فهرست مطالب ناصر محمدی

Undoubtedly, there is no greater fear in life than the fear of death, and this fear is the greatest concern of every human; Becausehuman is inclined to survival and eternal life, and the idea of annihilation and destruction is difficult and unfortunate for him. This articlebased on descriptive and documentary method and based on content analysis has reached the conclusion,"Why do we fear death?"In the words of Imam(a.s.), "Why should we be afraid of death? “Can be delivered. Hazrat Amir(a.s.) is trying to paint a scary picture of the days connected with death, death itself and the events after death. It seems that this depiction is in line with a moral goal; It means to remove the negligence of the human type, whose worldliness is the dominant feature. The fear of death is due to seven reasons, which is reduced to three reasons. Weakness of knowledge and lack of understanding of the truth of death; The conception of the body as the truth of man and the true self; And the third is fear of sin and divine justice, which is actually fear of oneself. But the ways to overcome this fear are five partial ways that can be divided into two general solutions. A theoretical way that consists in strengthening knowledge and awareness of the philosophy of life and death; A lesson and awareness of the death of others and awareness of the futility of fearing death. And a practical way that is preparation and preparation for death through righteous action and voluntary death.

Understanding the truth of the language of the Qur'an requires complete thinking in the "intratextual" and "extratextual" challenges of this holy book. This article, by entering the field of "hermeneutics", while overviewing this science, has criticized and evaluated the most serious doubts and challenges of "textual hermeneutics" (specifically: philosophical hermeneutics), and tried to solve them with adjusting the view, or rejecting doubts, in order to open the way for a hermeneutic that is compatible with the classic view of Islam on the category of understanding and interpretation. According to the fixed principles and the absolutist nature of the Islamic religion, and the strong rational and narrative proofs, the extreme relativistic view of understanding the meaning in the "modern" period, and some of the viewpoints inclined to it in the "post-modern" period, are in complete conflict with the inherent nature of religion, and contradict God's wisdom in sending the "messaging text of the Qur'an" and the” sending of the Messenger". Therefore, establishing the language of this book on the unclear and shaky principles of understanding in these periods is ruled out. On the other hand, adjusting the view based on absolutist and methodical hermeneutics in the Classical and Neoclassical or even Preclassical periods, is the only way to achieve a suitable hermeneutic for the book of the Qur'an. However, the specific differences between the Qur'an and other books, require the establishment of a "special and appropriate hermeneutic for this book".

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of extracts from Harmel, Lavender, Fennel, and Cinnamon on the post-harvest characteristics of "Samurai" rose flowers. To this end, various concentrations of the aforementioned plant extracts were employed, along with fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and calcium chloride. The findings demonstrated that Cinnamon and Harmel, at a concentration of 2000 ppm, exhibited the highest vase life and the least changes in flower weight, whereas distilled water manifested the highest changes in flower diameter. Furthermore, Harmel, at a concentration of 2000 ppm, yielded the highest relative leaf water content, while Cinnamon, at the same concentration, demonstrated the highest relative petal water content. Notably, the control and fennel treatments at 500 and 1000 ppm resulted in the lowest flowering life. Based on these results, it can be inferred that Cinnamon and Harmel treatments show promise as natural compounds for enhancing the flowering life of cut "Samurai" rose flowers.

Dragon’s head Lallemantia iberica, currently is grown as an oilseed crop in dry areas of Iran. In 2019, symptoms including seedling damping-off, yellows, and wilt were observed on the plants in a commercial field in Maragheh province, Iran. Based on the morphological and molecular characters, the fungus isolated from symptomatic plants was identified as Fusarium acuminatum. The pathogenicity of the fungus was confirmed through inoculation of the host plant. Subsequently, Koch’s postulates were fulfilled by re-isolation of the same fungus from the inoculated symptomatic plants. This is the first report of Fusarium wilt disease occurring in Dragon’s head in Iran and worldwide.

