ناهید پوررستمی

The experience of population aging in Japan and the effectiveness of various policies implemented in this country have important lessons for population aging in the next two decades in Iran. This experience shows that firstly, the implementation of the policy of increasing the fertility rate after reaching a minimum level is more complicated than expected and probably ineffective. Such an issue led to the reform of Japan's policy and the adoption of approaches for a society independent of people's age. This means that people of any age can play an active role in society with their maximum ability. The second lesson is the influence of the nation's historical memory on their future policies and how governments deal with past experiences in making future decisions. Applying mixed and multifaceted policies is also one of the lessons that can be learned from Japan's experience. The last lesson is how Japan approaches in identifying cultural barriers and using social programs along with financial and economic incentives. Numerous examples and experiences have been discussed in detail in this research.Using the demographic data available in the United Nations data banks, Statistical Center of Iran and the first-hand documents published by the Japanese government in the databases of the relevant institutions, the demographic indicators of Iran and Japan, a country which turned into a super-aged society at the fastest speed, and according to many analysts in this field, it has used a variety of effective policies to deal with this phenomenon were compare.

Following the advent of knowledge-based economics and the importance of higher education in this approach, over the last decade, there have been numerous laws and policies in the field of higher education. At the same time, in recent years, universities have faced numerous financial challenges that overcoming them, as well as taking advantage of opportunities and appropriate capacity building in this field, require more integrated law analysis And the documents are alright. Accordingly, in this paper, firstly, based on documentary study and expert opinions with an analytical approach, the concept of "financial development of the university" has been addressed and, with the help of the framework derived from it, using content analysis method, 14 laws and upstream documents of higher education have been investigated. The findings of the research show that higher education policies are inequality and lack of comprehensive knowledge in terms of financial development of universities and, along with the consideration of laws in the category of "financing", other financial development components "Cost-effectiveness and cost management", "resource allocation", "institutional arrangements and" environmental factors "should also be considered more than ever before in new policy-making and review of regulations.

The cooperative approach towards trade, which is reflected in Asian International Input- Output tables, is the main factor influencing East Asian economic development. In this research, we have calculated interdependency and self- sufficiency indicators by using recently published IIO 2005. We also have used Shrestha and Hasebe (2006) results for 1990, 1995, 2000 to analyze the trends of the indicators. The results show that the interdependency has increased in the region during 1990-2005, but it has decreased in other countries in the world. The interesting result is that despite the gradual decline in self- dependency indicators of the East Asian countries during 1990-2005, they are still high in 2005. It means that the trade policy in the last three decades has been focused on importing only intermediate goods instead of final goods in order to increase the internal capacity of production. These changes have been analyzed by three phases of East Asian regionalism (Baldwin, 2008); (a) rampant unilateralism, (b) regionalism delayed, unilateralism accelerated, and (c) rampant regionalism. Due to the importance of Japan and China in the region, the trade interdependencies between countries with respect to Japan and China are also calculated separately. The results show decreasing interdependency of those countries to Japan, but increasing to China since 2000.

One of the most important issues in the study of national security that is of great importance in issues related to sustainable development,In recent decades the world's population and concerns arising from the significant increase in the consumption of conventional fuels,Necessity and urgency of sustainable and secure access to energy is more and more evident.Not long in the end accept and rely too much on them in addition to global challenges such as pollution At the national level and regional problems such as internal conflicts and conflicts between governments as well. Therefore, it is essential It should be noted that fossil fuels are a finite and non-renewable energy sources Necessity and urgency of sustainable and secure access to energy is more and more evident.
The results indicate that the geopolitical situation of both countries depends on securing sustainable energy.As well as renewable and nonrenewable energy factors played the biggest impact on security mechanisms and utilizing the renewable energy sources in the energy mix Iran and Japan, to contribute significantly to the country's energy and national security.In this study we compared geopolitical Iran and Japan, the effect of renewable and nonrenewable energy in the country's energy security mechanisms are compared and assessed.

The spread of high economic growth among East Asian countries in the last three decades resulted in increasing attention regarding these countries’ development models. The present study attempts to investigate the process of integration among 15 countries in East Asia and to identify factors influencing the convergence of these countries during the years 1980 to 2012. The results show that the hypothesis of absolute beta convergence and sigma convergence are confirmed in the region. Examining the convergence toward the average reginal GDP per capita shows that the absolute beta convergence and sigma convergence are not confirmed for Japan. Meanwhile, conditional convergence is shown for Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore, while absolute convergence is confirmed for Brunei, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. These results indicate a significant difference between the three countries of Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore, regarding GDP per capita compared with the average GDP per capita in the region. Due to Japan's position as a leading economy in the region, we investigate these countries’ convergence with Japan. The results show that all countries (except Macau, Brunei and Mongolia) have convergence with Japan.Asian international input-output tables depict a highly deepening and widening interdependency among manufacturing sector in East Asian countries during the years 1985-2005. Their interdependency which can be explained by "Flying Geese Pattern of Development" started with the acceptance of Plaza Accord in 1985 and the drastic wage increase in Japan in the early 1980s. Because of this interdependency, in the second part of this study we investigate the relationship between total export and bilateral export by using extended gravity model during the years 1988-2012. The results confirmed a significant positive relationship between bilateral exports and some of the model’s variables such as GDP and total relative exports of countries in the sample.

