ناصر یارمحمدیان

The analysis of transportation demand is one of the most important pillars of transportation planning and management. Therefore, choosing effective decisions in the field of travel demand requires knowledge of price and income elasticity of different vehicles. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to estimate the direct and cross elasticities of price and calculate the income elasticity of urban transportation demand, including buses, subways, taxis and private cars in the area of Shohada Square- Imam Hossein Square in Isfahan by the method of system of the almost ideal demand. The variable considered in this study include household expenses, monetary, and time costs of urban transportation mode which was extracted through random distribution of a questionnaire among passengers. The result of this study shows that the amount of self- price elasticity of buses, subways, taxis and private cars is negative, which indicates that it is in line with the law of demand. Also, the values obtained for elasticity indicate the inelasticity of demand for these vehicles and insensitivity of passengers to changes in the price of these vehicles. The result of income elasticities show that buses and subways with income elasticities of less than one are essential good while taxis and private cars with income elasticities of more than one are luxury good. The results related to the substitution elasticity indicate that taxi and subway both substitute for bus but the intensity of metro substitution is more than taxi, while the amount of the substitution elasticity of metro with bus, taxi and personal car indicate that all three kinds of transportation are substitute for metro. But the substitution elasticity of taxi is significantly higher than other two kinds of transportation. So, with the increase in the price of metro, the taxi demand will increase more. The substitution elasticity of taxi with bus, metro and personal car expresses that there is no significant difference in the amount of substituting elasticity of these three kinds of mod, but Substitution elasticity of personal car with other vehicles indicate between three kinds of transportation which substitute with personal car, the substitution elasticity of taxi is more than others.

This research compares the efficiency of the municipality and the government in collecting tax based on real estate. The indicators used to measure the efficiency, salary and wages per capita, and current cost, are considered as the input and tax collection per capita (for the renovation tax of municipality) is considered as the output. The statistical population of the research includes the Tehran and Isfahan municipalities and the Iranian National Tax Administration of 29 provinces in the country in the years 2011 to 2021. In order to measure the efficiency, the window data coverage analysis approach has been used. The data used in the research estimated by EMS software. The comparison of the efficiency average in the years 2011-2021 showed that the efficiency ratio of Tehran Municipality compared to the Iranian National Tax Administration of Tehran Province is 1.2 and the efficiency ratio of Isfahan Municipality compared to the Iranian National Tax Administration of Isfahan Province is 2.78.

Cities play a key role in solving the global challenge. The results of studies of economic considerations and the size of the city show that large cities are more economically viable, although the growth and development of cities leads to economic development, but it brings with it many problems and issues that result from the disproportionate increase in population. Be. In this study, five factors including income, air pollution, water prices, energy prices and housing rents were studied as benefits and costs to estimate the population of Isfahan during 2006 to 1425, then with Using the dynamic system model, we test the effect of each of these factors, if possible, on population change over the years. The results obtained according to the model analysis are that the increase of 3000 thousand Rials in energy price and 10000 thousand Rials in water price, which directly change the per capita income and cause the population to decrease by 258320 and 1568590 people, respectively, compared to their normal state. On the other hand, the application of 40% fuel tax at the same time, which reduces pollution and increases the cost of living in the city, reduces the population by 214020 people

This paper examines the asymmetric relationship between economic growth and energy consumption, considering the role of the informal economy. For this purpose, three indicators of official GDP, true GDP (sum of formal and informal GDP), and the relative size of the unofficial sector are considered to examine the growth-energy relationship in the three models and nonlinear ARDL (NARDL) and the Hatemi-J asymmetric causality (2012), is used during the period 1967-2018. The results of the NARDL model show that in the long-run, positive and negative shocks to official GDP, true GDP, and the relative size of the unofficial economy will increase energy consumption. Also, in the short-run, positive and negative shocks to official GDP and true GDP in the current period will increase energy consumption. While the only positive shock of the unofficial economy in the current period increases energy consumption. The results of asymmetric causality show that there is a bilateral causality between energy consumption and the size of unofficial sector. While there is the unilateral causality from true GDP to energy consumption and there is a bilateral causality between the positive shocks of formal GDP, true GDP, and energy consumption. Therefore, energy protection and efficient use of energy in various economic activities can play a major role in controlling the unofficial economy and directing activities to the formal sector.

The aim of this study is to test the validity of the Kuznets Environmental Curve (EKC) hypothesis for Iran. For this purpose, this study used the FourierARDL method and causality test with time change to analyze the short-term and long-term relationships between economic growth, economic complexity index, energy consumption, and ecological footprint. Findings from the Fourier ARDL approach confirm the existence of coherence between variables. In addition, the results of this study show that energy consumption and economic growth increase the ecological footprint in the short and long term. However, the short-term elasticity of economic growth is smaller than the long-term elasticity, meaning that the EKC hypothesis is not valid for Iran. This finding is confirmed by the causality test with time change. The overall results show that economic complexity has a diminishing effect on the ecological footprint and economic growth is not effective in solving environmental problems in Iran. Therefore, the Iranian government should encourage an environmentally friendly production process and cleaner technologies in exports to reduce environmental pollution.