Yellow rust of wheat caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is one of the most important wheat diseases that threaten its production. Host resistance is the most economical and healthiest method of yellow rust management. In this study, slow rusting resistance parameters including infection coefficient, disease severity as well as reaction type were recorded for 48 rain-fed wheat genotypes along with sensitive control in 6 rain-fed environments. The field experiment was done for two consecutive years in three distinct geographical regions including Ardebil, Zarghan, and Mashhad. The additional screening test was established in greenhouse conditions. Results showed genetic variability among studied germplasms in resistance against yellow rust. In this research, G1, G04, G05, G06, G20, G21, G32, G33, G39, and G45 out of the studied genotypes had resistant and stable reactions across years and locations. Ward clustering algorithm produced three heterotic groups which can be utilized in yellow rust breeding programs through parental selection for the construction of a yellow rust mapping population. Differential genotypes testing resulted in “6E142A +, Yr27”, “38E158A +, YR27” and “134E150A +, YR27” isolates which belonged to Ardebil, Mashhad as well as Zarghan regions respectively. The resistance reaction in the seedling stage varied from that found in the field state which indicated the existence of adult plant resistance genes in their genome.

Fear of death is necessary and like death itself is one of the wisdom of God. Philosophical and existential reasons based on actual and ultimate causes, which are the characteristics of Mulla Sadra, are his two main reasons for explaining this fear. The soul is the cause of fear because it is the lover of God and the attribute of His immortality, and it dislikes worldly decline due to the dominance of the bodily rules. The existential end of this fear inherent in the soul is also the protection of the body to attain the perfection it deserves. Sadra's non-existent reasons for the soul's fear of the death of the body are axiological (moral), epistemological, and psychological. The solutions inferred from his work to overcome fear are epistemological; because, in principle, the fear of death is useless and escaping from it is useless. To overcome this fear, one must understand the knowledge of God and the secret of divine destiny. There are many similarities between Ibn Sina and Mulla Sadra in presenting non-existent reasons. The cure for this fear, from Ibn Sina's point of view, is totally epistemological, and from Mullah.

The increase in the world's population, along with climate change, which reduces the efficiency of agricultural products, is a major challenge for food security. Abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, heat and cold cause many changes in the physiological, biochemical and molecular processes of plants. By knowing the role of proteins expressed in response to stress, the mechanisms and processes of stress tolerance can be accurately and comprehensively analyzed and evaluated. Also, by discovering new stress-resistant proteins, it is possible to improve stress resistance in transgenic plants with genetic engineering and genome editing methods and increase yield performance. The study of proteomics as a powerful tool for the separation and detection of stress-responsive proteins will help us in this way.

This article is a review paper that was obtained by searching related articles on reliable sites (Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, SID).

Proteomics studies have led to the identification of several biological and physiological pathways responsible for tolerance to abiotic stresses in different plant species. In this regard, the identification of genes encoding the proteins involved in these processes as well as the transfer and overexpression of these candidate genes in plants is an effective strategy to improve stress resistance in economic agricultural products. In addition, the differential expression of genes in response to different stresses showed that some proteins have the same morphological and physiological manifestations in response to multiple stresses applied to them.

The present paper investigates the necessity of the development of social life in the view of Mullā Ṣadrā and Ibn Miskawayh in the domain of religion’s response to human needs following a comparative approach. Mullā Ṣadrā believes that the necessity of fulfilling human needs warrants the existence of law and Shar‘ as well as an individual as a prophet. Following a philosophical approach, he explains that the concept of human species is realized in their “collective identity” outside their mind and in their social schematism. Ibn Miskawayh’s standpoint, which is worth more deliberation and is perhaps unique, indicates that man’s main need for collective life is due to the necessity of responding to their intrinsic need for mutual “love and affection”, while he refers to satisfying material needs at a later level. In his view, love provides the basis for life and formation of human collective society. Mullā Ṣadrā’s view enjoys a rational and philosophical essence, whereas Ibn Miskawayh’s explanation is merely based on the presence of love and affection among human beings. However, both thinkers acknowledge that the revealed religious theorems can respond to all human worldly and other-worldly needs. Nevertheless, none of them directly and clearly emphasizes the necessity of the purification of the soul for the prophet and the divine perfect Man.