Studies pertaining convergence and its benefits for developing and underdeveloped countries, specifically Latin American countries and the Caribbean Islands are essential because they can create the necessary grounds for further growth and development. The aim of this study is to analyze the economic growth of Latin American countries and the Caribbeans after their beta and sigma convergences during the years 1980-2009. An examination for the beta convergence (sectional model) and the sigma convergence (distributing model) were conducted, and the results were calculated with sectional variance. For the hypothesis, the sigma convergence model studied the convergence of 29 countries in the mentioned regions, whereas the beta convergence model did not study the 29 countries. The results of the sigma convergence model confirmed the results obtained from the sectional model. The 29 countries were divided and identified as two groups with an average per capita income of more than or less than $3000 a year. The two approaches were used to test the convergence hypothesis. Results confirmed the average per capita income of $3000 a year for the first group, but results were not confirmed for the second group.
Classification JEL: F15 ¡ F11 ¡ F13 ¡ F42

IntroductionSpatial autocorrelation is a known phenomenon in ecological studies that refer to the relationship between certain variables observed in different localities. Whereas correlation statistics were designed to show the relationship between variables, autocorrelation statistics are designed to show the correlations within variables, and spatial autocorrelation shows the correlation within variables across space. Most natural ecological phenomena display spatial autocorrelation found at all spatial scales. Although the spatial autocorrelation concept was developed principally in the late 1950s, it has been applied in environmental economic studies for less than a decade and primarily as a new explanatory variable in the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship. Spatial ecological autocorrelation is often driven by multiple causes that may be exogenous or endogenous. Maddison (2007) specifies three endogenous mechanisms of spatial environmental autocorrelation: pollution displacement hypothesis, foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade, and finally, the strategic response of countries to transboundary pollution flows. In the pollution displacement hypothesis, higher-income countries import pollution-intensive goods and in fact export their pollution to lower-income countries. As numerous empirical analyses have identified distance as an important factor in determining the volume of trade, a country’s emissions should be influenced by its neighbors. FDI and international trade are the mechanisms of technology diffusion. Again, distance is a determinant of technology diffusion, and consequently one might expect spatial autocorrelation through FDI and international trade. Finally, spatial autocorrelation may occur as a consequence of countries’ strategic response to transboundary pollution flows. In this case, the spatial relationship between countries is defined not by distance, but by the meteorologically determined pattern of transboundary deposition of pollutions.This paper examines a new mechanism for spatial environmental autocorrelation through institutions. In this mechanism, when the institutions of a country affect its own environmental quality, they affect the institutions of their neighbors simultaneously. This mechanism, which can be called the spatial institutional spillover effect, links the environmental quality of countries together. Materials and MethodsTwo recent findings about the features of institutions influence the subject of this paper. First, institutions and institutional quality can affect the quality of environment. Second, institutional quality can spread spatially. Theoretically, a combination of these two features paves our way to the idea that the environmental quality of geographic units (especially countries) can spread through institutions.

Monetary and banking crisis and their heavy costs during the last three decades resulted in increasing attention to the role of institutional environment, public policy as well as regulatory governance. New research works are done to define indicators to evaluate supervisory rules and regulations in financial markets. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision- a group of representatives of bank supervisors from advanced countries-issued the Core Principles in 1997 to standardize financial market for Effective Banking Supervision. These principles are accepted by many countries in the world. In this research, we first, investigated the role of institutional environment in banking sector development encompassing 53 countries from 2000 to 2008. The results indicate that well-developed legal (public) institutions have significant effect on banking sector credit expansion. Second, we constructed regulatory indicators based on the assessment of The Basel Committee regarding accountability and independence arrangements for those 53 countries, for which the required data was available. Then, we studied the effect of those indicators on credit expansion in banking system. The results have shown the lack of a significant relationship between banking credit development and the rate of accountability and independence arrangements (as suggested by Basel Committee assessments). Although, these results confirm Ranjit Lall's findings (2009), more information is needed- at least for two periods.

The financial repression literature indicates that government interventions in the financial market, such as interest rate ceilings on bank deposits, high reserve requirements, direct intervention on bank credit allocation, and rules and regulations limiting current and capital accounts would restrict and even repress financial markets leading to negative real interest rates In this research, investigate the relationship between financial repression and economic growth using different indices for financial repression. We use a panel data encompassing 92 countries (including 33 less developed, 38 emerging market and 21 industrialized countries) over the period 1985 to 2005. We find that the negative real interest rates have negative effect on economic growth.

Monetary and banking crisis in some countries which had implemented financial liberalization policies, during the period of 80s and 90s, has shown the necessity of paying more attention to the institutional environment of the countries. In this research, we modeled the role of public (legal) institutions necessary for financial development in banking sector. We defined two levels of public institutions indexes; the public institution or index1, which is the first principal component of the control of corruption, law & order and bureaucracy quality; the public institution or index2, which is the first principal component of the last three components along with government stability & religious tensions. Through a panel data analysis, encompassing 92 countries (including 33 less developed, 38 emerging market and 21 industrialized countries) over the period of 20 years ranging from 1985 to 2005, we explore several dimensions of financial developments including the role of legal institutions. The results indicate that well-developed legal institutions are preconditions for financial openness to lead the banking sector development. The findings suggest that a sufficient institutional level is a pre-requisite for positive effect of financial openness on financial development and economic growth. Average level of public institution in Iran, is also lower than this threshold level. It means that the actual legal and institutional environment in Iran would not support a rapid financial liberalization policy.