The ever-increasing population has caused an increase in the demand for transportation in cities and congestion in transportation systems and traffic on the streets. This congestion has significant negative consequences such as increasing environmental pollution, serious damage to the physical and mental health of citizens, waste of time, and a significant amount of fuel waste. Pricing policies as one of the demand management policies are among the solutions that can be used to reduce the external costs caused by the use of motor vehicles. The present study tries to determine the external costs of using urban transportation modes and the equilibrium price for each mode using pricing tools. To determine the equilibrium price, the concept of equilibrium between supply and demand curves has been used. The demand chart is obtained by using the results of the preference questionnaire and modeling and the supply chart is obtained based on social costs (travel time, air pollution, noise pollution, accidents, traffic services, facilities, garbage collection from the network, and consumption of non-renewable resources). The results of the research showed that the equilibrium toll for each hour of presence in the central area during peak hours (morning) is equal to 3408 Tomans; At this toll level, 38% of people refuse to travel by car and use alternative modes (public and non-motorized). The equilibrium price for taxis, buses, and subways is equal to 2797, 2065, and 2921 Tomans respectively; At these price levels, more than half of people continue to use the mentioned modes and the rest use non-motorized modes.

This research provides a copula-based stochastic programming that is able to determine the optimal amounts of primary energy resources and different technologies to supply the required electrical energy. In this model, the uncertainty caused by random variables is presented in different scenarios, and uncertain interactions between random variables are shown using the copula functions with the different probability distributions and previously unknown correlations. Then, based on the developed approach of Copula-based stochastic programming, urban energy system planning for Tehran and Isfahan is formulated. The results obtained from the solution of the model indicate that the current trend is not consistent with the use of technologies with the optimization results, and it shows that in each case, solar technology compared with combined cycle technology, gas Turbine and steam in providing a part of the demand for electricity in terms of Economic and environmental benefits, and should be prioritized in investment policies. In order to compensate for the supply shortage, the remaining electrical energy should also be supplied by the grid, which will reduce the amount of pollution, compared with the situation at the same cost. In addition, the results show that the uncertainty in the components of the system has significant effects on the output of decision variables and system cost. JEL Classification: C02, L11, Q40, R00

Capital gains tax is capable to regulate the behavior of economic agents in the housing market. This kind of tax could drive some speculative uses out of the housing market. This study aims to determine the capacity of capital gains tax on residential units in Isfahan City. For this purpose, a taxation model is promoted, then, a calculation model for estimating capital gains tax capacity on residential units in Isfahan City has been designed. In this model, there have been used several variables such as sales prices, the number of residential units, the maintenance period of the residential unit, the average annual growth of the housing price, the tax rate on capital gains, and the probability density function and its cumulative one of the maintenance period. The model was calculated by using R software and doing 32 lines of code. The lowest tax capacity estimation is about 350 billion Tomans and the highest one is about 1000 billion Tomans. The results show that firstly, the number of transactions has a direct effect on the capital gain tax capacity. Secondly, the revenue from capital gains tax in the short run is much larger than in the medium period. In other words, in the short term, because economic factors don’t still adjust, capital gains tax yields more revenue, but in the long term by adjusting the behavior of house owners, tax revenues vanished. This effect in public finance literature is called the lock-in effect.

Some unique characteristics of housing goods such as spatial dependency, heterogeneity and durability make housing market analysis different from ordinary goods. However principles in ordinary goods market such as profit maximization are used by developer in housing market. one of the housing market characteristic is that land as a most important input for housing services production has low demand elasticity because of its scarcity. This always makes housing services developer in housing market to substitute capital (construction materials) instead of land. In economics, for demonstrating this kind of substitution, elasticity of substitution is used. Since land has a local market and the intensity of scarcity in cities is different so there are different numbers for elasticity of substitution in different cities and regions. This paper is trying for estimating elasticity of substitution n a median city by gathering data survey. The results show elasticity of substitution between land and capital in housing services production in city of Dorud is 1/04 percent in 2018.

