نجلا حریری

Bipolar disorder is a chronic condition that requires lifelong self-care. Many personal experiences are obtained in self-care. Therefore, gathering and utilizing these experiences is crucial for managing the condition effectively. This qualitative study explores the perspective of stakeholders on personal knowledge management in the context of bipolar disorder.

The current qualitative study was conducted in 2024 in Tabriz. First, semi-structured interviews were carried out with patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder, their families, and healthcare staff working in psychiatric departments to identify self-care experiences. The content analysis approach and MAXQDA software version 2020 were used for data analysis. Then, the Delphi technique was employed to assess the level of agreement among experts regarding the indicators of personal knowledge management for self-care among patients with bipolar disorder.

By coding the interview transcripts, seven themes and 24 categories were identified. Two of these themes pertained to patients, including: 1) educational strategies for patients and their families, and 2) strategies for enhancing patients' engagement in the treatment process. Additionally, five themes related to healthcare providers were identifies: 1) attention to the privacy of service recipients, 2) barriers to self-care knowledge management, 3) essential input for self-care knowledge management, 4) processes for managing patients' personal experiences and 5) education in information technology. In the second stage, 41 out of 65 codes received an average score above 7.5 in the first round of Delphi process, while the remaining codes proceeded to the second round. According to the results of the second round, only seven codes achieved an agreement above 0.6. The remaining codes were removed due to having an agreement below 0.6.

According to the results, providing face-to-face training to patients with bipolar disorder and their families can enhance patients’ self-care practices. Also, sharing reliable experiences among patients via social media can enhance self-care behaviors. In addition to providing education, fostering the positive attitude among patients and their families toward the impact of sharing experiences can lead to effective behavioral changes.

Today, universities that aim to improve their educational level on a global and acceptable scale, along with their traditional system, have provided the conditions for creating a virtual education environment and using different educational methods. Virtual education is the most important application of information technology that is provided in different systems such as computer-based learning, online learning, and network-based learning. Therefore, the current research aimed to investigate the factors affecting the development of virtual education of information literacy from the users' point of view on the library website. It has been done by Iran's universities of medical sciences. The method of this research was mixed (quantitative and qualitative). In the qualitative part, it was developmental in terms of purpose, and in the quantitative part, it was applied, and in terms of the data analysis method, it was a descriptive survey of correlation type. In line with the goal of the research, the library method and previous studies have been used; first, the desired indicators were identified with the qualitative method of research using the meta-synthesis method, and a total of 122 codes were extracted in 14 subcategories, and 7 main categories were categorized and coded. In the next step, in the quantitative section, using the opinion of experts, the final indicators were extracted and the final questionnaire was prepared. Then the prepared questionnaire was distributed among the statistical population. 384 questionnaires were completed and then analyzed by non-random sampling method. Data were subjected to exploratory factor analysis using SPSS 25 and SmartPLS 3 software. The face validity of the questions was checked and confirmed by a group of related experts, and the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by conducting a pre-test and then using Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability (CR), and convergent validity (AVE). The results of the research in the meta-synthesis stage showed that the effective factors on the development of information literacy virtual education from the users' point of view on the library Website of Iran University of Medical Sciences include: technical factors, strategic factors, lecturers' component, structural factors, educational factors, content factors, and measurement and evaluation factors. The results of the research in the quantitative stage of the research also showed that the category of structural factors ranks first with a rate of 0.842; Educational factors with a rate of 0.831, strategic factors with a rate of 0.763, technical factors with a rate of 0.726, teachers' component with a rate of 0.613 and measurement and evaluation factors with a rate of 0.564 and content factors with a rate of 0.518 ranks next. The results of this research showed that the variable of structural factors has the highest relationship with the virtual education of information literacy skills. Other variables such as educational factors with virtual training of information literacy skills, strategic factors with virtual training of information literacy skills on the library website of Iran's medical sciences from the users' point of view, technical factors and virtual training of information literacy skills, teachers' component and virtual training of information literacy skills, measurement and evaluation factors and Virtual education of information literacy skills, variable content factors and virtual education of information literacy skills were ranked second to seventh, respectively. The results indicate that the structural factors of virtual education of information literacy skills in the library website of Iran's universities of medical sciences, including design and compilation, preparation and production, educational factors, factors related to the teaching method, factors related to the format used for training is important and noteworthy.

This study aims to investigate the factors influencing professional publishing and propose a model for professional book publishing in Iran.

The research was conducted using a survey method with a researcher-developed questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of professional publishing managers in the country, totaling 581 publishers, from which 231 were selected as a sample based on Cochran's formula. Ultimately, 211 questionnaires were completed and analyzed. Data processing was carried out using SPSS software, employing exploratory the factor analysis and multiple regression test.

Based on exploratory factor analysis, nine factors have been identified as influential in professional publishing: the economics of publishing, the supply and display of publishing products, government support and backing, adherence to copyright, publishing evaluation and auditing, advertising, marketing and branding, publishing management, and the creation of publishing content. Additionally, five factors have been recognized as dimensions of professional publishing, which include technical elements, cultural and literary circles and centers, authors and audiences, electronic systems, and distribution and marketing elements. Ultimately, in the regression model, five independent variables were included in the equation due to their significance level being below .05.

The findings of this research contribute to enhancing the awareness and understanding of audiences regarding publishing processes. They also assist publishers and industry managers in recognizing successful trends and existing challenges within the field, as well as in formulating supportive policies and strategies for publishing by relevant authorities.

The development of the internet and the digitalization of higher education have facilitated the possibility of online course delivery, enabling instructors and students to interact through virtual education. Virtual learning can enhance access to educational resources and services through communication technologies, regardless of time and location. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to design a virtual education model for teaching information literacy skills on the websites of medical university libraries across the country.

This research was conducted with a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative). In the first stage, the meta-combination method and the study of previous researches were used according to the research topic and the components were extracted, and after several checks with experts, the necessary concepts and components for the design of the model were extracted. Then, using the Delphi method, experts’ opinions were applied to the output of the meta-combination stage, and the final questionnaire was designed and made available to the statistical community, and finally, in the fourth stage, modeling and validation and fitting of the model took place.

