نرگس محمدی بدر

One of the most predominant and main branches of the psychological criticism in the literature of personality is topic of typology and One of these theories is the Enneagram theory which examines 9 different types of work and emotional relationships of humans. Each of these 9 patterns have their own interests, concerns and internal conflicts and are in harmony with a wide range of modern psychological thinking. However, in "Enneagram" instead of dealing with pathological and therapeutic issues, the natural and sublime states of people are described. In the current research, attempt has been made to study the novels of Iranian author “Belqeis Soleimani” by using the descriptive-analytical method and paying attention to the study and adaptation of Enneagram personality types in them. Soleimani is a writer who always chooses his characters from the most common classes, and as a result, one can understand the depths of their soul and mind and enter the realms of psychology with their actions and reactions. In these stories, she is trying to put male and female characters together in such a way that they can build each other, and as a result, we see characters that cover Enneagram types and can be explored in the fields of psychology. One of the important branches of psychological criticism in literature is character analysis, where the topic of typology, especially the Enneagram theory, is discussed. This theory examines nine different types of human work and emotional relationships with their own characteristics and internal conflicts. Unlike pathological and therapeutic approaches, the Enneagram focuses on the natural and elevated states of individuals. The current research employs a descriptive-analytical method to explore the novels of the Iranian author Belgheis Soleimani and aims to study and match the personality types of the Enneagram in her works. Soleimani selects her characters from the common people, delving into their inner thoughts and feelings. The male and female characters in her stories are arranged in such a way that they can build each other up and make the Enneagram personality types clearly observable and analyzable in her works. Character analysis through Enneagram is an ancient knowledge that has recently undergone a fundamental transformation, entering the realm of human sciences. The term "Enneagram" combines "ennea," (which means nine), and "gram," (which means a shape or written thing). Therefore, the literal meaning of this combination refers to "nine faces" or "nine models." This framework divides humans into nine groups and analyzes the intellectual, behavioral, emotional, and social dimensions of each group separately. Personality is defined as a set of behavioral patterns and thought processes that determine an individual's adaptation to his environment. Hilgard describes personality as a set of stable traits that predict individual behavior, encompassing thoughts, feelings, self-perception, and habits. The term personality trait refers to a specific aspect of a person's overall character. With that in mind, the current study examines the characters in Soleimani's novels from the 1980s, aiming to analyze them based on the Enneagram theory. Circular diagrams are presented to depict changes in character states under stress and calm conditions. Some characters are entirely representative of specific types, designed to display particular societal aspects, while others require deeper analysis. The selection of Soleimani's novels is due to the variety of personality types and their compatibility with the Enneagram theory. This theory, inspired by an Eastern thought, includes nine diverse personality types, and the physical, verbal, and behavioral presence of characters in the narrative is of great significance. The Enneagram model includes nine personality types, each with its own interests and inner conflicts, divided into three groups: Body (Instinct): Includes types 1(Reformer), 8 (Leader), and 9 (Peacemaker). Head (Thinking): Includes types 5 (Observer), 6 (Loyalist), and 7 (Enthusiast). Heart (Feeling): Includes types 2 (Helper), 3 (Achiever), and 4(Individualist). The history of the Enneagram theory can be traced back to prominent figures such as George Ivanovich Gurdjieff and Claudio Naranjo. Naranjo was the first to modernize this theory with the nine personality types. Each personality type has specific strengths and weaknesses. For example, type 1 may become overly harsh due to its reformist tendencies, while type 7 may struggle with challenges due to its focus on pleasure. The Enneagram theory is recognized as a useful tool for understanding human personality dimensions. It helps us with: Self-awareness: Gaining deeper insight into our personality and inner feelings. Understanding others: Recognizing others’ personalities and predicting their behaviors for better relationships. Improving relationships: Creating more meaningful connections through the provision of awareness about the strengths and weaknesses. Adaptation and satisfaction: Leading to greater harmony in life. The Enneagram personality analysis serves as a valuable tool for self-discovery and improving communication with others. By understanding personality types, individuals can achieve better self-awareness and interpersonal understanding. This research delves into the application of the Enneagram in the characters of Soleimani's 1980s stories. Soleimani chooses her characters from everyday people and penetrates the deepest layers of their souls and minds. Her choice of Kerman and its cities allows her to portray characters from various social classes that readers can easily be connected to. While not all personality types in her stories align perfectly with the Enneagram, Soleimani addresses all types. As an instance; her female characters represent various types, including 4 (Individualist), 8(Leader), and 2 (Helper), while male characters include types 1 (Reformer) and 2(Helper). Soleimani aims to depict the psychological complexity of her characters and their societal struggles. Her characterizations are precise and purposeful, with the interactions of secondary characters illuminating the darker facets of the main characters. Thus, Soleimani maintains a deep focus on the psychological dimensions of her characters, designing social challenges that significantly impact their psyche. The main characters clearly embody the Enneagram and face life challenges that reveal their personality traits. Secondary characters typically enter the story to express social critiques and exit after fulfilling their role.

