling has better estimation from water system situation in the case study and the proposed methodologies can determine solution that can provide the most possible compromise among different stakeholders.

In this research, by considering the variable-speed pump, the effect of speed on pump performance, network hydraulics and energy consumption in a water distribution network in both single-objective and multi-objective models was investigated by using the new G-JPSO algorithm. The objective function in the single-objective problem is to minimize the amount of energy consumption throughout the day, and the decision variables are the amount of pump rounds in different hours of the day and night. In the multiobjective optimization problem, the first goal was to minimize the cost of consuming energy and the second goal was to maximize the hydraulic reliability. In order to determine optimal pump operation program, an optimization-simulation model based on G-JPSO optimization algorithm was developed. In this model, the algorithm was integrated into the MATLAB environment with the hydraulic part of the EPANET model as the reference of the commands and information. The proposed model was used in the Vanzyl distribution network and the optimal exploitation instructions were extracted and the results were compared with the JPSO algorithm and the ACO. The results of the paper showed that in the single-objective problem, the G-JPSO algorithm's results are 3.28 and 0.38 percent better than JPSO and ACO, respectively. In general, the energy consumption of variable-speed pumps was lowers the constant- speed pumps. In a multi-objective problem, in all optimization scenarios, the G-JPSO algorithm was able to achieve points in comparison with the ACO algorithm, which, in addition to cost reduction, has higher reliability.

Knowing the quantity of generated solid waste play a very significant role in solid waste management programs in a region. Due to lack of measured data as well as unavoidable errors in measurements, assessment of volume of generated solid waste is always challenging. Also, field measurement and continues monitoring of the volume of solid waste is usually costly, difficult and time-consuming. Accurate prediction of solid waste generation can be regarded as a key factor in future solid waste management system planning. Conventional forecasting methods in solid waste generation forecasting frequently use the demographic and socioeconomic factors in a per capita basis. In most cases, insufficient funds, the limited measuring equipment, lack of appropriate management systems and due to the lack of recorded data for the volume of generated solid waste cause many problems in integrated solid waste systems management (Dyson and Chang, 2005). In this study, three computational intelligence techniques including M5P model trees, support vector machines (SVM) and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network are utilized to predict solid waste generation in Hormozgan Province, Iran. After a sensitivity analysis, four more influential factors including elevation, population, urban development index (measures the level of development in cities based on infrastructure, the municipality established year, the metropolitan area, population, city product and income, health and education) and the frequency of garbage collection were considered in developing models. The performance of proposed models in solid waste generation forecasting are assessed via different error evaluation indices and finally the results are compared.

Water quantity-quality equitable allocation model in river-reservoir systems provides the possibility of decision making on the amount of allocated water by considering the hydrological, economical, and environmental effects. Water allocation is done according to three criteria, namely equity, efficiency, and sustainability by considering uncertainties in hydrological parameters. In this method, at first a water quantity-quality allocation model was developed in GAMS optimization model based on the mentioned three criteria. Scenarios were built based on scenario optimization technique by identifying the uncertainties in the model inputs. Water was allocated using the initial model for each sub-scenario. Afterward, water allocation in each scenario was obtained by the tracking model. To assess the applicability of the proposed method, it was applied to Roodbal river basin in south-east of Fars province, south of Iran. After analyzing basic data, upstream inflow and TDS concentration were identified as the uncertain input and the most critical quality parameter respectively. Due to the existing uncertainty, three scenarios of wet, normal and dry year were built. The results of using the proposed model showed that 100 percent of the users’ demands are supplied in wet and normal years and 61 percent in dry years. The volume of reservoir was always more than minimum volume (35 MCM) and TDS concentration was lower than 1000 mg/L (TDS water quality standard). The value of these three criteria were also at their highest possible. Based on the results of the model, the Roodbad River-Reservoir system faces no problem in supplying agricultural water demands in wet and normal years. Therefor, water can be stored in wet and normal years to be used during dry years. In dry years, water is allocated to the users in a way that the mentioned criteria have the maximum values and the reservoir storage doesn’t reach the minimum value except for the last month of the optimization period.

One of the most effective strategies for energy dissipation of hydraulic structures is hydraulic jump .The position of hydraulic jump play an important role in design of stilling basin. In this study, hydraulic jump in ogee spillways were simulated by using fluent software. The governing equations were solved through finite volume method and the standard model was applied for estimating the turbulence flow. The equations were discretized in structured mesh accommodate the well-defined boundaries and the volume of fluid (VOF) method was introduced to solve the complex free-surface problem. The study examined the effect of increasing the discharge and the slope on the hydraulic jump position and lentgh. the results suggest that increasing the slope and discharge caused the spatial delay in hydraulic jump. It was found that in ogee spillway with a constant slope, the hydraulic jump length increases up to 120% when the discharge increases. Additionally, for a certain discharge and a constant length of spillway, increasing the slope of spillway decreases the hydraulic jump length up to 43%.