The final model was developed using meta-synthesis and validated by experts, comprising 7 main categories, 14 subcategories, and 102 indicators. The main categories include technical factors, strategic factors, instructor-related components, structural factors, educational factors, content-related factors, and assessment and evaluation factors. From the users’ perspective, the content-related subcategory recorded the lowest value, with a score of 0.518 for users and 0.533 for instructors. Conversely, the assessment and evaluation subcategory achieved the highest scores, with 0.916 from the instructors’ perspective, 0.953 jointly from both users and instructors, and 0.842 for structural factors from the users’ perspective.

The results of the research showed that there is a significant relationship between the virtual training of information literacy skills on the website of the libraries of medical sciences universities of the country and the mentioned factors. Therefore, the model obtained in this study can be a basis for designing and compiling a framework for electronic learning of information literacy. Acquiring information literacy skills and fostering an information-literate society is a crucial necessity in the information age, particularly for graduate students whose work and activities are inherently tied to research and problem-solving.

Effective and efficient sharing of knowledge in health care can lead to the clarification of health data and dissemination of up-to-date health information among employees, decision-makers, and other stakeholders, thereby improving the probability of occurrence of desirable health outcomes. The current study aimed to identify the determinants of effective knowledge management and sharing in healthcare.

This study was conducted to identify the facilitators and barriers of knowledge sharing in healthcare and also identify successful strategies in this field using the approach of review studies in 2023. A thorough literature review was conducted using relevant keywords in PubMed, Scopus, and SID databases and the Google Scholar search engine. Data extraction was done by two researchers using the data extraction table. The content analysis method was used to analyze the data.

Reviewing 21 studies revealed 176 determinants of knowledge management and sharing in healthcare organizations. Among the determining factors, 96 were facilitators, and 80 were barriers to knowledge sharing. After removing duplicate factors and merging similar cases, 54 facilitators and 55 barriers were obtained uniquely. The determining factors were classified into four categories: organizational factors, infrastructure factors, individual factors, and factors related to the information system. Also, 35 effective strategies for knowledge management in healthcare organizations were identified, the most important of which was related to the empowerment of managers in information technology (IT).

  The success of knowledge sharing in healthcare requires a strong IT infrastructure, supportive leadership, an organizational culture that governs knowledge development, commitment and cooperation among healthcare team members, and effective knowledge management.

The advancement of health information technology has had significant impacts on hospital management and health service delivery. The hospital information system, with its automated data management, reflects one of these impacts. The present study identifies and analyzes the key indicators and components of health information technology in hospitals across the country.

This study was conducted using a mixed-method approach (qualitative and quantitative). In the first part, using the meta-synthesis method, 299 articles from domestic and foreign databases were analyzed, and after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 41 final articles were selected for coding. In the second part, 20 participants were selected using the Delphi method, including managers and experts from hospitals in West Azerbaijan province who had at least 5 years of work experience in the field of health information technology or management. Data collection was carried out using a researcher-made questionnaire derived from the findings of the meta-analysis section. In this method, indicators and components were extracted through three stages of validation.

The results obtained can be used as a basis for the design and development of hospital information system models in Iran. Improving access to patient information, facilitating decision-making, improving service quality, saving costs, and improving management efficiency are among the key outcomes of the Health Information Technology Index.

The findings of this study provide a foundation for designing and developing hospital information system models in Iran. The Health Information Technology Index highlights key benefits, including improved access to patient information, enhanced decision-making, better service quality, cost savings, and increased management efficiency.

The blockchain mechanism offers a promising and versatile solution with the potential to benefit various fields of knowledge and industry. Currently, blockchain technology is advancing in sectors such as agriculture, medicine, tourism, and education. However, while its design and implementation provide notable advantages, they also come with certain weaknesses, as well as unique opportunities and challenges. This research aims to identify key blockchain indicators within the agricultural supply chain and to assess its strengths and limitations in this context. To achieve these objectives, we conducted a comprehensive review of scientific articles on blockchain applications in the agricultural supply chain. From a broad collection of articles published between 2012 and 2024, 130 were selected through the Meta-synthesis method. Within these articles, we identified and categorized 124 relevant blockchain indicators affecting the agricultural supply chain. Given the specific challenges and limitations blockchain faces in this sector, we also sought to identify the barriers to its adoption in agricultural supply chains. Our review highlighted various issues and opportunities associated with blockchain implementation in this context. The collected information was then analyzed using the SWOT method, revealing 8 strengths, 4 weaknesses, 4 opportunities, and 3 significant threats in implementing blockchain within the agricultural supply chain.

Introduction There are many data collections in decision-making and every day a large number of these data are collected in research projects by humans or by devices and in this data, to better understand the issues related to data, we need to first understand the data and the literacy related to them. Data literacy is defined as information by reading, creating and communicating with data: that we can find data, make information about it, learn the tools to work with data, have less management of it. We can have, analyze and refine data, learn to share data and make simple decisions. Research data management includes; production, access, tools, storage and reuse of research data with sufficient and easy-to-use help in virtual research infrastructures that form the main part of the monitoring cycle, which itself includes ideation. It is to create or receive, evaluate, select, ingest, preserve, store, access, reuse (Cox and Verban, 2014).Studies on research data management are now common, while there is a global ease of research data, but it continues to be difficult to keep data easily accessible. Session, we know more than yesterday about the role of research data in the design and implementation of new research, but the trends and infrastructure to support researchers in research data management, need. (Varana, 2024).Considering the research that has been conducted on research data management literacy, the aim of this study is to determine the components and indicators of management literacy. ) and to provide a suitable model for research data management literacy.

Methods and Materoal:

The present study was conducted with a quantitative and survey method and aimed at evaluating and validating the tool built using the proposed research model. The statistical population of the National Institute of Higher Education Research and Planning was 112 academic centers affiliated with the Ministry of Science and the total number of faculty members of the humanities and social sciences of the country's public universities was 8,441. Due to the large volume of data, 360 people were selected using cluster sampling. Then, the questionnaire was completed and descriptive statistical methods (mean, deviation indices, frequency table) and inferential statistics (structural equation modeling and exploratory factor analysis) and SPSS and Smart Pls software were used to analyze the data.

The findings indicate that the six factors of stakeholders, services, policy, types of literacy, data cycle, and financial issues are critical together, explaining 60 percent of the total variance of changes. Also, the highest level of the level is related to the stakeholders factor with a mean of 4.09 and a standard deviation of 0.57, followed by the factors of services, policy, data life cycle, types of literacy, and financial issues, respectively. Using the Pearson correlation coefficient test, it was shown that all components of research data management literacy have a positive and significant correlation with the set at the 0.01 error level. The coefficients of the factor loadings of the subscales of research data management literacy also have a good understanding of the concept of their analysis and have a strong and significant correlation with their belief.

