نرگس جعفری

Title: comparative study of the culture of "having" and the art of "being" in the opinions of Ghazali and perfectionist psychologists (based on Maslow and Fromm) Man has been distinguished from other creatures due to his intellectual power and strength, and this has caused schools such as psychology to investigate the dimensions of his psyche. Among the different schools of psychology, two perfectionist psychologists (Maslow and Fromm) believe that humans can reach a high level of normality and "being".They consider the infrastructure and introduction to "being" to be the logical satisfaction of a series of needs, which they refer to as "having" culture.On the other hand, our mystical literature is full of works that show the value and importance of human existence. In each page of these rich works of mystical literature, designs and patterns of perfected human beings have been proposed that corresponded to the mental patterns of their time.Among these precious mystical works, the book of kim-yaye sa'adat can be mentioned, which was written at the end of the 5th century and includes four pillars (worship, transactions, death, salvation) and each pillar has 70 principles, which are written in a simple and understandable language. It is compiled for everyone. In this book, Ghazali talks about the material needs of man and considers fulfilling them in moderation as necessary to reach perfection; But he does not consider it permissible to stay in them and considers the highest goal of man to be perfection and "being" and reminds him of this goal in many places in the book.The purpose of the current research is to analyze the views and thoughts of Imam Muhammad Ghazali in the philosophy of spiritual life and the extent of its compatibility with Maslow and Fromm's psychological criteria of perfection, and the need to answer these questions is created by paying attention to the culture of "having" and art. What is the form of "being" in the thought of Ghazali the mystic, Maslow and Fromm the psychologist? Also, how similar and different are the views of these thinkers?Regarding the background of the research, it can be said that no independent research has been conducted in this regard. The only research that is slightly related to this research is the article "Transcendental education in the view of Imam Muhammad Ghazali and Abraham Maslow" by Dehghani and Jokar. In this article, the authors have investigated the characteristics, goals and criteria of transcendental education in two perspectives.

This research was done with inductive method and qualitative content analysis. The method of qualitative content analysis seeks to extract meaning from the text. In this way, first the available sources about having a culture and being an art in the thought of Maslow and Fromm were collected, then by examining the book of kim-yaye sa'adat, the ideas consistent with the opinions of these two psychologists were extracted. Finally, the authors explained the similarities and differences between Ghazali's views and Maslow's and Fromm's views using the content analysis method.

Perfectionist psychologists (Maslow and Fromm) and Ghazali, despite the fact that their culture and geography are very far from each other; But because human nature, regardless of culture, place and religion, has a single foundation; Therefore, their views on this issue are very close to each other. They also talk about common characteristics such as self-knowledge, altruism, agency and freedom, etc., which in Ghazali's, Maslow's and Fromm's view are the characteristics of a perfected person who has been able to acquire them by passing through the "havings". . Although Ghazali was a mystic, we did not come across anything in the whole book of kim-yaye sa'adat that he reduced the dignity and status of these desires; Rather, he negates the excesses of satisfying these desires, not themselves. But an important point is that all the manifestations of being in the kim-yaye sa'adat are in the direction of reaching God, and according to Ghazali, continuous excellence is achieved in this direction

The general aim of the current research was to investigate the effect of human resources competence dimensions on the performance of North Khorasan gas company employees, which was carried out using a correlational descriptive-survey method. The statistical population included all employees of North Khorasan gas company in 1402. 170 people were selected by a simple random method and according to Morgan. The data of this research was used to measure employee performance from the standard questionnaire of Hersey and Goldsmith (2008) and to measure the variable of competence dimensions from the questionnaire of employee competence dimensions: the standard questionnaire of employee competence dimensions. Afsharfar et al.(2016) have been collected that their validity was of form and content type and was approved by the professors and their reliability was estimated through Cronbach's alpha. , mean, standard deviation and calculation of central and dispersion indices) and in the inferential statistics section, SmartPLS version 3 was used to compile the structural equation model and SPSS version 22 was used for descriptive statistics. The results showed that between the dimensions of resource competence Humanity has a relationship with North Khorasan Gas Company employees' performance, including goodwill and reliability, customer-oriented service, motivation to progress, and organizational performance of North Khorasan Gas Company employees. There is no relationship between innovation and organizational performance of North Khorasan Gas Company employees.

One of the essential principles in analyzing human conducts is paying attention to their Foundations i.e. beliefs and faith. Therefore, one of the holy Quran methods for exercising divine commands is to strengthen the belief concepts. The holy Quran has many ordinances and commands for arranging the Muslims’ social life that one of them is forbearance and forgiveness for other wrongs (faults) with honour and cheerfulness. The research issue is which belief concepts God has strengthened for encouraging Muslims to forbearance (Arabic: صفح) and with what analysis these concepts connect to forbearance. Based on the Quranic teachings belief to the ultimate power of God removes psychological barriers of forbearance such as vengeance, humiliation. Faith in God’s power in creation (the Creator) and the divine science results the inner acceptance of the divine ordinance about forbearance for those who are abused. Also, belief in God’s forgiveness and mercy makes the believers be encouraged and felt Godlikeness at the circumstance of the noble forgiveness. This paper with analytic-descriptive analysis and based on the library studies in the exegetic and Quranic sources has been performed.