The story of Jamshid and Zahhak is the primary cornerstone of distinguishing Iranian identity from other identities. For the first time in this story, Ferdowsi deals with differentiation and represents the identity and independent geography and also unique components of Iran and Iranian kings. Despite of dualities like Iranian king’s kiani far and Zahhak's demonic temper as the main line of differentiation of Iranian identity, this distinction has shown itself especially in the context of geography and territorial identity. like distinction of Iran from other lands such as Arabia or India.Regarding the importance of this story in shaping the subsequent events and the story line in Iran's national epic, the main purpose in which this article is written on is to explain and represent the components of Iran's territorial identity in the story of Jamshid and Zahak through the use of Van Dijk's discourse analysis method. using the mentioned method, selected verses from the story were analyzed and explained by use of discourse strategies. Based on this, the results of this research show that the selected verses from the story of Jamshid and Zahhak match the Iranian identity against the non-Iranian identity to the land and territorial distinction, which can be considered as a part of the process of identification of Iranians.

In recent years, the tendency to short-term format has been considered by poets. Priskeh is one of the types of contemporary Persian short poems that was officially registered by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance in 2012. Based on this research, it was concluded that Priskeh is an independent short format that has its own characteristics and has significant structural and material differences. And the goal is to recognize more and more Priske short template as a short short template and introduce its special features. Some poets take their poems haiku while none of them followed their principles. but declared to the Japanese poem that; Accordingly, sometimes, with the rules of your acquaintance, Priskeh has also made Persian haiku or imitation of them.

According to Farklaf's approach in discourse analysis, narrative texts can play an important role in recreating cultural, political, and social structures and producing meaning. Behjat Afza's version is a long story by Mohammad Mehdi Jarbadghani in the Safavid period, which has a trans-meaning texture in its structure and trans-text; By examining the linguistics of Behjat Afza's story, the underlying and hidden layers of the text, i.e., the state of the relationship between power and ideology in the period of Shah Abbas I and Shah Safi, are revealed; The text is analyzed in three layers: description, interpretation and explanation.The basic hypothesis of the research is that in the story, a discourse worthy of the power and social status of each of the characters in the story rules; By examining this story on the three levels of Fairclough's model, it became clear that the different use of words, the use of different linguistic and grammatical aspects, the difference in persuasive methods, the views of the characters in the story towards each other, and the openness and concealment in the speech directly depend on the difference in the role of power in this story.

Rumi and Shams Discourse Analysis in the Expression of Love Based on Halliday's TheoryIn the current research, a romantic discourse of Rumi and Shams has been analyzed based on the order of Halliday's role orientation. Examining the text (speech and writing) in discourse analysis takes place beyond the formal structures of the language. In romantic words and texts, according to the speaker's abstract expression, mental images are coded in a special way. The main goal of this research is to find out how emotions are represented in this romantic discourse, as well as to find similarities and possible differences in the expression of their internal feelings. This research answers the question of how the characteristics of Rumi and Shams' romantic speech are determined based on Halliday's role-oriented order. The hypothesis of the research is that Halliday's role-oriented order is efficient in analyzing the discourse of romantic texts. Based on this, a sonnet by Rumi and a romantic expression by Shams Tabrizi have been selected as a case in point so that we can obtain broader dimensions of this discussion. the context of the text in a descriptive-analytical way has been investigated with the help of all three ideological, interpersonal and textual trans-roles. The findings of the research show that the high frequency of the behavioral process in Moulana's sonnet shows his visual experience of his lover and his special attention to the description of his beloved's behavioral states. The high frequency of the existential process in the words of Shams reveals the concept of the existence of this love.

