نجف قراچورلو

Todays, encouraging the growth of small businesses has been a matter of concern and interest in most developed economies. It is often argued that entrepreneur and small businesses play a major role as an engine of economic growth and they contribute to social wealth through the creation of new businesses and jobs. For these reasons, governments have recently paid more attention to the role of entrepreneur and small businesses. In particular, innovative entrepreneur and small businesses with growth potential are seen as pioneers to develop new business fields in stagnated economies. The issue of business sustainability is important not only in big cities but also in medium and small cities and even informal settlements. In Iran, the phenomenon of informal settlements is one of the most important problems in big and small cities. Meanwhile, East Azerbaijan province, especially the metropolis of Tabriz, is not exempt from the phenomenon of informal settlements. Khalilabad of Tabriz city is one of the informal settlements, which according to the obtained estimates, has a population of 21 thousand and 373 people and is approximately 1.5% of the population of Tabriz city. Surveys have shown that in informal settlements, despite the high capacities in the field of entrepreneurship, the use of these potentials for the development of employment and the labor market has been neglected, and the continuation and stabilization of these types of jobs and businesses is always a problem for entrepreneurs.

Sustainability comes from sustainable development, which simply means development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Scholars have defined sustainability differently, with complicated meanings and interpretations. Some researchers, defines sustainability as the balancing of the environment, social and economic aspects. Meanwhile, the stabilization of small businesses and entrepreneurs plays an important role in the economic growth and development of countries.
Entrepreneur and Small Businesses are becoming increasingly important for the creation and development of a modern, dynamic and knowledge-based economy.  This is because of their capacity to promote entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial skills, and because of their ability   to be flexible and adapt quickly to a changing market, and to generate new jobs.  Entrepreneur and Small Businesses is the backbone of the economy. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development reports   These enterprises make a major contribution in the field of innovation and support regional development and social cohesion.  Also, Entrepreneur and Small Businesses in most low-income countries give significant contribution to GDP growth and the creation of new jobs. For this reason, the identification of external and internal factors affecting the development of Entrepreneur and Small Businesses in informal in informal settlements is very important.
 Researchers divide the causes of instability into two categories: external and internal factors. The external factors of business instability are: 1- Features of the economic system, 2- Competition, 3- Rapid changes in technology, 4- Commercial fluctuations.
 The internal factors of business instability are: 1- Inefficiency of management, 2- Insufficient sales, 3- Pricing Mistakes, 3- Legal-financial issues, 4- Social-value barriers

In this study, Questionnaire was used for information collection. The questionnaire was validated after some revisions following consulting with professionals and experts. An interpretative equation (ISM) is used to analyze the results of the findings. Interpretive Structural Modeling ISM or Interpretive Structural Modeling is a method for designing the pattern of complex and multiple relationships between the variables of a phenomenon. This method is a type of structural analysis based on the interpretation paradigm. Designing an Interpretive Structural Model (ISM) is a method to investigate the effect of each variable on other variables; In this method, the effective and essential factors are first identified, and then, using the method that has been presented, the relationships between these factors and the way to achieve progress by these factors have been presented.

Based on the findings and affecting factors on development of small businesses and entrepreneurs (Financial-Economical, social-psychological, environmental, legal-political, communication-information, technical-technological, marketing, infrastructure-institutional, personality-individual and physical-spatial factors), variables were classified in 5 different levels. After analyzing the MICMAC, the variables were divided into three groups: influence, independent and dependent variables. Since, according to the results, Financial-economical, institutional- infrastructural, and technical-technological factors are one of the most basic factors in the sustainable development of small businesses and entrepreneurs (Khalilabad of Tabriz).

The results of the research show that financial-Economical, social-psychological, physical-spatial, infrastructural-institutional, marketing, communication-informational, technical-technological and personality-individual factors influence on the sustainability of small businesses and entrepreneurs. Also, because of the importance of the market in the field of small businesses, it is necessary for the government to increase its support in the field of providing suitable platforms (economical, legal, infrastructural, technical factors, etc.), by using the facilities and equipment of other executive bodies.