Research data management contributes to scientific integrity at different levels. When research data management literacy is sufficient, research data are accurate, complete, valid, and reliable. The risk of losing or damaging data, as well as the risk of unauthorized access, is minimized. In addition, research data can be shared with others with minimal effort and individuals can easily confirm the results. The relationships between the components and indicators of research data management literacy from the perspective of faculty members in the humanities and social sciences of Iranian public universities show that higher than any of these components in improving the quality and efficiency of research, research data management literacy has a positive effect. The search for understanding the methods and infrastructures related to data management is a research for individuals to achieve better research results and valuable results. The results of this study show that different levels of research data management literacy among university professors know, and also need to have literacy skills in research data management that they do and create. Collecting, processing, validating, publishing, sharing, and archiving data are involved, and this is a characteristic of good research data management.

The main objective of the research is to study and analyze the function and role of libraries during the Safavid dinasty.

According to the nature of the research, a library method based on books, manuscripts, and first-hand (primary) documents, has been used.

The present study shows that in general, two distinct periods can be considered in the life and function of Safavid libraries. The first period, which is related to the 16th century and the reign of Shah Ismail and part of the time of Shah Tahmasb, is a continuation of the role and function of the 15th century libraries, especially the Timurid libraries in Khurasan, where the main task of libraries is to produce and create exquisite manuscripts using the highest level of book design arts. The second approach was to pay attention to libraries in the position of preserving and maintaining the written works of Shiite scholars and jurists, which is considered a significant change in the role and function of important libraries of this period. In this regard, a fundamental change took place in Shia jurisprudential-theological texts, most of which were written by scholars who had migrated to Iran from the Jabal Amel region of Lebanon. The transfer of the personal libraries of this group of immigrant scholars caused many Arabic works to be transferred to Iran. In addition to this kind of texts, attention to Persian language as the language of writing jurisprudential-religious works and used by the public is one of the other features of this period. In addition to the necessity of the time and the need of the Safavid government to gain legitimacy and explain the jurisprudence principles of the Shia religion by using the books and treatises that appeared, including authoring, translating, summarizing and rewriting, another factor was also raised, which was: the negative view from some jurisprudential thoughts to the category of painting, which specifically caused Shah Tahmasb to close the art workshop of his royal library in Qazvin. The change of the capital from Qazvin to Isfahan was also formed in a context affected by these developments. In Isfahan, Shah Abbas committed himself to the establishment of the royal library, which was located in the building complex known as Dowlatkhaneh. In addition, he and his great contemporary scholar, Sheikh Bahai, by taking advantage of the tradition of endowment, gave increasing prosperity to the libraries of the holy shrines, which in particular should be the important collections dedicated to the mausoleum of Sheikh Safi in Ardabil and the library of Imam Reza Shrine in Mashhad (Astan-e Quds-e Razavi). Despite the variety of works that later influenced the collection of the Astan-e Quds library, most of the works available in that place and in other libraries of the second Safavid period, were dedicated to religious and jurisprudential texts, which are generally found in the libraries of schools, mosques, and holy shrines or personal collections were kept.

The function and position of libraries during Safavid period can be seen in two different ways. In the first, the continuation of the function of the libraries was like the previous period, in which the main task of the libraries was to create exquisite manuscripts by using the well-known painters, calligraphers, and book designers. In the second stage, more attention was paid to libraries as a place to preserve the written works of Shiite scholars and jurists, which is considered a significant change in the role and performance of important libraries of this period.

This study aimed to analyze and examine the use of data mining techniques in the recommender system of digital libraries and information centers. By analyzing the behavioral patterns of digital library users and providing detailed suggestions, the data mining approach in this system makes it unnecessary for them to review unrelated data during the search. This not only leads to an increase in users' information requests but also significantly enhances their satisfaction with the provision of digital library services.

The current research was an analytical study of cross-sectional survey type and content analysis. This method collected the required data in four stages, and its output was analyzed using a data mining technique. Using content analysis, as in the first stage, a list of the number of transactions of user requests for books, including user IDs, manuscript titles, manuscript identification code numbers in the digital library system (manuscript database), the organization of libraries, Museums and Documents Center of Astan Quds Razavi were investigated. The data were arranged as a user column and an item (book) row. In the second step, the preprocessed raw data was further transformed into a user-item matrix, which is zero and one. In the third stage, the data output was implemented and executed using data mining technology and the implementation of association rules and FP-Growth  algorithm on RapidMiner software) and confidence (the confidence level in the desired result) were tested. In the fourth stage, the accuracy and correctness of the proposed system plan were presented.

The output of this research revealed that the association rules have a confidence level above 50% and can determine the user's access patterns, which is the best way to access the generated datasets by setting the minimum support level of 2% and the minimum confidence level of 95%, leading to 1081 new rules with conditional algorithms (if-then). If a user selects topics such as (the science of principles, Ijtihad, tradition, etc.) during the search in the digital library software, due to the history of repeated searches by previous users with the same topics by the recommender system, then titles related to the subject of principles of jurisprudence will be suggested. Also, the proof of the correctness of the proposed model showed that the first and last ones created from the new laws had thematic similarities with each other.

This study showed that various data mining techniques with the application of association rules and the implementation of the FP-Growth algorithm have high efficiency and accuracy and are suitable for analyzing the data of digital libraries and information centers to create recommender systems in order to predict user requests and make effective suggestions. One of its practical concepts is to provide a platform to significantly enhance the quality of two-way interaction between librarians and users, thereby providing optimal and beneficial services, and also to create a suitable opportunity to improve the attitude and perspective of managers in order to provide information resources that meet the real needs of users.

Data governance describes the processes for defining data policies within an organization, the processes that specify how these policies will be implemented, and establishing an organizational structure that includes data governance councils and data stewards to monitor and ensure compliance between policies and data. Data governance is a multifaceted management program, with its primary objective being to treat data as a valuable organizational asset. This is accomplished by utilizing a comprehensive framework of policies, standards, processes, personnel, and technology that are essential for effective data management. Many organizations face challenges in establishing a successful and sustainable data governance program. The initial step in enhancing the organization’s performance is to ensure that the data governance program aligns with its goals and mission. What currently exists as data governance is an abstract concept, and this abstraction hinders its effective implementation. Therefore, it is essential to first establish a clear and effective definition based on existing literature to facilitate its implementation by identifying the various components of this concept.