Psychological analysis of fictional characters provides the ground for achieving the perspectives and attitudes of fiction writers and paves the way to understanding fictional characters correctly. The psychological Enneagram theory is a new typology that categorizes the behavioral traits of human beings into 9 personality types: Reformer, Helper, Achiever, Individualist, Investigator, Loyalist, Enthusiast, Challenger, and Peacemaker. The main purpose of this research is to examine the adaptability of the main character of the story "The Pear Tree" from the collection of stories "Somewhere Else" written by Goli Taraghi, with the 9 types of Enneagram and also to analyze the behavior of the main character based on the Enneagram pattern. The results indicate that most of the behavioral components of the main character of the story "The Pear Tree" correspond to Type 5 (Investigator) of Enneagram, and in some situations, the behavior of Type 4 (Individualist) of Enneagram shows itself and is consistent with the Enneagram pattern and can be analyzed accordingly.

Narratology is a field of criticism and literary theory that tries to find out the general mechanisms of meaning-making in all types of narratives through a detailed analysis of narratives. This method of criticizing literary texts can be done in various ways, including narratology in the style of Roland Barthes. According to Barthes, in addition to having secondary cultural, ideological and political meanings, narratives shape our perception of the world around us. Based on this, the main goal of the upcoming article is to analyze the contemporary Persian novel "Azade Khanom and its author" according to Barth"s five codes and to represent this complex and multi-layered work with the help of these codes of the underlying and hidden layers.

This research was done in a descriptive-analytical way. With the approach of narratology, he collected information in the manner of five codes of Roland Barthes.

In examining the narrative structure of "Azadeh Khanum and its author" based on Roland Barthes" five-code model, it was observed that the narrative structure of this novel is different from other Persian novels. Its different parts are in terms of time, space, and events without a linear sequence. and are a logical sequence. According to Barthes" model of narratology, semantic symbols have a prominent and meaning-making function in this narrative. Because each of the characters, places and events have implicit meanings that include the theme of the novel.

In the semantic codes, the implied meaning is checked based on the characteristics of the characters in the story and their actions. In these codes, it was stated that the key signifier and the central role of the novel "Azade Khanom" are. The same name includes the theme of the novel, freedom; The opposite point evokes captivity. In symbolic codes, it was stated that two different views (Dai Oghli and Beb Oghli), the class of the powerful and ordinary people, men and women, are always in opposition to each other in the intellectual system of the society.

Nader Ebrahimi, one of Iran's greatest contemporary writers, follows a personal and special style in his works. The book "Sufianehā and Arefanehā" is one of his valuable monuments in the field of mystical literature and the novel "The City I Loved Again" is one of his most brilliant works in the field of fiction. Examining the content of the two mentioned works is the main subject of this research. The author appears in the role of a literary critic in "Sufianehā and Arefanehā" and analyzes the book's structure and content. This work is Ebrahimi's only writing about Sophia and, in fact, the analytical history of five thousand years of Iranian fiction literature and a clear example of the connection between mystical literature and the art of storytelling. The novel "The City I Loved Again" is narrated from the perspective of the hero and the main character of the story, the farmer's son. Although this novel has a logical plot, the author's neglect of some points weakens the plot to some extent. Ebrahimi has a practical view of dynamic mysticism in the book "Sufianehā and Arefanehā" and "Once again the city that I loved" is one of the most brilliant and successful after Hoshang Golshiri's novel "Shāzdeh Ehtejāb" in terms of using the flow of mental fluid. The novels are considered and introduce Ebrahimi as a powerful writer and a master of style. The study and comparison of Nader Ebrahimi's two different works shows the confrontation of the author's thought in different states and the breadth of his thinking and his mastery of Iranian and mystical culture, and finally shows the fluid flow and school of mysticism in this culture.

The science of semantics is one of the literary and rhetorical sciences that expresses the methods of expressing words according to the situation and position of the audience, and from that point of view, the speakers show their ability in the art of rhetoric and conveying the meaning according to the situation and the position of the listener. They show. Bidel Dehlavi is undoubtedly one of the stars of Persian literature in Indian style. One of the manifestations of semantic knowledge in Bidel's sonnets is brevity, which has not been addressed as it should be; For this reason, the present study tries to examine the beginning thirty sonnets of Bidel from the point of view of brevity.

The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and its data has been collected using library sources. The studied collection is thirty ghazals (338 verses) from Bidel Dehlavi's ghazals edited by Akbar Behdarvand, which was published by Negha Publications.