The purpose of current research is the development of a conceptual model of self-consciousness for the first grade of high school students based on Morteza Motahari’s thoughts. In terms of purpose, this research is practical; and the approach is a qualitative one. Also, in terms of method, this research is considered an inferential analysis.The statistical community of research in the written section contains 45 works including books, research reports, published articles, existing sources on the web, first-hand sources relating to self-consciousness; and in humans section contains 15 experts in the fields of philosophy of education and educational psychology. The sampling method was target-oriented and the tool used for this was note-taking and interviewing. Based on research’s results, self-consciousness has five axes in Morteza Motahari’s thoughts: 1. Rankings of humans, 2. Human’s God-seeking, 3. Human’s reflection, 4. The selectiveness of humans and 5. Dynamism and maturity of humans. Moreover, research findings indicate that components of self-consciousness consist of 1. Physical and hereditary self, 2. The real self, 3. Ideal self, 4. Social self, 5. Moral and spiritual self and 6. Self-esteem. Considering the above-mentioned factors, and axes a model for self-consciousness for the first grade of high school students was developed.

With the increase in recent droughts and shortage of drinking water resources led to planning to desalinate water and set up mobile stations. The purpose of this study is to determine the microbial and physicochemical quality of water discharged from desalination plants and tankers in Qom.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted for one year with monthly sampling of water from domestic water purifiers and mobile tankers. Samples were analyzed for microbial contamination and physicochemical quality (pH, TDS, turbidity and chlorination) according to standard methods. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel software and compared with the standards.

Positive values of fecal coliform contamination was 13.34% in tankers and 4.35% in domestic water purifiers. The pH, TDS, turbidity was in accordance with the national and WHO standards. T-TEST statistical analysis showed, microbial quality of water had a significant relation with variables of dewatering containers (P<0.021), tank washing (P<0.001), outlet valve contamination (P<0.011), contact with dust (P<0.014), the personal health of the distributor (P<0.026), temperature (P<0.033), water retention time (P<0.019) and environmental sanitation (P<0.003). ). . But there was no significant difference in the distribution of water between tankers and desalination plants (P < 0.068).

By preventing secondary pollution, the water quality of these places can be considered desirable. Therefore, periodic and regular water evaluation and training on maintenance and health issues should always be considered

Tokophobia was introduced as a psychiatric disorder for the first time in 2000. The purpose of this study is to answer four questions: What is tokophobia and how does it occur? What is the global prevalence of tokophobia? What are the symptoms of tokophobia? and what are the strategies for the control and treatment of tokophobia?

This systematic review was conducted by searching articles in English and Persian published between January 2000 and January 2018 on international databases; PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and domestic databases; Magiran and SID, along with a manual search in resources.

After reviewing 151 articles, finally 16 were included in the study. The results indicate that tokophobia is a severe and pathological fear of childbirth. In the categorization of psychiatric disorders, it is classified as a specific phobia based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV). The etiology of tokophobia is multifactorial, and its prevalence in pregnant women was reported around 14 percent among 18 countries. The signs and symptoms of the disorder are insomnia, crying, restlessness, depression, anxiety and severe worry about childbirth. Psychological strategies, cognitive behavior therapy and medication have been proposed to reduce the fear of childbirth in women in different studies.

As a guide, these results can assist the healthcare team members to recognize and screen at-risk women as well as to perform nursing interventions and psychotherapy in the prenatal and delivery stages.

Despite the hotel industry is a very dynamic sector in the tourism industry, its development and exploitation are confronted with enormous challenges. In this regard, attract of foreign direct investment can be considered as one of the ways to expand the hotel industry of Iran, while the use of this approach has barriers and limitations. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify barriers to attract foreign direct investment in the hotel industry of Iran. Regarding the goal, the current research was practical and the nature of research is qualitative based on thematic analysis. The study population was consisted of experts of tourism, hospitality and foreign investment. Participants were 12 experts selected by using purposive sampling or snowball sampling method. After semi-structured interview with experts, the four main themes were identified as barriers to attract foreign direct investment in the hotel industry in Iran which all of them came from the findings. The results showed that economic barriers, political barriers, social barriers and managerial barriers are the main reasons of failure to attract and expand foreign direct investment in the hotel industry of Iran. Therefore, it can be said that each of these variables can affect the foreign direct investment in the hotel industry and consequently the tourism industry of the country.

