ناهید شیخان

The fields of engineering and technical possess the great importance in the knowledge-based economy due to the interaction they have with technology and scientific development. Over the last few decades, the main trend of engineering education in industrialized countries have been constantly changing, and they tend to be biased toward engineering science and engineering technology. The engineering technology is for immediate and direct industrial needs, and the engineering sciences is to formulate methods and standards in design through modeling and analysis, and the acquisition of basic abilities for entry into graduate education for the production of science and innovation. Considering that scientific development is mainly carried out by PhD students by carrying out developmental research in the field of engineering and technical, and the development of technology is realized by senior students and research centers in applied research; therefore, in this paper, the results of studies on the teaching of science and engineering are presented with a look at the experiences of the industrialized countries and the suggestions for improving the methods of engineering education especially mechanical engineering are presented too .

Iran, which has an old and ancient civilization, has been leading the world in producing and supplying science in the past century, but currently produces only about one percent of world science, and in comparison with other countries it is ranked twelfth in science production and eighty ninth in technology development. It is necessary to change and improve this position for the national authority of the country, and we need to have a compiled plan and practical solution for the country's scientific development, especially in the field of engineering and technical sciences. . Given the fact that the number of these students has dramatically grown in recent years but the quality of science production has declined, and on the other hand, high educational costs and investigation without guidance, planning, coordination and supervision in conducting research are not effective. In this article, first, the types of research and their executives are identified and introduced in the fields of technical and engineering. Then, in Iran, the status of production of science and science producers is investigated and the necessity of organizing the production of science is discussed. The financial sponsor of the research for the production of science and technology development, along with the amount of financial credits intended for the five developed countries, have been studied and identified and compared with comparative studies and the performance of high-level policy-makers of science education and technology development such as the Comprehensive Science and Technology Map in Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution ,the existing financial supporters of science production in the country as the Ministry of Science and Technology and Technology production Supporters such as the Vice President of Science and Technology of the Presidential Administration the most effective financial supporters in Iran will be selected, determined and proposed.

Researches show that one of the barriers of research, innovation and developing of technology can be lack of right and effectiveness scales, assess and supervision in research activities. So, certainty, one of the effective indexes in the performance evaluation of research institutes is the support of management. The index of the internal organization includes support of University's management of research institutes and from the external dimension relates to supporting government because of top management's policies and priorities in the country that from supporting of the government headquarters in the field of science and new technologies, infrastructure and strategic financial and moral terms supporting in laws and government acts, parliament are done and has Significant effect on the performance of research institutes and should be considered in the evaluation. Because research funds in the field of science and technology has not been shared equally and contracts in the field of science that is supported particularly in special time, It is more convenient and easier than outline with various reasons in the country, such as technology and goods imports and so on which are not supported. In this paper a model for evaluating the performance of research institutes by taking special measures to support of management of design And the results of its application to a number of research institutes of AmirKabir University as an example is presented. One of the results of this assessment can determine the direction of the research institute and be used actively to support further research institutes. And to identify research institutes with weak function and with pathology of reasons for their insufficient activity to fix the problem would be taken seriously.

Creating linkages between academic and industrial sectors is one of the most important concerns in innovative policy-making within the framework of national innovation system in different developed and developing countries and the role of universities in management and planning of the countries is changing.The first generation universities’ main objective was established based on direct instruction. The objective of second generation universities (currently) is changed to research-based education and training for performing research. In the third generation universities, along with training of human resources to create science and develop technology in order to resolve common issues and problems, entrepreneurship and wealth creation will be also included in their aims and plans. In addition to the duties of the third generation universities, the fourth generation universities should move toward creative and innovative education and creativity and innovation. In the early twentieth century, engineering education programs mostly had provided students with practical skills and experiences. But with advances in science and development in technical knowledge and creation of analytical and computational methods and the employment of fast and accurate computational tools, engineering education has tend toward engineering sciences. Since the 1990s, some changes on the path of optimizing the processes and reducing production costs have been occurred. Since the advancement of science and technology and globalization of engineering education, correspond with international developments, the continuous revision of objectives, structures and modern methods of engineering education system tailored to the needs of the country, more and more has become a matter of necessity. First, the paper discusses the definitions and status and global standing of Iran in the area of technology. Subsequently, it reviews the required courses in order to train human resources for technology development in the country. Afterward, by studying and reviewing the undergraduate and postgraduate programs curricula in five selected and more effective engineering majors including Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Polymer Engineering as a case study and sample and to empower engineering students, the current shortcomings will be discussed.The next part studies the undergraduate, graduate and interdisciplinary majors which are more related to the area of technology. Afterward, the paper discusses the more effective options to amplify the linkages between university and industrial sectors in order to enrich the technology training in the engineering majors. At last, boosting the ability of faculty members in the development of technology will be discussed.

Attention to innovation and technology are important factors in increasing a countny,s economic growth and competitiveness. There is no doubt that science and technology are the most basic elements of economic development, and successful countries are those that convert scientific and technological innovations into wealth. Iran must continually strive to manufacture industrial products based on science and technology, in order to not only keep pace with the world’s rapid growth but also accelerate the country's economic development. The university’s role in the countries planning and management is mainly in technology development and is undergoing serious changes. With the improvement of science, technology, and the globalization of engineering education, the necessity for a continuous review of goals, structures, and new methods in engineering education is felt more than ever. In this article current global technology will be presented, followed by an evaluation of the Iran’s current training for personnel in the field of technology. By studying and verifying undergraduate and postgraduate courses in five selected engineering departments, including Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Chemical Engineering, and Polymer Engineering, shortages are extracted, analyzed, and several suggestions are presented to empower engineering students. Finally, the most effective ways to strengthen the relationship between industries and universities are studied, with a view to identify more useful and efficient technology for engineering courses.