The findings of the research show that " Terseness Brachiology " has the highest frequency and " omission Ellipsis" has the lowest frequency in the beginning thirty ghazals of Bidel Dehlavi.

Bidel has used a lot of metaphors such as simile, allusion, metaphor, simile, contradiction, allusion, and contradiction to make his speech concise and by this means he has added to the richness of his speech and made the audience's mind struggle.

Since new perspectives with a new language and a new texture of modern Persian have left many stages and difficulties behind and in an intertextual and meaningful conversation, the mouth of the words of the masters and masters of contemporary styles, it is connected to our ancient literature more than anything. It requires the importance of searching in indexed and reliable versions; From the Safavid period in the field of stories and anecdotes, a considerable amount of literature has been remembered, and identifying them is a big step in understanding and developing the story and its different types in Persian literature; One of the valuable works of this period is a version of a romantic story from the 11th century called "Bahjat Afza"; Behjat Afza is a detailed description of the love and travels of "Badi Al-Zaman" and the events that happen to him. The work is a prose romance mixed with order. Analyzing the content and introducing the said work is the main goal of this article.

The present article is based on the analytical method (language and content analysis) and is done with library tools, which is specific to the studied community, the "Bahjat Afza" manuscript, a work from the 11th century of Hijra.

In the realm of content, Behjat Afza is a romantic and prose story mixed with order from the Safavid period. In the literary aspect, the author has added to the aspects of verbal and spiritual beauty of words by using various expressive and innovative techniques. The frequency of using image elements. Instrument is in the field of expression more than other things; Intellectually, it is an unconventional work; concepts such as love, attention to the lives of the common people, the relations of the lower classes of society with the centers of power, spreading ethics and adherence to principles, as well as believing in the Shia religion and believing in divine providence, destiny and human nature in this work. It is thought-provoking.

Behjat Afza's story shows the growth and trend of the story and the approach of the artists of that time to fiction literature; In his descriptions, the author has mentioned Golestan Saadi and in some parts of the story, Kalila and Demeneh. His prose is in the style of a seer between the Safavid period. This story is in the line of works such as Mahbub al-Qulob, Zeenat Majlis and Golshan Khwamanas. The difference is that this manuscript is a long story. The style of the story is internalization with the content of travel stories and the themes of Ayari. The introduction of this work can be beneficial for researchers interested in fiction literature, the history of development and the course of the story in the Safavid era, folk literature and fiction. Also, the story contains valuable historical, cultural and social information.

Comparative literature plays an important role in knowing the position of Iranian authors in the world. Knowing the relationships and differences between two cultures will change the boundaries and overlaps and provides a new aspect. Moreover researching fictional literature from the psychological point of view makes it possible to know its hidden angels. Enneagram is a new typology derived from the study of the human psyche. This psychological theory categorizes the behavioral traits of human beings into 9 personality types: Reformer, Helper, Achiever, Individualist, Investigator, Loyalist, Enthusiast, Challenger, and Peacemaker. This study aimed to investigate the compatibility of the main characters of the selected works of Goli Taraghi and Alice Munro with the nine types of Enneagram and psychological analysis of the characters to better identify and compare and compare the analysis results to achieve similarities and differences between the two authors. The present article is a descriptive-analytical study. The results indicate that the fictional characters of both authors are highly compatible with the theory of Enneagram, and both authors use types 2 (Helper) and 8 (Challenger) with the highest frequency, and the difference is that the characterization in Alice Munro's work is more diverse than Taraghi's work.

Ebrahim Yonsi, a contemporary storyteller whose origin is the west (Kurdish regions) of Iran. The novels "Dada Shirin" and " Doa baraye Armen " are considered two prominent works of Ebrahim Younesi, and because they delve into the characters and classes of the western regions of Iran, they are considered in the category of social-peasant novels, and usually revolve around rural and poor characters. The Pahlavi era is coming. This article has depicted the approach of Ebrahim Yonsi in personality rehabilitation and personality development with descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research show that Ebrahim Yonsi used indirect characterization as the dominant method in character processing in his stories; Description, conversation, action and behavior, name and environment are the manifestations of indirect characterization in the stories of Dadashirin and Dua for Armen, in which the elements of description and environment were more prominent. Dialogues, including monologues, do not have a prominent presence in Ebrahim Younisi's novels, and this shows that Ebrahim Younisi does not pay much attention to the psychoanalysis of characters in his novels and tries to appear in the position of a narrator.