The development of Environmental Ethics, Character and Etiquette in human societies is necessary to improve the behavior of humans with the environment. Environmental education in formal and informal forms plays an important role in its protection. In order to effective education to be achieved in accordance with the philosophy, foundations and local culture of the society, it is necessary to use appropriate models. The purpose of this research is to identify the components of the model of Environmental Etiquette Education from the perspective of the Iranian Islamic model of progress.

This research was conducted qualitatively and by the method of theme analysis and identifying the network of themes related to the research subject among various related texts. By in-depth study of 43 sources, related sentences were identified and 1057 codes were extracted. Then, the related codes were categorized based on thematic and conceptual relationship and were revised several times to ensure the acceptability and objectivity of the data. In this way, the organizing categories were identified and by repeatedly examining the categories with an inductive approach, the components of the model were concluded. Finally, 1057 codes were organized in 49 categories and 8 components.

Ethical Considerations:

Honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in the report and reference to the texts.

The constituent components of the environmental education model from the perspective of the Iranian Islamic model of progress were: basics, principles, message of the model, goals, teaching and learning components, the role of the learner, the role of the instructive, the environment and context of learning and evaluation. Alsoindicators such as "attention to the concept of guidance", "management of genetic infrastructures of education and learning", "attention to three-dimensionality existence of environment", "environmental etiquette", "Islamic view of the motherhood of the environment for humans", "attention to the rational capacity of the audience in communication and education" and "measurement and evaluation without grade criteria" were very important variables from the islamic point of veiw in environmental etiquette education.

It is necessary to extract and design the foundations, principles, patterns, objectives and educational methods of educating environmental etiquette, appropriate to the biosphere and the characteristics of Iranian people, through the teachings of Islam. The need to differentiate between the widely used concepts of environmental ethics, environmental behavior and environmental etiquette is emphasized. In the environmental etiquette education, the teacher has a reference role and is not just a facilitator. The initial assessment is necessary for each audience to recognize the rational capacity of the learner, in order to personalize the programs and methods of teaching and environmental etiquette education by the teacher. The final assessment in environmental etiquette education is based on the level of effort and responsibility of the learner and without the grade criterion

In the production of industrial parts, machining is one of the most important operations in the field of manufacturing parts. The production of an industrial part takes place in three stages: design, process planning and manufacturing, and in all these stages, the computer is used as a powerful tool. In computer-aided process planning, the stage of identifying machining features is a prerequisite and an introduction to the next steps. Extracting information and identifying features from computer-aided design information has been continuously improved due to the increasing complexity of parts, but the research to find an optimal solution is endless. Over the past few decades, several methods have been introduced and applied by researchers to extract and identify machining features from design file information. In all the previous methods, the number and type of features are extracted as independent variables in the machining features identification pattern and from the part design file data. In this research, the charectrestics required to identify the machining features are extracted from the pixel values of the machining feature image by the artificial intelligence system automatically. The artificial intelligence system produced to identify the machining features in this research is able to identify all the information required for machining, including the name, the coordinates of the location of the feature relative to the part, and the dimensions required for the machining, by viewing the image of a part, and the information of the features present in the image the input to the system in a table.

The widespread use of verses and hadiths in the poetic and prose works of Shah Nematullah Vali shows his great affinity with the holy Quran and Hadith.The issue of the present research is how the Shah Vali used verses and narrations in his works and what goals he pursued.Shah Vali has used verses and narrations with the various literary techniques such as terseness, allusion, implication, and analysis for aspect of appearance and literary and for the beauty and solidity of his words.In such a way that his excellent and simultaneous hegemony of the literature and science of the holy Qur'an and interpretation is obvious.But in terms of content, beyond the unique quantity of verses and hadiths in the works of poetry and prose of Shah Vali, this quantity has served three main purposes. The first is the mystical interpretation of the verses in the form of a subject-oriented interpretation, the second is the explanation of theosophicalphrases, culture and knowledge, which in this way increased their acceptance among the people. The third is the explanation of ethics vices and virtues,in other words, the explanation of practical theosophy and gnostic spiritual journeying and wayfaring.totally, the quantity and quality of the applying verses and narrations by Shah Vali is a complete model of religious mysticismthat considers itself to be bound by religious texts, but with its own mystical interpretations.