In recent decade, special attention is being paid to basic research for science production but less attention has been given to applied research for technology development. In order to solve this problem establishing and/or extending research centers in universities is planned and faculty members are hired to work at these centers. Performance improvement of universities in technology developments are based on useful and effective activities of faculty members of research centers.Conducting applied and demand-driven researches are prerequisites for technology developments in the country and improving its rank in the world in this area. Faculty members of the research centers perform various activities to do their duties, the main goals of their activities for developing technologies are applied demand-driven research and technology development. Therefore, continuous evaluation of their performances is necessary by developing useful and effective indicators.In this article a new model is designed for performance evaluation of faculty members of research centers, and as a case study the model is used to evaluate the performance of faculty members of research centers of Amirkabir University of Technology. One of the results of this evaluation can be used for appropriate directing and orientating and identifying the efficiency of faculty members of research centers in order to increase their efficiency. Additionally, this evaluation can increase the quality and the quantity of research activities by creating effective competition between faculty members. Also, this type of comparative studies can detect the weaknesses in performance of faculty members who do not have proper function in order to make necessary decision for solving related problems.

The main element of the policy of science and technology development is regular evaluation of the relevant activities. Level and scale of technological activities in a country at different levels of international, national, and for the technological institute that concluded research centers, incubators, and for activities of technologist can be assessed.The results of this evaluation can lead to improve performance and, if required pursuant ongoing review aims, structures, procedures and the most important to reform methods of engineering education tailor to the needs of technology of the country and global developments. In this paper, we introduced the technology assessment indicators for three levels of national, institutional and individual, Direct or indirect relationship between the development and improvement of engineering education assessment. is studied. The results could help to develop strategies of engineering education in the country and its orientation towards the education of engineers with technological capabilities.

Higher education introduces a type of investment in human resources that helps to sustainable development by providing and promoting science, technology, creativity and expertise. Also, higher education promotes science and creates new knowledge by basic and applied researches. In the recent decade, much attention has been paid to the sustainable scientific development in Iran.Centers of excellence are established with the aim of collecting and organizing capable faculty members to develop science frontiers and sustainable development of science and technology in universities. Considering the aims of establishing centers of excellence, Continuous evaluation of these centers is important and useful by defined indicators. In this paper, a new model is developed to evaluate the performance of the centers of excellence and as a case study is applied to the centers of excellence of Amirkabir University of Technology. One of the results of this evaluation can be used for identification of useful and effective activities of centers of excellent and is suitable for guiding them to a right position. Furthermore, determining and using an indicator can result in comparison and competition between different centers so that serious measures can be done about them; to direct and better support of them or eliminating the centers that have weak performance.

Today all countries are attempting to increase their investments in research. In this order, industrial and developed countries to preserve their current position, or to advance themselves on the scene of global competition, in research investments, while developing countries have understood that for fundamental solution to their social and economic problems and real development, they have no other choice of increasing their research investments. In Iran, attention to research has noticeably extended in recent decade. Development of graduate studies in universities especially in PhD level led to the rapid rise and dramatic science production in the fields of basic and applied science. Development of technologies which are necessary for converting science to production, can’t be achieved by research activities in graduate level in universities. Thus, main aims of research centers established in universities are for practical and professional research for developing technologies. A regular and continuous performance evaluation for these research centers is needed for considering their aims with useful and effective indexes. In this article, a new model is designed for performance evaluation of research centers, and as a case study the model is used for the performance evaluation of some research centers in Amirkabir University of Technology. One of It ‘s results can determine research centers activities orientation and university uses for more support of research centers that are active more than others. . Some of research centers are weak in performance rank,is studied and university must take necessary action for solving of their problems.

Reliability and tranquility for human in the face of dangers and diseases have a big influence on private life and growth of social and economic society. The common insurance in Iran is health insurance that exists in two kinds: Basic health insurance and complementary insurance. With the growth of technology and high costs of treatment، it seems more appropriate that health insurance is needed in Iran، thus، Iran''s health is promoting. Data has been collected from reputable internal and external resources and internet. American''s Dollar is used for comparing financial data. Situation of health system and non-life insurance in Iran have been studied and compared with world، a number of developed countries، Islamic and middle East countries. A model for developing health complementary insurance in Iran has been presented.

In the past decades, by focusing on the positive and effective role of economic entrepreneurship in the development of society, developed countries and, in more recent decades, a few developing countries have considered deriving benefits from this potential in combating economic difficulties such as recession, inflation, and unemployment. Entrepreneurship can serve as a wellknown approach for decreasing the unemployment level of youngsters and especially women, thus it is a starting point for planning to promote women’s entrepreneurship in the present situation of Iran. Data have been collected from reputable internal and external sources and internet. Dollar of America is used for comparing financial data. Programs to promote women’s entrepreneurship have been studied in six developed and two developing countries. A model for promoting Iranian women’s entrepreneurship has been presented.

Iraninans have been the pioneers in wind energy for more than 2000 years. However, it is only 20 years that serious attention worldwide has been drawn to wind energy in powergeneration. Wind turbines are recently considered as the most economic clean power generation source. Availability of water in aquifers with boreholes as well as good wind potential in many area in Iran paves the way of windmill utilization extensively. In this paper we have concentrated on application of wind pump for Drinking cup of Man and domestic animal in Iran