Productivity can be studied from different dimensions such as energy efficiency, capital, manpower, equipment, etc. Productivity of human resources is one of its most important dimensions and the correct use of other resources also depends on its productivity. Identifying and describing productivity indicators in different dimensions is one of the basic steps of productivity management. This is especially important in scientific and technological organizations. In the current study, the statistical population includes managers and experts of scientific and technological organizations. In this article, the mentioned indicators, with a sample size of 350 were reviewed through a questionnaire using qualitative methods of content analysis and content analysis and confirmatory factor analysis using MAXQDA, SPSS and AMOS software. The results revealed five general indicators: "effective and efficient planning", "financial and technological factors", "motivation, commitment and teamwork spirit","competitiveness and development" and "knowledge, skills and system thinking" as the most important indicators of human resource productivity in scientific and technological organizations. The indicator of knowledge, skills and system thinking has the lowest coefficient and that of effective and efficient planning has the highest coefficient in the final model. Accordingly, to increase the productivity of their human resources, scientific and technological organizations should pay special attention to team building skills, development of decentralized decision processes, strengthening the spirit of participation along with factors such as improving the quality of equipment, technologies and financial issues.

Eenterprise architecture is a concept for organizing and classifying relevant information in a field that the framework is used as a reference for preparing layers of Enterprise architecture. Due to conflicting functions, lack of proper coordination between components, lack of proper integration and redundant processes in organizations; Infrastructure engineering and enterprise architecture is essential and vital for organizations to operate with maximum efficiency. In this research, Zachman framework has been used for engineering the technological infrastructure of the administrative and public affairs department of the East Azerbaijan ACECR. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and survey-analytical in terms of data collection method. The statistical population is all the personnel of East Azerbaijan ACECR. The statistical sample of the representatives introduced in the East Azerbaijan ACECR units is. This research has been done in 4 phases. In phases 1 and 2, the first and second layers of enterprise architecture have been completed by identifying processes, documenting and modeling processes through specialized interview sessions. In Phase 3, during the preparation of the enterprise architecture maturity questionnaire, the impact layer of data and information layer, information technology and business through Smart PLS software is presented. In the final phase, the Zachman model presented for managing administrative and public affairs, which the main processes of the organization are in, and has more communication with other units, in the field of planning, the organizational model and the system model. The results of engineering the technology infrastructure of the organization are to provide the desired strategies in order to improve the current situation. Also, by examining the effect of data and information layer, information technology and business layer on the state of architectural maturity of the organization, information technology with a path coefficient of 0.227, access to information and data with a path coefficient of 0.399 and business processes were observed. Working with a path coefficient of 0.367 has a positive and significant effect on organizational maturity. Finally, it can be said that the implementation of enterprise architecture in the University Jihad Organization improves the level of effective indicators in management and technology.

Considered the most important organizational capital, human resources productivity can improve organizational productivity and excellence. This study aimed to identify the factors affecting human resources productivity in scientific and technological organizations of the selected countries (Germany, England, Turkey, Taiwan, and South Korea) and evaluate the identified components in the Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research of Iran.

A comparative research approach was first used along with the experiences of scientific and technological organizations of the selected countries to identify and evaluate the most important constituent components of human resources productivity. The structural equation modeling (SEM) technique was then employed to analyze the relationships between the identified components. The statistical population included the experienced managers and deputies of the Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research of Iran, 57 of whom were selected and surveyed through the purposive sampling method in this applied-descriptive survey.

Organizational support, education, organizational culture, job satisfaction, employee motivation, organizational structure, efficient and effective leadership and management, competitiveness, creativity, and innovation were identified as important and effective components of human resources productivity in scientific and technological organizations.

Managers of scientific and technological organizations can enhance organizational productivity by improving, modifying, and change the abovementioned factors. They can also achieve their organizational goals properly to meet their needs and accomplish their important missions.

We studied the effect of privatization on financial and operating performance of Iranian governmental entities that were privatized during 2000-2007. The purpose of this study is the investigation on the success of privatization program in reaching performance improvements. In this study the performance of firms that privatized by initial public offering were tested by earnings quality, profitability, liquidity, operating efficiency, capital investment and employment indexes. The innovation of this study was the initial use of earnings quality index in Iranian privatization researches. Dechow and Dichev (2002) model was used to measure earnings quality. After testing of data normality, the comparemeans technique for paired samples test was used for each hypothesis. The earnings quality index and sales to employment ratio were significantly lower than before privatization period. The net income to employment ratio as other operating efficiency factor was significantly higher than before privatization period. Other indexes did not showsignificant differences. The general result of this research is that the privatizing of Iranian governmental entities by public offering method has not been successful.