Common bunt, also known as stinking smuts or stinking smut, causes a considerable decrease in the yield performance and quality of both winter and spring kinds of wheat. This research aimed to identify the stability properties of resistance to common bunt among 150 wheat genotypes using three measurements, disease severity (DS), coefficient of infection (CI), and infection type (IT). Field trials were conducted in three locations, Maragheh, Kermanshah, and Kurdistan during 2018-2020. Stability analysis was performed via fourteen nonparametric stability statistics. Results showed that genotypes G38 and G63 were the most favorable genotypes based on nonparametric stability statistics as well as high disease resistance according to DS, CI, and IT measurements. The circular dendrograms of DS, CI, and IT, classified wheat genotypes into ten clusters whereas cluster II must be considered based on DS and stability while for simultaneous selection of stable as well as resistant genotypes based on IT, cluster IX following cluster X must be regarded. The simultaneous selection of the most stable, as well as most resistant genotypes based on CI, was not possible. The first factor separated the S3, S6, Fox, and MR as well as DS from the other methods in the plot of factor analysis while in the CI plot, the first factor separated the methods NS1, NS2, and MR from the other methods and in IT, the first factor separates the IT as well as MR and Fox from the other methods and illustrated dynamic stability concept. The Fox and MR methods can be used for stability analysis because they are consistently related to resistance and the dynamic stability concept.

The word was coined in the theory of memetics by Dawkins for the first time. Is. Dawkins' definition will come as the first definition in the text. Other people, such as Susan Blackmer, have "defined 3 memes" as "imitations." has done What distinguishes man from other animals can be summed up in one word. "Culture" and the word "culture" are comparable to gene transfer in that they create a kind of evolution (Dawkins, 1976, p. 273). The contemporaneity of this theory and the explanation of religion through evolutionary evolution can be considered as reasons for the importance of this theory. Dawkins' definition will come as the first definition in the text. The word was coined in the theory of memetics by Dawkins for the first time. Is. Dawkins' definition will come as the first definition in the text. Other people, such as Susan Blackmer, have "defined 3 memes" as "imitations." has done What distinguishes man from other animals can be summed up in one word. "Culture" and the word "culture" are comparable to gene transfer in that they create a kind of evolution (Dawkins, 1976, p. 273). The contemporaneity of this theory and the explanation of religion through evolutionary evolution can be considered as reasons for the importance of this theory. Dawkins' definition will come as the first definition in the text.

Extracting the required information from the design file is one of the main steps in the computer aided process planning. In previous methods of extracting machining features, various methods such as graph-based method, volume analysis method, logic rules method and other methods have been used. In all the previous methods, whether traditional methods or methods based on artificial intelligence, the input data to the machine feature identification system is the output information of a computer-aided design system. Converting the output information of a computer-aided design system to input data of a machining feature identification system is faced with limitations such as the variety of format and type of data arrangement, deleting some data from the design file due to geometric interference of features, slow extraction of features due to extensive information in the design file and the limitation of identifying different types of machining features by a unity feature identification system. In the present study, using artificial intelligence techniques based on deep learning, machining features are extracted directly from the two-dimensional image of a workpiece. The image may be prepared by a computer-aided design file, or it can be taken by a camera.

Mulla Sadra, through a moral-based analysis and interpretation of Quranic verses on the desire for death, has shown that an honest and perfect servant of God, due to belief in the absolute authority of God, obtaining the next world’s bliss, seeking survival from the inferior world and holding mystical knowledge about God, yearns for death. However, when the servant has an inclination for further elevation, he can tolerate the distance from the beloved and pray for further endurance in the world. Willingly death and the conduct of these individuals represent an authentic desire for death in their nature. Faithfuls have a continuum of love from self-love to love for the world and love for God. When the love for God reaches its perfection, love for the world inclines toward naught. It means that love and guardianship of God motivate the desire for death. Yet, the desire for death does not decrease the passion for life. The desire for death does not mean committing suicide, rather it means seclusion from the world and its business until the real death occurs.