Psychological critique of personality is one of the new researches in the field of storytelling. Ahmad Mahmood (1310-1381) in the novel “The Fig Tree of Temples” by addressing new writing styles including 1-Anti-heroic description 2- Difference in characterization 3- Flow of mind-body 4-Uncertainty 5-Smooth Reality and imagination, and the description of the person's minds, has produced different effects and approached psychoanalytic novels. One of the new psychoanalytic theories for describing personality is Karen Horney's theory. He is one of the post-war psychoanalysts who emphasized the role of the community in influencing people's behavior by introducing the theory of "triple personality types" and "self-ideal", such as Adler. The analysis of the behavior of the characters of “The Fig Tree of Temples”, which is influenced by the community, and is subject to anxiety and internal stress, can be adapted to Horney's theory. Hence, in this article, after discussing various aspects of Horney's theory, the author explores the "current, real, and self-ideal triple virtues" component in one of the novel characters, "Faramarz", who played the most important role in the events of the story. Following the confrontation with the "present self", the mentioned character has suffered a fundamental conflict with destructive factors such as contempt, neglect, violence, and impunity, and is in ideological captivity of the ideal self and its consequences: i.e. nervous expectations, pride and nervous needs and his anxiety, anger, and depression increase more and more.

Mr. Gil"s Magnificent Smile is a play by Akbar Radi from the 1960s. The play, which refers to a period in Iran"s contemporary history, depicts the life of an aristocratic family after the implementation of the Land Reform Law. By portraying characters with many psychological crises, Rady depicts the plight of the feudal class at that point in history. In this study, the function of dialogue and characterization in depicting this crisis and unsettled situation is examined and the purpose of this study is to ask how the author has been able to represent different aspects of the life of declining feudalism using these two elements.

Leading research is a theoretical study that is done in a library method and descriptive-analytical method. The study area is Mr. Gill"s magnificent smile play, taken from the book On the Blue Stage (Volume, Volume 2, 1950s, Second Edition, (First Edition: 2003), pp. 7-146: 139 pages), which is by Drop Publishing has been published.

Authoritarian and rebellious temperament, pride and arrogance, eloquence and eloquence, contempt and resentment towards other members of the family, and a completely degrading view of the subject from above, are the characteristics shown through dialogue between the characters. The conversations are long and evenly distributed between the characters; This means that the author speaks the language of all his characters, according to the subject, and provides an opportunity for the reader to get to know him and make a more accurate judgment of the character. Children have achieved a kind of individualism or individual autonomy by obtaining a university education in Western universities and having a socially worthy position in terms of employment, and their relationships have been in crisis not only with their family members, but also with society. At the heart of the characters" moods in this play is pride and a sense of revenge. Each character displays these characteristics with his words, which are full of pride, arrogance, contempt and resentment towards the other. This mood is repressed desires that have become entangled and lead to selfish behaviors and sometimes far from reason and humanity. Almost all children wear intellectual masks using English and French words, long philosophical dialogues, reading Forough"s poems, and eating Western food. It"s nothing, it falls.

The reform of the land ownership law, as part of a modernization program in the Second Pahlavi period, was an event that brought about far-reaching social and political changes for the country. One of the consequences of this law was the decline of the landed aristocracy. Mr. Gill"s glorious smile reflects the life of a family of this aristocratic class. By creating appropriate dialogues with the spirits and temperaments of the characters, the author seeks to reflect the deteriorating mental and psychological state of the feudal lord during the implementation of the land reform law in Iran. Identity crisis is the most important issue that is represented in this play as one of the consequences of the implementation of this authoritative law, and it itself causes other immoral behaviors such as selfish attitudes, cowardice, lack of empathy of family members with each other. The contrast between tradition and modernity and patriarchy has been reversed.

The present paper aims at a critical study of the interpretive nature of Masnavi as a determining and dynamic dimension in literature. To orientate and validate this aim, we have specified Molavi’s interpretive approaches based on Paul Ricoeur’s philosophy and reflective phenomenology and have, thus, demonstrated how thought and reflection on interpretation have turned Masnavi into one of the most influential written texts, which displays the three characteristics of explication, understanding, and application. The authors hold that for the interpretation of any text, it is necessary to study the process of the formation of the text and its relation with oratory, dialectics, and de-application. Therefore, studying the elements of interpretation in Masnavi, the authors have shown that this work offers a thick description of understanding, and understanding has made its language dynamic, signifying, and self-sufficient. Consequently, as a classic and a reflection on the textual dimension, Masnavi encompasses discourse, rests on interpretation, and, in reading, forms an active and dialectical totality that gives the reader the opportunity for the understanding and reconfiguration of meaning. 