Today,the role and importance of energy consumption in the process of economic development and the role of financial markets in economic growth has been proven by guiding financial flows from unproductive to productive sectors.Due to the complexity of economic systems in different countries of the world,this relationship may be asymmetric.Given that economic growth in Iran has fluctuated greatly,the study of the asymmetric relationship between energy consumption and financial development as two factors affecting sustainable development and economic growth can be the path of Iran's economy to growth.And sustainable development will help a lot.The present study examines the asymmetric and nonlinear relationship between energy consumption,financial development and economic growth with emphasis on capital and labor for the Iranian economy during the period1978to2016.To investigate asymmetric correlation between variables,a NARDL self-regression approach has been used.To investigate the causal relationship between the variables under study,Nonlinear Grager Causality Test Diks & Panchenko nonparametric approach is Used.The results show that there is also asymmetric accumulation between variables, especially economic growth and energy consumption. The results of nonlinear causality show that there is a one-sided causality of economic growth to energy consumption, capital and labor, so implement conservative energy consumption policies, efficient and efficient use of energy in manufacturing sectors, direct capital to productive sectors. And having an export advantage, providing more facilities to the private sector and providing training tailored to the needs of the Iranian labor market, plays a major role in placing the Iranian economy on the path of sustainable growth and development.

Municipalities use three kind of resource including toll, local tax, sharing tax revenue and intergovernmental transfers. By acting laws such as Value Added Tax law, major revenue of municipalities is financed from sharing tax revenue associated with VAT. Distributing sharing tax revenue associated with VAT is in a way that involves sum kind of fiscal illusion that is called flypaper effect. This paper is trying to test flypaper effect in concentrated sharing tax revenue associated with VAT (adapted in Note (2), Article (39) VAT law) in cities of Iran. For this purpose, a regression model with dummy variables is used and flypaper effect coefficient is estimated separately for municipalities with different grades. Results show there is no flypaper effect in concentrated sharing tax revenue for none of municipalities; however, flypaper effect coefficient for metropolitans and small towns are larger than other municipalities. It could be a basis for choosing the intergovernmental grants methods for different municipalities.

Existing congestion in the urban transport network involves many costs such as air pollution, delays for passengers, and increased fuel consumption. Internalizing congestion externality cost is a basis for transportation congestion pricing. This policy is implemented in many metropolitans worldwide. One of the methods used in network pricing is the use of a belt pricing. This pricing is made up of a number of arcs that surround the crowded city and passengers who are going to cross these arcs and enter this area are required to pay a fee. The most important issue in this pricing method is to determine the amount of toll imposed on these arcs. The purpose of this research is to determine optimal congestion toll in a particular cordon-based network in which user benefits are maximized. In this study, in order to find the optimal amount of toll, a combinatorial bi-level optimization problem is introduced, in such a way that net social surplus is maximized at the upper level, and user equilibrium problem with elastic demand is solved at the lower level, then genetic algorithm in the MATLAB software is used to solve this model. The results show a toll of 13 thousand Rials for entrance to cordon per hour in 2016, would increase the network user benefits by 41 percent.

Developing shopping centers in cities have made developer pay precisely attention to what is called optimal tenant mix. Proximities of similar and divers stores make shopping centers attractive and decrease costs for costumers. The benefits derived from these proximities is inter-store externalities. The purpose of this paper is determining optimal tenant mix for Isfahan City Center in period between December 2017 to March 2018. A pure-integer linear programming model in which total benefits of developer including the inter-store externalities is maximized has been used. Seven types of retails include jewelry, cosmetics, fashion, home appliances, furniture and interior decoration, food & beverage and café in tree size classes and tree location classes are considered. Comparing the optimum results with the real ones, show that the most compatible retails with the optimum mixture are jewelry, home appliances and furniture and interior decoration. In general the results show a more concentrative optimal solution than what is real mixture of retails. One of the reasons behind this outcome is because the inter-store externalities from diversity is not considered in the model.

Resistance economy is a term come across in literature of Iran economy that include lots of paper in this topic. Cities in national economy are a basis of production. Primer cities and metropolises are economy engines that cover major of goods and services production, and they are most important market for the goods and services produced in these cities, so that if these regions were not existed or the population was distributed sporadically or evenly, such a mass production and market volume were not formed. Given the importance of the metropolitan scale in the economy, based on urban economic theories, it is possible to determine efficient population of cities toward resistive urban economy. In this paper, resisting cities is analyzed by determining efficient population of cities. For calculating efficient population of city, urban social welfare function is specified and estimated. Results show Tehran population exceed efficient population level and bringing the efficient size to the actual size or vice versa by controlling urban population can resist urban economy, and consequently the national economy. Control policy is not enough for resisting urban economy but urban development and urban infrastructure development policies are recommended to increase the capacity of the city.

 New urban needs and urban development have caused central governments to face a lack of financial resources to provide urban services. This issue, especially in the field of financing urban projects, has attracted the attention of the private sector and the public sector, and in particular, the municipalities. The main objective of this research is to understand how much of the municipalities are prepared and willing to use PPP in urban development projects and how well they know how they can be implemented, which may affect the success of the project.