The aim of the present article is explaining the views of Imam Ali (AS) on the methods of achieving economic justice in the market system. The method of the article is descriptive-analytical. The economic way of Imam Ali's government is also working in contemporary society by establishing the necessary groundwork and observing its requirements, and it is possible to solve economic problems by updating methods and relying on those principles. Poverty has been strongly condemned in the teachings of Nahj-ol-Balaghah, and the elimination of it has been introduced as a platform for creating justice. According to the teachings of Ali (AS), the market system needs to be Organized precisely, competitive and intelligent, and continuous monitoring of all guilds is one of the most important duties of officials. Illegal economic activities damage the market and harm everyone by preventing people from doing business activities. Governmental officials should refrain from pricing goods and, in addition to creat a cultural and educational environment for all, especially economic actors and marketers, design comprehensive systems in which the supply and demand system - from production to consumption - are precisely managed so that all transactions becomes transparent and ascertain economic justice.

One of the characteristics of the present era is its rapid changes. These changes have a direct impact on people's lifestyles and lead to the emergence of new demands. Pharmaceutical companies are constantly revising their business strategies to meet the many challenges ahead and compete in the market. Outsourcing is a popular method for pharmaceutical companies to increase operational efficiency, expand geographic presence and increase profitability. The current research has been carried out with the aim of designing a strategic outsourcing model in Iran's pharmaceutical industry. The qualitative research method is based on foundational data theorizing. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect information, and data analysis was done using the Strauss and Corbin method and the paradigm model. Sampling was done theoretically and with the benefit of targeted (judgmental) and snowball (chain) techniques, based on which 18 interviews were conducted with knowledgeable professors and experts in the field of business management, business, economics, and pharmaceutical industry experts. The country was implemented. The results of the analysis of the data obtained from the interviews during the process of open, central and selective coding and using the Maxqda 2018 software to create a strategic model of outsourcing in the pharmaceutical industry based on the foundation's data theory including 6 main dimensions, 46 sub-dimensions and 119 characteristics of the concept resulted.

Philosophers, based on their philosophical foundations and their concept of God, have proposed different ways of speaking about God, some of which are positive, negative, Super-Affirmation, and sometimes a combination of negative and positive. Plato, whose method is known as negative theology, also uses analogy to express his meaning. Influenced by his predecessors, John Scott Eriugena chose an eclectic approach to the negative approach with a dialectical approach, and our task is to make a comparative study of the method chosen by Plotinus and Eriugena according to their foundations. With the questions of whether the Indo method can overlap and be reduced to one method or whether the two methods are different and reach different results? Plato's method is negative-detailed, But he uses metaphors to express his purpose. The Eriugena method is also a Super-Affirmation approach obtained from negative-positive coordination. In some cases, Plotinus and Eriugena overlap in their transcendent and Super-Affirmation conception of negative theology and adopt their method of using metaphors and analogies. The positive method in Plotinus carries a negative meaning and the Platonic analogy gives a cognition of "one" to man, but in Eriugena, the positive method finds a metaphorical meaning and is a veil for God.

Growing of cucumbers in the form of a greenhouse in Iran has expanded a lot in recent years. In this study, the effect of Denai thyme essential oil and two fungicides, fustil aluminum and metalaxyl-mancozeb, were studied for greenhouse cucumber plant dieback disease caused by Phytophthora pseudofungus. In the greenhouse test, the effects of the mentioned treatments on the activity of peroxidase, catalase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzymes in cucumber plants infected by Phytophthora sp. was contaminated, it was measured. The results of the effect of different treatments on the defense mechanisms of the cucumber plant showed that the highest activity of the three enzymes peroxidase, catalase and also the enzyme phenylalanine ammonialyase was related to the treatment of the infected cucumber plant treated with a concentration of 150 ppm fustil aluminum fungicide, which was on the sixth day after Contamination with the pathogen, the activity of the peroxidase enzyme reached ΔOD/Min/mg protein of 1.95. The trend of the activity of all three enzymes was increasing until the sixth day and then decreasing, so that on the tenth day after infecting cucumbers with the pathogen, the activity of this enzyme decreased in fustil aluminum treatment and reached 29/ΔOD/Min/mg protein. 1 receipt. The treatment using Fustil aluminum fungicide on all the days of sampling compared to all other treatments had a significant difference in terms of enzyme activity level. On all sampling days, enzyme activity in metalaxyl-mancozeb treatment was significantly higher than control. On the 10th day after sampling, the activity level of all three enzymes decreases in all treatments compared to the 8th day, but the process of enzyme activity in different treatments is the same as the rest of the days. In other words, all the treatments are able to increase the activity of this enzyme compared to the control, but more importantly, this enzyme is also affected by the days of sampling. The results showed that Danai thyme was able to induce defense enzymes against the pathogen on all sampling days. In other words, the essential oil of this plant can affect the defense mechanisms of the plant along with the chemical inducers, and in this way, reduce the damage caused by pathogens to the plant.