This study analyzed the content of texts in the field of data governance using the meta-synthesis method. The selection of information sources was conducted purposefully, based on their relevance to the research objectives. The studies were conducted between 2000 and 2021. A total of 68 articles and theses related to this field were selected by searching reputable databases, including Emerald, Scopus, Sage, ProQuest, Springer, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Additionally, searches were conducted in the Persian section of the Iranian Scientific Information and Documents Center, the National Library and Documentation Center of Iran, the National Publications Information Database (Iran Mag), the Humanities Portal, the Noor Specialized Magazines Database (Noormags), the Academic Jihad Scientific Information Center, and the APEC libraries of various universities, such as Tehran University, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Al-Zahra University, Tarbiat Modares University, and Kharazmi University. Ultimately, the articles were purposefully selected based on the Sandusky and Barroso model and were reviewed using qualitative content analysis.

The research findings identified five main components of data governance: “planning,” “organization and management,” “performance,” “execution,” and “evaluation.” Each of these main components has subcomponents, resulting in a total of 32 components for data governance identified through a meta-synthesis of texts. These components significantly contribute to the definition and implementation of data governance across various organizations. According to the findings of this research, data governance encompasses planning, organizing, managing, determining performance, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating data related to different organizations. Data governance should align with the organization's mission, strategy, norms, and culture to effectively manage data as a strategic asset. It should ensure quality control and safeguard access, management, monitoring, and maintenance, with the goal of enhancing the value of the company’s data and transforming it into a competitive advantage.

By using these components, each organization can design and implement a data governance program appropriate to its context. Organizations with different expertise and contexts can modify these components according to their context adapt them to their goals and strategies, and benefit from the benefits of data governance in their organization. Regarding the application of the main and secondary components derived from the current research, organizations need to pay attention to the importance of each of them. Organizations must consider the goals and strategies of the program to implement data governance and design principles to support the structure, culture, and goals.

This research aims to identify the key components for implementing knowledge management in institutions and organizations that offer informal technical and vocational education in Iran. It is an applied research focused on achieving this goal.

The research methodology involves a combination of exploratory and qualitative approaches, utilizing meta-composite and Delphi methods. Initial data collection was done using the meta-combination method, analyzing 142 relevant sources and narrowing down to nine studies. Categories were identified through this method and validated using the fuzzy Delphi method with expert input through questionnaires.

Through text analysis, five categories and seven components were identified, including policy and planning, structure, human resources, process, and infrastructure. Human resources participation, organizational leadership support, and government backing were highlighted as crucial for successful knowledge management implementation.

Human resources involvement, support from organizational leaders, and government backing are essential for establishing effective knowledge management practices in organizations.

Value: 

This research introduces a novel model for knowledge management in Iran's informal technical and vocational education sector, marking a departure from conventional methodologies. By integrating metacomposition and fuzzy Delphi methods, and gathering insights from experts, this research contributes to the advancement of knowledge in this field.

Bipolar disorder is a chronic condition that necessitates lifelong medication, therapeutic interventions, and self-care. People with bipolar disorder and their families may have varied experiences regarding sleep management, stress, interpersonal relationships, and anger, which are frequently overlooked. In the current study, the knowledge acquired by patients with bipolar disorder and their families was evaluated. Then, an appropriate model for managing self-care knowledge among individuals with bipolar disorder was proposed.

The current mixed-methods study was conducted in four stages. The first stage involved a systematic review and meta-synthesis study in the field of knowledge management in the healthcare system. The second stage involved assessing the self-care experiences of patients with bipolar disorder. In the third stage, the codes obtained from the previous stages were prioritized by experts using Delphi techniques. In the fourth stage, a researcher prepared, validated, and distributed a questionnaire among mental health service providers stages. Finally, the personal knowledge management model of self-care and experience in individuals with bipolar disorder and their families was presented.

Almost half of patients with bipolar disorder do not adhere to their long-term treatment. Also, this disease requires patients to perform self-care activities in addition to drug therapy. So, the design and implementation of a knowledge management model for self-care and experience in people with bipolar disorder can be effective in improving their self-care behaviors and quality of life.

The purpose of the current research is to design a knowledge management system performance evaluation model in the software industry using a neural network. Based on the collected data, a quantitative study was conducted to confirm the findings obtained from the qualitative stage. For exploratory study and extraction of categories related to evaluation factors, the meta-combination method (Sandelowski and Barroso model) was used. The research method in the quantitative part is descriptive survey. The statistical population of the research was made up of all software developers and software experts in universities and companies.

7 main categories including individual factors, organizational factors, technology and infrastructure, functional factors, knowledge management tools, economic factors, knowledge management tools, and 29 sub-categories were identified. The innovation of the research is building a model using neural network algorithms that have the ability to predict the performance evaluation index of the knowledge management system and the impact of each of the indicators using a neural network in the field of software.Conclusion The results obtained from the questionnaire have been used for the input of the network model, the results showed that components such as technology infrastructure factors and functional factors have a greater impact on the evaluation of knowledge management performance in software development.

Literature Review:

in a research, they evaluated the performance of the knowledge management system in Iranian software companies. The results showed that the knowledge management system consists of 4 processes of identifying and creating, recording and maintaining, sharing and applying and internalizing knowledge. In a research, they designed a fuzzy inference system to evaluate the performance of the knowledge management system in the software development industry. The use of neural networks in evaluating the key factors of the knowledge management system in Iranian companies based in Alborz province was investigated. A research modeled an organizational knowledge management system based on artificial intelligence. Fuzzy theory was used to create knowledge extraction mechanism and reference model library from project model to dedicated reference model.

The method used in this research is a mixed research method of exploratory type with a qualitative approach and meta-composite and Delphi methods. In the first stage, the meta-composite method was used to identify the main and sub-categories of the indicators, and then the validation and presentation of the final indicators were done with the fuzzy Delphi method. The current research method is practical in terms of purpose. The sample size was selected by simple random sampling method with Cochran's formula of 186 people. In the meta-combination method of the research, library sources and documents including articles, reliable and referable internet sources, as well as domestic and foreign scientific reports were used. For exploratory study and extraction of categories related to evaluation factors, the meta-combination method (Sandelowski and Barroso model) was used. Factors and dimensions of knowledge management system evaluation for which indicators are considered were provided to 20 members and experts. The implementation of the Delphi panel was carried out in two periods. Fuzzy Delphi method was used to screen and identify the final indicators and to answer the first and second questions of the research regarding the agreement of the experts of the research community regarding the obtained components, which includes software experts and knowledge management experts. 7 main categories including individual factors, organizational factors, technology and infrastructure, functional factors, knowledge management tools, economic factors, and 29 sub-categories were identified.  In order to collect quantitative data, a researcher-made questionnaire (40 items) was used, the items of which were taken from the results of the meta-composite analysis in the first stage. In this research, in order to check the reliability of the research questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was estimated at 0.89 for infrastructure factors and 0.88 for functional factors, respectively.