Man's moral behavior is always influenced by his beliefs and faiths. Although moral philosophers do not have consensus about the extent of this effect, the least that can be said is that beliefs are ground-preparing. Accordingly, the Holy Koran, in its moral precepts, has taken into account the beliefs associated with them, and in this way has provided the psychological grounds for carrying out the commands. One of the moral commands of the Koran to the Holy Prophet and the Muslims, mentioned in the verse 85 of the chapter Al-Hijr, is graceful forgiveness in relation to the infidels’ unpleasant behaviors like mockery and ridicule. Belief in the rightness of creation causes a purposeful view of the world and degeneration of the evil and corruption. Belief in the realization of the Day of Judgment will make mankind aware of the instability of the world and its being a prelude to the Day of Recompense, and will provide the expectations of the believers’ rewards for their good deeds and the disbelievers’ punishments.

One of the most important socio-economic teachings of the Qur'an is the emphasis on charity and helping the deprived as the practical pillars of faith and the important effects on the well-being of the individual and society. The Quran verses in the field are abundant and may be examined in many ways. As viewed by psychologists, motivation is needed for any action. The present study examines the ways in which the holy Qur'an has been used to motivate believers towards the charity acts, with an emphasis on al-Mizan Commentary. The most important motivational methods of the Qur'an regarding charity are: imagining things such as God's resilience and his true ownership of the universe, the use of rewarding methods and encouragement through the expression of charity and its psychological and ethical benefits, the threatening and humiliating utterance. Providing great and influential role models in the charity of the ancestors.

It has been well established that early intervention programs for preschool children are both effective for decreasing the potential problems in adulthood and also for preventing from chronic stuttering. Syllable-time speech therapeutic method is considered as an effective method in these children. The present study investigated the effectiveness of the Westmead therapeutic method on preschool children with stuttering.

Six children who had stuttering with an age range of 3 to 6 years old, participated in this study. The measurement indicator of stuttering severity was percentage syllables stuttered (%SS).  Initially, during stage 1, a parents and their children were trained to implement treatment approach. The treatment was carried out by mothers at home for around 4 to 6 times during a day. Treatment was implemented using a syllable by syllable method on a habitual speech rate, which lasted at least 10 weeks.

Outcome were analyzed using the visual analysis method.  Thirty-three of participants were able to reach second phase in the first level of treatment. Five children achieved an average percent of syllables stuttering below 50%, after approximately 10 therapeutic sessions. Remarkably, samples provided by mothers at home, proved these clinical reduction results.

As this study indicated, even first phase of syllabic speech therapeutic approach can be considered as an effective method to reduce stuttering events in preschool children.

Increasing the prevalence of obesity is one of the main health problems in our country. One of the main side effects of obesity and overweight is type II diabetes. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of 6 weeks usage of Persian medicine diabetes drug and aerobic training on glucose and lipid profiles in overweight diabetic women.

In this semi-experimental study, 30 overweight women with diabetes type II in Qom city were randomly assigned to four groups of: aerobic training + medicine, aerobic training + placebo, medicine, and control. The aerobic training program was including 6 weeks running with 60-70% of the maximum heart rate. Intended groups received three 800 mg diabetes capsules daily in the morning, afternoon and night after each meal for 6 weeks. Blood samples were collected for pre-test and post-test stages in order to study the variables in fasting condition. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and independent t-test in SPSS software with significant level of p≤0.05.

The results of this study showed that FBS (fasting blood glucose) from the pre-test to post-test stages significantly decreased in exercise + medicine group (p = 0.034), exercise + placebo group (p = 0.02) and drug group (p = 0.009). Cholesterol levels in the exercise + medicine group (p = 0.008), medication group (p = 0.010), triglycerides in the training + drug group (p = 0.011), LDL in the drug group (p = 0.043) and VLDL in the training + drug group (p = 0.011) showed a significant decrease from the pre-test to post-test. However, there was no difference between the groups in any of the other factors (p> 0.05).

The results of this study showed that 6 weeks aerobic training and use of diabetes drug in women with diabetes type II have a positive effect through different mechanisms in blood glucose and some indexes of lipid profiles, insulin, and insulin resistance.

The feedback provided by auditory apparatus equips normal hearing people with an important controlling mechanism over the speech production processes. The speech of hearing-impaired children is both perceptually and acoustically abnormal. This study tried to compare the formant frequencies of three long vowels in Persian-speaking children who used cochlear implant and those who were of normal-hearing ability.

20 Cochlear-implanted (CI) children and 20 normal-hearing children with the age ranged from 5 to 10 years participated in this study. All participants were native speakers of Persian who were asked to produce prolonged vowels /i/، /u/ and /ɒ/. The averaged F1 and F2 were calculated for each examinee using Praat software (version 5. 3. 13). Independent t test was conducted to examine the possible differences thatF1 and F2 values and F2 to F1 ratios may have in the two groups.

Study results revealed a relative increase in the F1 mean values of all the three vowels produced by CI children. This difference was، however، significant only in the first formant of vowel /i/ (P = 0. 011). The mean values of F2/F1 ratio for vowel /i/ showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P = 0. 01).

F1 formants are increased in cochlear-implant children. This condition might be due to a process in which the lack of auditory feedback is compensated by the proprioceptive feedback that is provided through the exaggerated articulation. The changes in F1 and F2 imply a reduced vowel space، in other words، vowel space is slightly centralized in CI children.