Social realism, as one of the important branches of the literary school of realism, is a way of showing the social problems of the society. Arthur Miller (1915-2005) in the United States and Akbar Radi (1318-1386/1939-2007) in Iran are two great playwrights in the school of realism, some of whose works, such as the two plays Miller's "Death of the Salesman" and Akbar Radi's "Hot Egg Tango" are included in social realism by reflecting on social problems, including the economy and its consequences and effects on the lives of the middle classes. In this article, in order to examine social realism in these two plays, the element of personality, as one of the components of realism, is comparatively analyzed and examined in order to reflect the economic problems in American society. And show Iran and its impact on different segments of the people.The final result of the present paper shows that the social problem of the economy, which in the play of the Death of the Salesman is a pandemic social crisis and in the play Hot Egg Tango is merely an economic poverty at the level of a family, It has led to the formation of personalities who, through their behavior and speech, have shown how they are affected by this economic problem. The death of the salesman, who, by paying homage to Willy Luhmann, sharply criticizes the morals of capitalist society and economic exploitation, is a more objective manifestation of social realism than hot egg tango.

From a reflective hermeneutical point of view, storytelling and narrative of the recite belong to two different discourses. Paul Ricoeur is one of the French philosophers who says hermeneutics and phenomenology are articulate the most radical direction of reflective philosophy. This paper attempts to shows that many of the stories narrated by Rumi in Masnavi Manavi correspond to the reciteal patterns of Paul Ricoeur. Recite is a contemplative, dynamic and dialectically rich narrative. While the story, like historical narratives, is immersed in one moment. Acknowledging the connection between plot and time Ricoeur argues that literary narratives are due to the presence of temporal metaphor. This claim led us to examine the relationship between time and plot within the story and recit which are types of narrative literature. For this purpose, we have analyzed the story of "Pir Chagi", which is one of the famous stories and anecdotes of Attar and Rumi's Masnavi whit Ricoeur approach. The results of the study showed that the story of Attar has a silent language and static time, while the story of Rumi has enough ability to interpret and be present in the realm of contemplative hermeneutics due to the dynamics of time and plot.

Most of the Hafez’s poems are rhetorical criteria that appear in the field of "language" and "meaning," and lead to the perception of the audience to layers beyond the initial level of expression. Hafez provides a complex process for expressing his artistic expressions that we can now explain in terms of semiotics. To explain this, the specific views of Umberto Eco in semiotics are very important. The adaptation of his view on Hafez's poems can provide significant theoretical bases for the semiotics of Hafez's poetry; In Eco's view, "role of the sign" has an implicit concept and acts as a link between the form of expression and the form of content. This concept can, in general, also be a kind of linguistic rhetoric; In the present article, an attempt is made to study the two signs of "Mohtaseb" and "the world" in a descriptive analytical research in one of the famous sonnets of Hafez based on the echo denominational approach. The research results indicate that Hafez uses concrete signs in his literary and contemporary atmosphere to express his poetry's thoughts and realms; his use of these signs is not limited to the exterior level of the language, but he tries to do so by the means that we can use it. Consider the functions of a sign to create a much wider scope and find a multi-dimensional area that is worthy of attention in both rhetoric and meaning.

Imagism means imagery, a ideology that has had a profound impact on literature and ideologies in its short life. Ezra Pound as the founder of it was influenced by Haiku and combined it with prominent social concepts, created new poetry and content in the twentieth century. This event in world literature by the poetry of Eliot, Hume, and Pound himself provided the basis for the development of free poetry in mainstream literary currents. As in the West, these changes were taking place rapidly, Iranian poets were also unaware of this trend and inspired by the translation of poems by European and American poets and they used it in their poems. One of these poets was Farrokhzad who in the collection of her poetry was placed in the category of poets by looking at the illustration and its combination with social symbolism. The purpose of this essay is to examine the image in the poem of Hugh Selwyn Mauberley by Pound and “Let’s Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season” by Forough with an imagism reading. This essay that done descriptive- analysis approach has finally concluded that both poets in their poems, focusing on the essence of the image view poetry as the result of particular life events.both of them are troubled by the issues of their epoch and are seeking spiritual perfection. In contrast to Pound’s poetry, Forough’s poetry is clearer and more meaningful, this is evident from the arrangement of images of the two poets side by side.