 In this research, the performance of the knowledge management system was evaluated with a neural network approach. Examining the results showed that the following components affect the evaluation of knowledge management performance in the software development industry. 1. Individual factors 2. Economic factors 3. Organizational factors 4. Knowledge management processes 5. Functional factors 6. Technological infrastructure factors 7. Knowledge management tools

Solutions to improve the performance of knowledge management in the software development industry were presented: • Adjust the strategies in such a way that the creation of new knowledge, the application of new knowledge, its dissemination and sharing, and the storage and documentation of knowledge are explicitly considered. • Identifying influential people in the process of implementation and establishment of knowledge management, to improve the effective factors in the effective establishment of knowledge management more than in the past. • Developing procedures for documenting the experiences of experts in the software development industry on a continuous basis. • Managers and practitioners of the software industry should also consider parameters such as available budget, organizational culture, infrastructure, etc. • To provide the relevant managers and practitioners with a criterion for reviewing future policies and investments and help them make more appropriate decisions.

In this research, 29 primary indicators have been identified based on the research literature, which include: • Organizational culture for sharing and using knowledge • Organizational Structure • The physical environment • Organization strategy • Support of senior managers such as motivation and commitment • Supporting innovations and digital technologies • Specialized knowledge of software development • General knowledge in software development • Involvement of developers • Education • Being up-to-date in the fields of specialized software • Knowledge and awareness of the knowledge management system • Correct understanding of system design requirements • Portals and portals of knowledge such as the Internet and email and social networks • MIS, Expert, DSS systems • Data warehouse - knowledge warehouse • Search and recovery tools and dashboard • Data security • The degree of integration of organizational systems • Quality of knowledge • Document management • Data management and workflow • Process Management • Creation and acquisition of knowledge, transfer and sharing of knowledge • Acquisition and use of knowledge • Operating cost of the software • Cost of software support.

All efforts of business managers are to achieve productivity. In such a way that the need to increase productivity in organizations for more profitability is inevitable and every year a lot of money is spent on how to increase productivity and promote their business. One of the important and fundamental prerequisites for achieving a business model is its components and indicators in a standardized format. The changes that have come from the internet space have made knowledge flow and be exploited in a faster way in the departments of an organization. In the meantime the knowledge brokers can help to correct and improve the flow of knowledge and fill the information gap between producers and users of knowledge, thereby helping to increase the productivity of organizations and businesses.

Knowledge brokers provide the act of creating, sharing and using knowledge in an organization or between organizations. One of the ways to correct and improve the flow of knowledge is to use knowledge brokers who fill the gap between producers and knowledge users. The unique possibilities of the Internet have led to the emergence of a new form of business, which is now known as Internet business. These businesses have been created by entrepreneurial people with new ideas who have a creative and talented mind. Osterwalder's business model is known as the most common and broad business model canvas. This model is the provider of a common language for describing, visualizing, evaluating, and changing the business model. Productivity is called a method, a concept and an attitude about work and life, and in fact, they look at it as a culture and a worldview. Productivity is the effective and efficient use of inputs or resources for production by providing outputs. The background check shows that so far, many researches have been done in the field of knowledge brokers and internet businesses and the relationship between business and productivity inside and outside the country. On the other hand, studies show that many researches have been conducted abroad on the role and functions of knowledge brokers. This is despite the fact that none of them have analyzed the components and indicators of the internet business model for knowledge brokers with the approach of increasing productivity.

 The current research is applied in terms of purpose and mixed and exploratory in terms of approach. The research has been done in three stages: to identify the components and indicators of knowledge-based internet business for knowledge brokers using the meta-combination method, to determine the level of agreement of experts using the fuzzy Delphi method, and to determine the importance of each of the components and the calculated indicators were used using the survey-analytical method. In the first stage, the statistical population was 10,617 documents related to the research subject, out of which 65 documents were selected and studied further. In the second stage, in order to confirm the components and indicators calculated from the first stage, the fuzzy Delphi method and a questionnaire (with a 5-point Likert scale) were used in two stages. The statistical population in the second stage was 20 PhD graduates and subject specialists with more than 5 years of experience in the fields of knowledge management, technology management, and business. The snowball method was chosen and 10 of them responded to the questionnaire. In the third stage, in order to determine the priority and importance of the calculated components and indicators, a survey-analytical method was used. The statistical population of the research in the third stage was the number of 155 technology and knowledge brokers under the supervision of the Presidential Vice President for Science and Technology, Iran's National Fan Market and the Nano Technology Exchange Network, who were selected by census method.

 The results of data analysis show the number of 149 indicators under 30 components for Internet business for knowledge brokers in the form of nine components of Osterwalder's business model.

 The results show that knowledge brokers can create an information network between researchers by holding structured joint workshops in a client-oriented and problem-oriented manner, holding seminars and online webinars, etc., and establishing proper communication between the main customers of their business through virtual communication channels. Since the ultimate goal of designing a business model is to create sufficient value for customers, knowledge brokers can attract and retain their customers by providing value propositions such as facilitating decisions and policies through the acquired knowledge. Considering that every business model requires a number of key activities; knowledge brokers can provide their desired services to customers through key activities such as knowledge monitoring and evaluation, etc. One of the goals of every business and organization is to create partnerships with colleagues and key partners; based on this, knowledge brokers can achieve success in their business by establishing partnerships with influential investors, governmental and non-governmental supporting organizations, and influential governmental and non-governmental social organizations. The cost structure in any business is one of its main pillars and you should pay enough attention to its arrangement. This section usually contains two sections of fixed and variable costs. Knowledge brokers can manage the wages of human resources, administrative costs and provision of workplaces and the costs of providing equipment and depreciation in the fixed costs department and managing the wages of experts and researchers for sharing knowledge. Marketing, advertising and holding events and costs of development and maintenance of technology infrastructure in the variable costs department to achieve cost management in their business. The resources needed to run a successful business are called key resources. At first, it is believed that only the initial capital is enough to start a business, but the fact is that before starting any business, identifying key resources is of particular importance. Value proposition, communication with the customer, communication channels, how to communicate with the customer, making money, are all related to key resources. Knowledge brokers can start and maintain their business through key resources such as human, financial, physical and intellectual resources. In order to obtain profit, expenses must be deducted from income. In a business, if we consider the customer part as its heart, the income streams are the arteries of a business. Knowledge brokers through a variety of income models such as receiving commissions/fees from communicating between users and knowledge producers, advertising and receiving charges or royalties in providing consulting services and pricing mechanisms such as considering a base price for knowledge services, price dynamics based on the level of knowledge used and price dynamics based on advertisements, they can manage their business income flow.