Serious attention to agricultural water supply management is inevitable due to an increase in demand for this most precious resource. Water demand management is a strategy that reduces the demand for, increases its use efficiency of, and prevents the waste of its resources. Various laws, pertaining to the prudent water management, have been passed; however, many of them have never been enforced. Therefore, the existing structure was investigated by polling a group of water- related experts. The questionnaire, which was employed for this research, was answered by38 eminent water experts. The calculated Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the polling was 0.701 that pointed to the strong reliability of the questionnaire. Those water experts were in agreement with reorganization of the water resources management and maintained that a “lack of coordination among relevant agencies” and the “legal difficulties in reforming the consumption patterns” have greatly affected the emergence of the existing water crisis. Therefore, a countrywide organizational chart, consisting of five levels, was proposed: 1. Providing a framework and adapting a firm policy on logical water management in coordination with the judiciary bodies; 2. Enabling the managers of large watersheds to adapt their own policies; 3. Enabling the managers of sub-watersheds to adapt their own policies; 4. Implementing the confirmed policies employing the existing hardware and software and looking for the new methods; 5. Implementing the adapted policies at the local scale. We strongly recommend an assessment of this chart by the concerned water authorities.

Lattice Boltzmann method is a powerful numerical method for the simulation of fluid flow. There are two approaches for the description of groundwater flow in porous media. In the first approach, Navier-Stokes equations are used, while diffusion equation is applied to describe groundwater flow in the second approach. In this research, groundwater flow is modeled using the second approach. Furthermore, the governing equation of contaminant transport is called advection-dispersion equation. Here for the first time, the coupled solution of groundwater flow and contaminant transport using Lattice Boltzmann method is performed. The results indicated that Lattice Boltzmann method is capable of solving groundwater and contaminant transport equations simultaneously with high precision. Moreover, it was found that although the accuracy of Lattice Boltzmann and Crank-Nicolson method are the same, the speed of Lattice Boltzmann method is much higher than finite difference methods. In addition, Lattice Boltzmann method has higher range of stability and consistency in comparison with explicit finite difference method. Regarding this issue, grid Peclet number smaller than 7 is recommended for D1Q2 scheme of LBM.

Recent decades have witnessed growing applications of metaheuristic techniques as efficient tools for solving complex engineering problems. One such method is the JPSO algorithm. In this study, innovative modifications were made in the nature of the jump algorithm JPSO to make it capable of coping with graph-based solutions, which led to the development of a new algorithm called ‘G-JPSO’. The new algorithm was then used to solve the Fletcher-Powell optimal control problem and its application to optimal control of pumps in water distribution networks was evaluated. Optimal control of pumps consists in an optimum operation timetable (on and off) for each of the pumps at the desired time interval. Maximum number of on and off positions for each pump was introduced into the objective function as a constraint such that not only would power consumption at each node be reduced but such problem requirements as the minimum pressure required at each node and minimum/maximum storage tank heights would be met. To determine the optimal operation of pumps, a model-based optimization-simulation algorithm was developed based on G-JPSO and JPSO algorithms. The model proposed by van Zyl was used to determine the optimal operation of the distribution network. Finally, the results obtained from the proposed algorithm were compared with those obtained from ant colony, genetic, and JPSO algorithms to show the robustness of the proposed algorithm in finding near-optimum solutions at reasonable computation costs.

The discharge measurement at the delivery points is one of the most important issues that the irrigation network managers were dealing with during the last decade for improving water management and irrigation efficiency. Doroodzan Irrigation and Drainage Network, similar to other irrigation networks of Iran, was faced with the problem of measuring instruments, not being accurate with the lack of calibration. In this regard, one of the Doroodzan canals, Ordibehesht, was selected for the first time in Iran, in order to install long throated flumes structure during 2011.
In this research, the structures installed in tertiary canals T15, T19, and T20 were surveyed. The measurements were made during the 2011-2012 irrigation season. The S4 Micro Moline was used in order to measure velocity and discharge. For each structure (T15, T19, and T20), measurement procedure was repeated at least three times. Consequently, the discharge was also measured for individual head and the Q-h tables and diagrams were prepared. The Win-Flume model was applied for (hydraulic) designing, calibration, solving the equations, and consequently deriving the Q-h equation and drawing the diagram and comparing the surveying data and the equation reports. The results showed that the model was capable of solving, reporting and comparison. The error of measurement at minimum discharge (12 to 21 percent) is larger than the estimation made by the model (6 to 9 percent). Therefore, the plan of the structure, especially the crest, was changed to fix the problem. The proposed plan of the structure (Mixed Crest) is designed by using the Win-Flume and it is more accurate and requires less submergence protection than the last one.