This research is designed to identify the criteria and opportunities for the successful implementation of PPP in urban development. The method of doing the work was a questionnaire and conducted interviews with experts and investors who invested in public projects through public-private partnership, as well as municipal construction contractors who were willing to participate in ppp projects. According to Cochran method, sampling volume was estimated at 104 samples.

According to Kendall's fit test and Friedman test, the results indicate that among the factors of readiness of organizations for laws and regulations, they have had the highest rank in the success of urban development projects. The development of guides and information resources in this area is one of the effective measures for capacity building and eliminating possible ambiguities and misunderstandings about public-private partnerships.

Today, urbanization is growing in all countries. Increasing urban population growth has led to the development in various fields especially the economy. For example, according to the World Bank's World Development Report 2019, about 16% of world GDP is produced in the 30 cities in the world. But cities development has had many problems such as pollution, noise, traffic, etc. Accordingly many residents of metropolitans see the population growth at the root of their problems And city managers are faced with the question whether there is an optimal size for the city and if there is, what is its limits? In this paper, the optimal and sustainable size of the metropolises of the country has been estimated. Investigated metropolises due to lack of data, only include the cities of Tehran, Isfahan, Mashhad, Shiraz, in the year 1387 to the year 1391. The method is based on an economic model that has three local economic factors: firms, households and local government. The results showed that the size of Tehran metropolitan has crossed its sustainable and optimal size And metropolises of Isfahan, Mashhad and Shiraz has passed of optimal size but have a distance to the sustainable size.

As far as government intervention in economics has argued during the economic history as a basic discussion so influence measure of government on private sector has been a contention subject in so many economic articles. “How is the public sector relation with private sector performance?” has been a title in many economic articles in different areas.
One influence is on the private investment measures. Can government influence on private investment with increasing itself expenditure? We estimated the private investment function with separating our government expenditures into two parts as investment and consumption expenditures. Our empirical results shows that government consumption expenditures as increases lead to outgoing private investment from the market (government investment expenditure crowds out private investment) and increasing government investment expenditures of public sector arise private sector investment as a result(crowds in private investment). At last we tested all variables to make sure our regressions are not spurious.

One of the aims of morals is training people so that they may automatically respect the rights of one another without the need of legal obligation. Using an analysis-descriptive method, this paper investigates the economic moral concepts in Islam and its function in economic system. This paper supposed that the extension of Islamic morality contributes to the formation of balances which are on an upper level of the condition of balance which is based on self-interest. The findings of paper show that, such Islamic teachings, like: paying attention to science, recommendation for rationality, encouragement to work, optimum use of facilities, avoiding a waste of resources, proper performance of duties are recommended in capitalism. Contrarily, such doctrines like recommendation for asceticism, denouncing worldliness, denouncing stinginess and extravagance, contentment, helping others, and pre-destined provision are characteristic of economic system in Islam. This shows the distinction between the system of economic morals in Islam and that of capitalism. The moral principles in Islam which contribute to self-refinement of individuals and spiritual promotion of man lead to a decrease in transaction cost, an increase in social capital, increase in perspicuity in the market and increase in efficiency. The result of this is reducing the consequences resulting from the originality, of individual’s benefit and confronting the market failure by generating motivation in people.

Free trade policies make it possible for markets to allocate resources with maximum efficiency, while management and protection of land resources for continuous productivity are the purpose of environmental policies. Contrast occurs when resources are led to increased trade from one side and destruction of the environment from the other side. For optimal allocation, paying attention to these two dimensions is important that trade and environmental policies are in line with sustainable development. Pollution haven hypothesis challenges the opposition between environmental and free trade policies. The current study was conducted to introduce green taxes and environmental standards of imports to protect the environment in order to achieve sustainable development in transition economies of OPEC developing countries and Iran. The environmental Kuznets hypothesis and pollution haven hypothesis were tested using time series data for time period 1980-2007 in Iran by means of OLS method and panel data for time period 1990-2007 in OPEC countries with a quite similar structure to GMM and GLS methods and then the results were compared. The results indicateed that environmental Kuznets theory can not be rejected in Iran and OPEC countries, and increased trade along with degree of trade openness increases pollution. Necessity of using green taxes and environmental standards of import are shown through these results.

Central governments finance local government''s expenditures in different ways. These different ways of financing emerge different types of intergovernmental grants that have special effect discussed in the literature. Non Earmarked grants، Earmarked grants، matching and none matching grants are some kinds of these grants. Central governments commonly have used these kinds of grants to access specific target including equity، efficiency and so on that every target need to be accessed by a specific type of transfers. So designing transfers system is an important thing in intergovernmental financing literature. In this paper typology of central government transaction to local government is studied. Then the laws related to these kinds of transaction have been studied. In one hand the results show in some laws of transfers to municipality، there is no appropriation between target and ways of transfer. in the other hand the structure of allocation disturbs appropriation between other laws and targets not to achieving goals.