 Since every business needs components and indicators to be implemented in the form of a business model, it shows the architecture of a company to create, market, deliver value and earn a stable and profitable income; statistics of internet business components and indicators for knowledge brokers can help to reduce the information gap between researchers, policymakers and decision-makers, governance structures and institutions and supply and demand sector structures and institutions and lead to an increase in interest and be successful in business.

Information search behavior is important and influential on the results obtained in researches and many jobs, therefore, the present study has been done to investigate the effect of cognitive abilities on web search behavior (a case study of psychology: faculty members and graduate students of various fields of science).

The current research is in the field of psychology, and the experimental groups were not selected randomly, so a semi-experimental method was used. A total of 120 participants were selected from faculty members and post-graduate students in all fields of science, who have somehow dealt with searching and retrieving information related to their job, field of study, and researches. All subjects were asked to take the third edition of the Woodcock Johnson test and three pre-determined search tasks to collect and analyze findings in the field of correlation of cognitive abilities on their information searches.

Studies show that cognitive abilities are effective in the levels of complexity of search tasks (simple, medium and complex).

It was concluded from the data analysis that "Concept Formation", "Visual Matching", "Verbal Comprehension", "Spatial Relations" and "Number Reversed" have a direct and meaningful relationship with information search at different levels of complexity, and these areas related to cognitive abilities should be cultivated in users who search Information is an inseparable part of their job and education, and it is possible to achieve the flourishing of students' abilities as much as possible by re-examining and planning carefully in the educational topics and curriculums so that they can be used in a better way in the society in the future.

 Research data management is a set of activities related to the storage, access, and preservation of generated data which includes benefits such as maintaining the integrity and replication of research, increasing data security leading to risk of data loss, and enhancing the implementation of quality research. Acquiring knowledge and skills related to research data management creates many job opportunities for information professionals and helps researchers to fulfill their demands. In this regard, this research aimed to identify the state of research in the field of research data of management literacy.

 The current research was a systematic review with qualitative approach, which is devoted to collecting the studies conducted on a specific subject, examined and revised the resulting information according to certain systematic principles, and presented the results for analysis. More concretely a comprehensive view of related studies and providing researchers with a specific subject area for this purpose, researches related to several stages of searching in international and domestic databases, considering the time range, foreign books and articles between 2012 and 2022 AD and Persian between 1391 and 1401 AD. Fifty works related to the topic of research data of management literacy were searched from research articles of publications, conferences, and dissertations.

 Research data management is one of the emerging branches of science and the main goal of this new field is to help researchers, professors, and students in planning from start to finish. A review of the studies showed that 50 domestic and foreign researchers have addressed the issue of research data of management literacy and related elements. Research has been in 5 main axes, which include: 1. Research data management infrastructure, 2. Research data sharing, 3. Data literacy and research data management literacy, 4. Research data management training. Research, and 5. Research management skills in this field.

 The results of this research showed that research in the field of research data segmentation has been investigated more than other related topics, but the research related to research data management literacy is very limited, especially in Iran. Increasing the level of research data of management literacy requires a lot of effort from universities and higher education institutions. In addition, according to the research conducted outside of Iran, business skills related to research data of management literacy will help people to work harder in advancing the goals of this valuable topic and start to transform the management mechanism. Having their data, they also benefit from teaching and improving students' literacy from the beginning of their studies in the curriculum of different levels.

A public library is a non-profit library, which is maintained for public use and funded by the government or the public sources. Unlike other libraries, public library satisfies general public information needs by providing all kinds of knowledge and information available to all segments of the community regardless of race, nationality, age, gender, religion, language, disability, economic and employment status. It may also provide other services to their communities such as, storytelling for children, after-school programs, language learning, seminars, workshops and other community services. One of the benefits of this research is to offer proposed solutions and lay the groundwork for developing a model for playing a strategic role of public libraries in geopolitics of information as a tool to measure the performance of libraries in this regard and the results can be used in public libraries and other relevant trustees, so, the main purpose of this study is to analyze the strategic role of the public libraries in the Iran Geopolitics of Information This is an applied research with a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) approach. To collect qualitative information, a semi-structured interview has been used. In the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire Based on the result of the qualitative part, has been used. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative section includes 13 experts and university professors who were selected by a purposeful method based on criteria and has been analyzed using qualitative content analysis method. The findings of quantitative part has been analyzed using factor analysis. The population of the quantitative part, included the head managers and deputies of the general administrations of the Iran's public libraries (70 people) and the librarians of the provinces that have main and central public libraries from five clusters of north, south, east, west and center of Iran, including 10 provinces & 160 librarians. 201 complete questionnaires were received. Findings shows that, libraries have an implicitly role in strengthening cultural identity and increasing public awareness, especially in terms of strengthening Iranian-Islamic identity, as one of the three main components of geopolitics, but this role is not designed for a specific mission and It is also not clearly explained in upstream documents. Also, based on the findings, the centralized resources acquisition by the Iran Public Libraries Foundation for all public libraries in an integrated manner that there is not any clear role of users need in the selection process is inconsistent with the Free-Flow of Information approach. Centralized system of providing resources and public libraries materials, i.e. centralized purchase and distribution of resources by the public libraries of the country to all public libraries in Iran in an integrated way that users do not have an obvious and effective role in the selection process, is somewhat inconsistent with the definitions of free flow of information. Preserving and strengthening identity is one of the basic components in geopolitical issues. Information is considered as the main source of power. Governments have focused mainly on identity to develop their boundaries of geopolitics of information. Obviously, in order to prevent cultural interference and the infiltration of foreign identities in order to change the behavior and culture of a society and make it more consumer-oriented, people should to be well aware of their national identity and thus power as Soft defense power. Public libraries are one of the most important general databases, which can strengthen the soft defense infrastructure by disseminating information about the identity and national values of a community by raising public awareness. Therefore, national policymakers should consider the role of public libraries as a public discourse space in transmitting culture and information and a base for strengthening the power of soft defense, training and explaining the specific role for librarians, developing technological infrastructure of libraries, providing resources based on local needs and the audience needs, continuous and purposeful monitoring of activities and increasing the number of service recipients from public libraries. In order to achieve these goals, it is necessary to consider a few basic points: First, due to the geographical dispersion of public libraries in Iran, it is necessary for more people to use the services of libraries. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive audience attraction program is needed. Design and implement public libraries in a purposeful and mission-oriented manner. It's also necessary for librarians to receive targeted and necessary training to provide appropriate counseling and guidance services so that they'll can, in addition to general librarianship services, perform their duties as advisors to guide users in the right direction. The third important point is to pay attention to the information resource system required by libraries, in which the diversity of ethnic and cultural needs should be considered in order to gain more power through the saturation of cultural information in the community memory.