S‌c‌o‌u‌r a‌t b‌r‌i‌d‌g‌e a‌b‌u‌t‌m‌e‌n‌t‌s i‌s o‌n‌e o‌f t‌h‌e m‌o‌s‌t p‌r‌e‌v‌a‌l‌e‌n‌t c‌a‌u‌s‌e‌s o‌f b‌r‌i‌d‌g‌e f‌a‌i‌l‌u‌r‌e, w‌h‌i‌c‌h m‌a‌y r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t i‌n t‌r‌a‌f‌f‌i‌c d‌i‌s‌t‌u‌r‌b‌a‌n‌c‌e a‌n‌d e‌v‌e‌n l‌o‌s‌s o‌f l‌i‌f‌e. H‌e‌n‌c‌e, p‌r‌e‌d‌i‌c‌t‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e d‌e‌p‌t‌h o‌f a s‌c‌o‌u‌r h‌o‌l‌e b‌e‌f‌o‌r‌e b‌r‌i‌d‌g‌e d‌e‌s‌i‌g‌n a‌n‌d c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n t‌o p‌r‌e‌v‌e‌n‌t f‌a‌i‌l‌u‌r‌e i‌s e‌s‌s‌e‌n‌t‌i‌a‌l. I‌n t‌h‌i‌s p‌a‌p‌e‌r, u‌s‌i‌n‌g a C‌F‌D m‌o‌d‌e‌l, s‌c‌o‌u‌r a‌t a v‌e‌r‌t‌i‌c‌a‌l-w‌a‌l‌l b‌r‌i‌d‌g‌e a‌b‌u‌t‌m‌e‌n‌t w‌a‌s s‌i‌m‌u‌l‌a‌t‌e‌d. T‌h‌e m‌o‌d‌e‌l h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n u‌s‌e‌d t‌o s‌o‌l‌v‌e a t‌h‌r‌e‌e d‌i‌m‌e‌n‌s‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l, t‌r‌a‌n‌s‌i‌e‌n‌t, N‌a‌v‌i‌e‌r-S‌t‌o‌k‌e‌s e‌q‌u‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n. A n‌o‌n‌l‌i‌n‌e‌a‌r R‌N‌G t‌u‌r‌b‌u‌l‌e‌n‌c‌e m‌o‌d‌e‌l w‌a‌s u‌s‌e‌d f‌o‌r m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌i‌n‌g o‌f t‌h‌e f‌l‌o‌w f‌i‌e‌l‌d n‌e‌a‌r t‌h‌e a‌b‌u‌t‌m‌e‌n‌t, w‌h‌e‌r‌e h‌o‌r‌s‌e‌s‌h‌o‌e v‌o‌r‌t‌i‌c‌e‌s a‌r‌e f‌o‌r‌m‌e‌d a‌n‌d t‌u‌r‌b‌u‌l‌e‌n‌t f‌l‌o‌w i‌s m‌o‌r‌e d‌o‌m‌i‌n‌a‌n‌t. T‌h‌e s‌e‌d‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t s‌c‌o‌u‌r m‌o‌d‌e‌l u‌s‌e‌s t‌w‌o c‌o‌n‌c‌e‌n‌t‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n f‌i‌e‌l‌d‌s: s‌u‌s‌p‌e‌n‌d‌e‌d s‌e‌d‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t a‌n‌d p‌a‌c‌k‌e‌d s‌e‌d‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t. T‌h‌e s‌u‌s‌p‌e‌n‌d‌e‌d s‌e‌d‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t a‌d‌v‌e‌c‌t‌s a‌n‌d d‌r‌i‌f‌t‌s w‌i‌t‌h t‌h‌e f‌l‌u‌i‌d, d‌u‌e t‌o t‌h‌e i‌n‌f‌l‌u‌e‌n‌c‌e o‌f t‌h‌e l‌o‌c‌a‌l p‌r‌e‌s‌s‌u‌r‌e g‌r‌a‌d‌i‌e‌n‌t. T‌h‌e p‌a‌c‌k‌e‌d s‌e‌d‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t r‌e‌p‌r‌e‌s‌e‌n‌t‌s s‌e‌d‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t t‌h‌a‌t i‌s b‌o‌u‌n‌d‌e‌d b‌y n‌e‌i‌g‌h‌b‌o‌r‌i‌n‌g s‌e‌d‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t p‌a‌r‌t‌i‌c‌l‌e‌s, a‌n‌d e‌r‌o‌d‌e‌d w‌h‌e‌n i‌t b‌e‌c‌o‌m‌e‌s s‌u‌s‌p‌e‌n‌d‌e‌d s‌e‌d‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t. S‌u‌s‌p‌e‌n‌d‌e‌d s‌e‌d‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t c‌a‌n b‌e‌c‌o‌m‌e p‌a‌c‌k‌e‌d s‌e‌d‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t i‌f f‌l‌u‌i‌d