In the process of producing a part with the help of computer aided manufacturing, the required information is created for the workpieces whose design model is specified. To prepare machining instructions, the design information is expressed in a pattern called a feature. In this research an advanced artificial intelligence system has been introduced to identify machining features with the help of deep learning method. The proposed method has been prepared with the help of two-dimensional convolutional networks in deep learning. It can identify machining features from the image of a workpiece. The innovations of this research, in addition to introducing a powerful practical and new method for automatic machining features recognition in the field of computer aided process planning, is identifying features that have geometric interference in a workpiece. The previous methods of automatic machining features recognitions have not been able to solve this problem. Furthermore, the lack of need for different CAD output files and the use of an image of a workpiece to identify machining features are the capabilities of the system introduced in this research. Other capabilities of the proposed method are the ability to identify machining features with different image formats such as image with wire frame format, constructive solid geometry format, image of workpiece with different materials and taken with ordinary cameras such as mobile cellphone camera and other imaging devices. The accuracy of detecting machining features in the image of a workpiece is measured %88 and detection error is measured 0.1 using proposed method.

Shah Nematullah Vali's long and abundant acquaintance with the Qur'an and the extensive use of verses of Qur'an in his works, persuaded the author to ask a question about shah’s principles of cognitive Quran and inspiration and to read these principles that influenced his encounter with the holy Qur'an. This article has researched and analyzed his principles of cognitive Quran in two groups: the observational principles of the text and comprehension by descriptive method and analyzing the content of the Shah's verses and charter. The most important principles of Shah's cognitive text are: The epistemological view of inspiration, in which the emergence of the science of truth and the decent of abstract rational concepts are perceptible. Inspiration is spiritual opening and revelation. Other Shah’s principles of cognitive text are the outer and inner polarity of the holy Qur'an, the difference of related sciences from each of them, the unity of the holy Qur'an and the perfect human and the objectivity of the words of the Prophet and inspiration, as well as the symbolic and allusive interpretation of the words of the holy Qur'an. But the observational principles of understanding the Qur'an from Shah Vali's point of view are: The necessity of heartfelt faith to reach the conscience and Islam to understand the appearance of the Qur'an, assigning the interpretation of the appearance of similarities to the pole of time, contemplation in the holy Qur'an, its descent on the heart and fairness to the rules of the verses. Also, the necessity of using the hadiths of the Prophet and Imams and applying the findings of theoretical mysticism in understanding and interpreting the verses is other principles for understanding the holy Qur'an.

Lemons are susceptible to the post-harvest decay caused by Penicillium digitatum and Alternaria alternata, causing the green mold and black rot disease, respectively. The current study aimed to investigate the potential impact of salicylic acid (SA) as a natural defense inducer on radical growth, spore germination, and disease development afflicted by P. digitatum and A. alternata. Antifungal activities of SA were determined in vitro by plating fungal cultures on medium supplemented to various SA concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 16 mM). Our in vitro experiments demonstrated that SA significantly reduced conidial germination and the radial growth of both pathogens in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, in vivo assays confirmed that SA remarkably reduced lesion diameter on the lemon fruits treated by 8- and 16-mM SA before inoculation by both tested pathogens. To sum up, we suggested a potential implication of SA as a post-harvest treatment to control P. digitatum and A. alternata on a lemon at commercial scales.