Today, scientific document centers face increasing demands on data collection, storage, integration, processing, and analysis for information systems and infrastructure. These centers are the most important and reliable sources of governance for the advancement of different areas of each country and their success requires proper performance. The present study was conducted to propose a data governance model in the countries scientific document centers to show how data governance should be appropriate for these scientific centers. The Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc) was selected as the study. This research has analyzed the content of texts in the field of scientific document centers with a meta-combined method. 15 articles and dissertations related to this field were purposefully selected and reviewed by qualitative content analysis. The basic model was used to design the data governance model of scientific document centers. The research findings identified five main components of data governance including "planning", "organizing and managing", "performance", "implementation" and "evaluation". These main components each have sub-components, which finally identified 38 sub-components for data governance of scientific document centers with a combination of texts. These components help to implement data governance for scientific document centers.

To be successful in any organization, it is essential to pay attention to job performance. Various factors affect employees' job performance. This study aimed to identify the critical factors for the success of knowledge management in the banking industry using meta-combination. Since the early 1990s, with the introduction of knowledge as the most important asset of the organization and a tool to improve productivity and gain a competitive advantage, optimal management of organizational knowledge has been very successful. Identifying the critical factors for knowledge management success can serve as a guiding light for knowledge management projects.
The present study adopts a qualitative approach and utilizes the seven-step method combining Sandelowski and Barroso. The research population comprises all sources pertaining to the essential aspects of knowledge management, encompassing 102 articles, books, and dissertations from reputable domestic and international sources published between 2001-2002 and 2000-2020 AD. Subsequently, based on the relevance to the research topic, the primary sources were sifted through, and 102 sources were selected and coded according to the extracted concepts.
In total, based on the results of a systematic review with a hybrid approach, 7 categories (leadership, organizational culture, organizational structure, human resources, training, monitoring-evaluation, and measurement, IT infrastructure), 18 concepts, and 114 codes for 18 extraction concepts were identified as critical factors in the success of knowledge management. To measure reliability and quality control, the kappa method was used. The value of the kappa index for the constituent and vital factors of knowledge management success was calculated, showing excellent agreement.
According to previous studies, the factors related to leadership and support of senior managers, and organizational culture are among the most important factors for success, respectively. Factors such as human resource management, staff motivation issues, organizational structure, training, monitoring and evaluation, and information technology are ranked lower.

The purpose of this research is to provide a training model with knowledge management approach in the National Bank of Iran. Therefore, it is an applied-developmental research that can use in other banks and financial institutions. The quantitative research method is survey-analytical. The statistical population of 1156 people included experts and middle managers of National Bank headquarters in Tehran province. Cochran's formula was used to calculate the sample size, and 288 people were determined and selected by stratified random sampling method. The tool of data collection is a researcher-made questionnaire. For the validity of the questionnaire, face or content validity methods were used, and for reliability, Cronbach's alpha method was used, which was confirmed with an alpha value of 0.9. The data were processed with the help of SPSS26 statistical software and PLS4 structural equation software. To analyze the gap, the non-parametric Wilcoxon test was used to identify the current and desired status of training indicators with the knowledge management approach in National Bank, and also Friedman test was used to determine the priority between categories, and structural equations were used to analyze the confirmatory factor and build the model. According to the findings, there is a significant difference between the average of the current and desired status of the indicators in the target community. Finally, the models were examined in two sections: the current, and the desired status; and a combined model was presented. Based on the results, the managers of National Bank should make extra efforts in all the components of the model, which in the current status have less factor loading than the desired status, in order to implement employee training with knowledge management approach.

The purpose of this study is to design a conceptual model for the application of semantic-social technology in digital libraries in Iran.

This applied research was conducted using Delphi and analytical survey methods. The tool used was a researcher-made questionnaire, which included three parts: the structure of semantic-social technology architecture, semantic-social technology tools, and the function of semantic-social technology. Descriptive statistics, structural equation modeling and partial least squares modeling (PLS-SEM) were used to analyze the statistical data.

In the final research model, most items had a high factor loading and in the main components of the research, including the architecture structure of semantic-social technology, tools of semantic-social technology and the function of semantic-social technology, important items from the perspective of the research community were identified. Accordingly, in the architectural structure of semantic-social technology, the use of RDF schema to describe and describe RDF-based resources, the use of SIOC technology to link blogs, forums and mailing lists had the highest factor loading. Also, in the part of semantic-social technology tools, in the final conceptual model research, video mashups and map mashups had a higher factor loading than others. In the functional part of semantic-social technology, using the URL standard to identify and locate a resource in digital libraries and retrieval function, using RDF tools and using Sub and Super techniques between concepts to retrieve information faster has the highest factor loading. Moreover, in the parts of data and resources and content, the use of RDF tools to exploit multimedia and non-textual resources due to the diversity of available information and in the function of organization and storage, the use of ontology to manage digital resources had higher factor loading. In addition, in the interaction function, the items of communication between the chain of information producers, collectors and users through social semantic web tools had the highest amount of factor loading.

Concusion: 

Considering the results obtained in the proposed model of this research and the items that have gained a high factor loading in the proposed conceptual model, shows that in semantic-social technology in digital library software, what makes this technology progress and success is the correct creation of digital library software. The basis of digital library standards, attention to the XML markup language, Dublin Core, etc. and its integration with semantic tools such as Web 2.0, hashtags and folksonomy, metadata, etc. in line with social technologies such as social networks, mashups, etc.