c‌o‌n‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s a‌r‌e s‌u‌c‌h t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e s‌e‌d‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t d‌r‌i‌f‌t‌s t‌o‌w‌a‌r‌d‌s t‌h‌e p‌a‌c‌k‌e‌d b‌e‌d m‌o‌r‌e q‌u‌i‌c‌k‌l‌y t‌h‌a‌n i‌t i‌s e‌r‌o‌d‌e‌d a‌w‌a‌y. A‌c‌c‌o‌r‌d‌i‌n‌g t‌o t‌h‌e r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s, t‌h‌e h‌o‌r‌s‌e s‌h‌o‌e v‌o‌r‌t‌i‌c‌e‌s d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌e‌d u‌p‌s‌t‌r‌e‌a‌m o‌f t‌h‌e a‌b‌u‌t‌m‌e‌n‌t, a‌n‌d w‌a‌k‌e v‌o‌r‌t‌i‌c‌e‌s d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌e‌d d‌o‌w‌n‌s‌t‌r‌e‌a‌m o‌f i‌t, a‌n‌d n‌e‌g‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e v‌e‌l‌o‌c‌i‌t‌i‌e‌s h‌a‌v‌e b‌e‌e‌n o‌b‌s‌e‌r‌v‌e‌d i‌n l‌a‌b‌o‌r‌a‌t‌o‌r‌y r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s. M‌e‌s‌h s‌e‌n‌s‌i‌t‌i‌v‌i‌t‌y a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n d‌o‌n‌e t‌o f‌i‌n‌d t‌h‌e b‌e‌s‌t m‌e‌s‌h f‌o‌r p‌r‌e‌d‌i‌c‌t‌i‌n‌g f‌l‌o‌w a‌n‌d s‌c‌o‌u‌r d‌e‌p‌t‌h. T‌h‌e r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s s‌h‌o‌w‌e‌d t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e l‌a‌r‌g‌e‌r m‌e‌s‌h p‌r‌e‌d‌i‌c‌t‌s s‌c‌o‌u‌r d‌e‌p‌t‌h b‌e‌t‌t‌e‌r. H‌o‌w‌e‌v‌e‌r, i‌f t‌h‌e m‌e‌s‌h b‌e‌c‌o‌m‌e‌s v‌e‌r‌y l‌a‌r‌g‌e, b‌e‌c‌a‌u‌s‌e o‌f l‌a‌r‌g‌e e‌r‌r‌o‌r‌s i‌n t‌h‌e d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌e‌d f‌l‌o‌w d‌e‌p‌t‌h, t‌h‌e s‌c‌o‌u‌r d‌e‌p‌t‌h m‌a‌y b‌e p‌r‌e‌d‌i‌c‌t‌e‌d w‌r‌o‌n‌g‌l‌y. T‌h‌e m‌a‌x‌i‌m‌u‌m s‌c‌o‌u‌r d‌e‌p‌t‌h i‌n e‌a‌c‌h t‌h‌r‌e‌e m‌e‌s‌h a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n o‌v‌e‌r‌e‌s‌t‌i‌m‌a‌t‌e‌d, b‌u‌t, d‌u‌e t‌o t‌h‌e c‌o‌m‌p‌l‌e‌x‌i‌t‌y o‌f s‌c‌o‌u‌r p‌h‌e‌n‌o‌m‌e‌n‌a a‌n‌d t‌h‌e l‌a‌r‌g‌e n‌u‌m‌b‌e‌r o‌f p‌a‌r‌a‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t‌s, i‌t‌s o‌v‌e‌r‌e‌s‌t‌i‌m‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n i‌s a‌c‌c‌e‌p‌t‌a‌b‌l‌e. I‌t w‌a‌s f‌o‌u‌n‌d t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e‌r‌e i‌s g‌o‌o‌d q‌u‌a‌n‌t‌i‌t‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e a‌n‌d q‌u‌a‌l‌i‌t‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e a‌g‌r‌e‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t b‌e‌t‌w‌e‌e‌n t‌h‌e e‌x‌p‌e‌r‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t‌a‌l r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s a‌n‌d r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s o‌f t‌h‌i‌s s‌t‌u‌d‌y.