critical realism,which is a phenomenon allocated to the Russian golden age literature, has criticized the prevailing conditions in society and seeks to change the status quo with a reformist attitude. Chekhov in (the cherry orchard) with notice to the theme of aristocratic decline and the coming of bourgeois in Russia Nicolas II era and a narrative of the life of an aristocratic family, seeks to represent and analyze the prevailing social realities at that time of Russian history with a critical statement . This investigation intends to realize issues criticized by the author in Russian history by analyzing and resolving realistic personality with an emphasis on critical realism in this work . In this play, Chekhov has sharply criticized the cold, dark atmosphere in society and tilted drowsy aristocracy., passive and inactive intellectuals, static and resistant characters against change and progress, identity crisis and lack of self_esteem and has discussed them with a critical and reformist approach based on reality and realistic criteria, especially critical realism.

Abstract Drama literature has been the full sign of all available mental currents in many cases as the reason for its vast correlation with the community through implementation on the scene. we can especially see this property in intellectual writers works with a political point of view. One of these points of view is a postcolonial theory, that examines the low east mental fundamentals contrast with high west and tries to show the output discourse of this contrast between colonization and colony. However, the battle with colonization and its politics every time has been a basic worry of Iranian intellectual fighters in the present era, but sometimes, their artistic works, such as film drama, , poem, and so on, have been written according to these thoughts. There fore one of the people who has a place in Iran drama and story literature and the people who had a trend in fighting with Pahlavi era dictatorial and colonial politics is Mr.Gholamhosain Saedi. In this research, this writer, Mahasal drama characteristics has been analyzed according to postcolonial theories and the work result, shows the correct and intellectual characteristics and their potential and power in presenting the writer central idea, that means, the colonization politics. How ever Mr. Saedi has been considered more than in postcolonial, he also , has paid attention to more careful and finer details in colonizer and colony discourse, that comes to the bigger domain of political and social and anthropology sciences.

Written manuscripts, due to their importance and roles in the history, should be analyzed in terms of different aspects. The first step is to introduce and to edit these works. Muhammad ibn Abdul-razzaq-e-Donboli is among the literary scholars and commentators in the thirteenth century. He has several works and one of them is the interpretation of the Holy Quran in Persian. His written manuscripts are in different libraries across Iran but have not been introduced yet. The work belong to this interpreter show that he possessed a high scientific position. This study, by presenting documents about his life, aims at introducing his interpretation of a written manuscript from content, stylistics, and interpretive aspects. He wrote this interpretation with the aim of obviating the need for the readers to refer to other interpretations. The interpretation is written in a plain and clear scientific language, but at times the author focuses on verbal and spiritual figures of speech. The quantity of this work is an important aspect which consists of almost one-third of the entire of the Holy Quran. Another important aspect of the book is that it is written in Persian and its author is a Twelver Shia. A critical analysis of this work could shed light on different aspects of Persian literature and on a better understanding of the development of Persian interpretations, especially Shiites interpretations, of the Holy Quran.

Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, like Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, is the origin of the culture and social tradition and word- thinking of the peoples of the land who created these works thereºtherfore, by analyzing the intellectual coordinates that have been reflected in these works ,the spirits, thoughts and belives of in these works, the spirits ,thoughts and belives of the people of the ancient lands, Iran and the Greece ,will be recognizable. In this inrestigation , it has efforted, be side studying about ancient rituals of Iran and Greece ,including: oath and covenant ritual,hospitality and gift giving and music ritual, the ancient culture of these two ancient civilization get analyzed from the perpective of anthropology ,sociology, theology and psycyhology factors and their similar and different aspect get discussed.The result of the study shows that , a mong great civilizations of the ancient history,that have the same race and historical origin,not so much deep similarities and differences are seen in their remained works.The similarities are more seen in structuire and in the way of customs that were performed in external layers, and the causes of difference among the rituals can be related to time distance among the works and thir authors and the place- dimension,that has a significant effect on intelectual and spiritual themes of these ritual.