The major objective of current research is "Identifying patterns of Information Seeking and Retrieval Behavior based on Expectancy Beliefs among PhD Candidates of Mohaghegh Ardabili University.

The research has been conducted in synthetic method, both quantitative and qualitative. The research method in quantitative part was quasi-experimental, and in terms of qualitative method, content analysis was used. The data, in the quantitative method, has been collected with questionnaire and by observation and semi-structured interview has been chosen for qualitative method. The research population consisted of 48 PhD Candidates who were selected by purposeful sampling the data was collected in two stages of completing demographic characteristics, searching experience and expectancy questionnaires and observing the behavior of completing search tasks and finally textual analysis of the interviewed content

Ph.D. candidates have positive expectation on information search and Retrieval process, and their subjective belief in their ability and success in information search and retrieval is above the average level (3.00). Ph.D. Candidate who expects more of the process of searching and retrieving information use less but related strategies and tactics while those with low expectation use More Strategies and Techniques but unrelated and repetitive, so it takes more time to review the retrieved results.

High expectation leads to a positive subjective perception and judgment of the person about his ability to perform the search task, and low expectation leads to a negative subjective perception and belief of the student about his ability to complete the search task.

Considering the emergence and increasing expansion of various subject domains and the lack of a valid codified thesaurus, the main aim of this study is to provide a semantic model of information security based on a conceptual network for use in domain ontologies, so it is applied research.

The research method is a combination of co-word analysis, library, and Delphi methods. In the first stage, the conceptual network was extracted from 7547 scientific documents on "information security" using the co-words analysis method. These documents were indexed in the Scopus databases and WOS from 2013 to 2017. Pre-processing operations on 19648 keywords and tags were done in a completely targeted manner by using five dictionaries in information security, and three dictionaries in computer science. With a minimum co-occurrence of 5 for each word in "VOS Viewer", 207 preferred concepts were selected based on the latest version of the information security dictionary, and its conceptual network was mapped. By "Gephi", betweenness centrality, density, and clustering coefficient indices were checked. Then in the second stage, for extracting a new semantic model, used the library method. So, seven related semantic models: Security ontology, information security ontology, attack ontology, vulnerability ontology, existence - Ontosec mapping, and threat taxonomy as well as the conceptual model of information systems security in libraries. These entities, classes, subclasses, relationships between them, concepts, and examples attributed to each class and subclass were studied and examined carefully. Then, 207 conceptual network concepts were adapted to the common components of these models, and a new model was presented. Finally, in third stage, using the fuzzy Delphi technique, the consensus of experts in both fields of Knowledge and Information Science (KIS) and Computer Sciences was examined. Using SPSS and Kendall's non-parametric test, the experts' agreement coefficient about the classes and sub-classes, as well as their associated concepts, were investigated. 5 classes, 6 subclasses and also 71 concepts out of 97 common concepts with an agreement coefficient above 0.7 were obtained. Finally, confirmatory factor analysis and Smart PLS structural modeling were used to check the correctness of the relationships governing the classes and subclasses in the conceptual model.

The main nodes and strong links in the conceptual network of information security include: "information security," "security," "information system," "privacy," "telecommunication," "information," "intrusion detection system," "cryptography," "cyber security," "authentication," "network," "risk," "threat," and "risk management framework." The extracted semantic model has a goodness of fitting (GOF) of 0.710 and confirms 11 semantic relationships. These relationships include: "Requires level," "Diminish," "Threatens," "Exploited by," "has Source," "Uses of," "Lead to," "Attack," "Vulnerability on," "Implemented by," and "Reduce." Also, it has 5 main classes, including "Information Asset," "Security Attribution," "Threat," "Vulnerability," and "Countermeasure." There are also 6 subclasses, which include "Threat Source," "Access Path (influence way)," "Threat Tools," and "Attack," all related to the Threat class. Additionally, there are Technological countermeasures and Organizational countermeasures, which are related to the Countermeasure class. Also, it was discovered that there are 71 attributive concepts, some of which include: Password, Smart card, User, Integrity, Hacker, Malicious code, Virus, Distributed Denial Of Service (DDOS), Risk management, Backup, Digital signature, Penetration testing, Antivirus, Firewall, and so on.

The conceptual network and semantic model can be inferred in semantic systems and databases. This research can provide a new method for creating high-level ontologies to optimize search engines and reduce false dropping, as well as recover unwanted information.

The progress and emergence of new technologies in the present century have made academic libraries revise, develop, and transform their programs and services. In other words, recent developments have prompted the managers and librarians of libraries around the world to take the changes seriously, think about the horizons of the users’ present and future needs, investigate the challenges they are likely to face on their way to achieving their goals, and devise serious plans, particularly strategic ones, by predicting the trends of future developments. So, systematic future studies need to be conducted on academic libraries to enable them to keep up with modern developments, deal with them effectively, and maintain their status and persistency in current competitive conditions. In this regard, the current article aims to study and design scenarios for the future of academic libraries in Iran in order to help provision of suitable strategies for the promotion and development of these libraries.

The current research is a survey-applied in which 16 academic libraries have been selected by the quota sampling method and a number of professors and related experts, together with the managers or assistants of the libraries of the selected universities, have formed an expert panel. Besides, four questionnaires were developed to gather the required data. To achieve the research goals, firstly, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to extract the drivers affecting the future of the target academic libraries. These drivers were localized and screened by experts, using the fuzzy Delphi method. After that, the weight of each driver was calculated using the fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process method. In the end, the key drivers and final uncertainties were determined by combining the results with Cross Impact Analysis. 

In the first step, reviewing the studies led to the extraction of 112 candidate driving forces that can influence the future of academic libraries in eight dimensions, including the political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental dimensions (for investigating external environments) in addition to the “structural-managerial” and “the nature and services of libraries” dimensions. After determining the key drivers, and analyzing their mutual effects, the second stage was completed by formulating scenarios facing university libraries by forming a panel of experts, using the Delphi method and future research software.

Finally, after analyzing the aspects of the final uncertainties, among the possible candidate scenarios, four plausible scenarios, namely, Utopia, Treasure key, Vicious circle, and Ruins, were drawn as the future possible state of Iranian academic libraries, from which the “Utopia scenario” was picked up as the imagined future.