نسرین جعفری

Muslim scientists and many orientalists, have considered Abdullah ibn Abbas as a prominent and influential figure in the emergence and development of various Islamic sciences including interpretation, vocabulary, history, and jurisprudence, from the past until now, and have considered an irreplaceable role for him especially in the field of interpretation. But some orientalists have tried to take the essence of Islamic teachings from the important figures of the starting era of Islam such as Ibn Abbas, and tried to show that they have been taken from Jewish and Christian religions.Therefore, according to the importance and position of Ibn Abbas and his hadith and interpretive heritage, it is necessary to evaluate this claim - which goes back to the last century. On this base, in this research, the point of view of those who accused Ibn Abbas for publishing Israeli traditions, have been criticized and evaluated.

According to the prominent and important position of Ibn Abbas in the science of interpretation and his influence in transferring religious teachings to new generation, it is really important to evaluate the claim of Orientalists that he was influenced by Jewish teachings. Therefore, the present article tries to check the truth or falsity of this claim by using the method of Isnad and content analysis in reference to sources and criticism of it.To achieve the result, the position and character of Ibn Abbas have been discussed according to different historical writings, and after clarifying his status in the science of Rijal from the point of view of Shi’ism and Sunnis, we’ve investigated the claim of one of the prominent orientalists, Goldzihar, and we have examined all his reasons by relying on historical-interpretive evidence, and then, we’ve examined the views of two Muslim scholars who were influenced by Goldzihar.

Checking the claims of Orientalists such as Goldzihar about the influence of Jewish teachings on Ibn Abbas showed that this claim is debatable. The traditions of the Prophet (pbuh) and Imam Ali (as) about the dignity of Ibn Abbas, on one hand, and his tauthīq by the Rijals of Shia and Sunni, on the other hand, show the validity of his traditions. However, Goldzihar emphasized Ibn Abbas' scientific referring to Ahl Kitab (the People of the Book) and believes that Ibn Abbas has referred to them when she had doubts. Goldzihar's reference to Ţabarī's interpretation, which itself faces criticism of Israeli traditions, and also his referring to people like Shabiban (164 AH) who could never visited Ibn Abbas (68 AH) in case of time, and the fake attributions to Ibn Abbas by placing mediators in the Isnads of his traditions, as well as referring to the correspondence of Ibn Abbas with Jilan Ibn Farweh who is faced the anxiety in the text and individuality and Isnad issues, shows that Goldzihar has made general conclusions according to a few examples. Some Muslim scholars have also been influenced by him in making this claim, including Aḥmad Amin, who cited Ţabarī's interpretation in his claim and accused Ibn Abbas for quoting a tradition from Ka'b al-Aḥbār, while there isn’t even a single tradition that Ibn Abbas quoted from Ka'b al-Aḥbār. Muhammad Hossein Zahabi is another one who defended this claim while acknowledging the publication of Israeliat by Ibn Abbas, and argued that most of the cases which are concluded in the Qur'an are detailed in the Testaments. So, Ibn Abbas has collected between these two prophetic hadiths: “ḥaddithū 'an Banī Isrāīl wa lā ḥaraja" (There is no problem to narrate from Bani Israel) and “lā tuṣaddiqū Ahl al-kitāb wa lā tukazzibūhum" (Do not acknowledge or deny the People of the Book). The first tradition was transmited by Abdullah ibn Amr ibn 'As and Abu Hurairah, who were the publishers of Israelite traditions, And also there are reports, in the Prophet's biography, about his prohibition and treatment with Jewish transmitters, that Ibn Abbas' lack of attention to this issue according to the public opinion of Sunni scholars who assumed the companions of Prophet to be righteous and fair, and on the other hand, the practical way of Ibn Abbas to forbid referring to Jews, along with his clear and transparent position towards them, as well as the presence of liars such as 'Akramah in attributing his own words to Ibn Abbas, makes it weak to relate this claim to Ibn Abbas.

The final point of research in religious sources about the influence of Jewish teachings on Ibn Abbas which has been brought up by some orientalists and Islamic scholars is debatable with the following proofs and evidence:The presence of Prophetic traditions in the honor of Ibn Abbas and his tauthiq by Rijaliun of Shia and Sunni;Incomplete and insufficient citations of orientalists such as Goldzihar in accusing Ibn Abbas for being influenced by Jewish teachings;The claim of some Islamic scholars such as Zahabi in repeating this inculpation influenced by orientalists, without providing sufficient Isnads;The referring of owners of this theory to Ţabarī's interpretation, which is mixed with fake traditions known as Israeliat;The existence of liars toward Ibn Abbas, who have related their own thoughts to him in order to gain credibility and validity;And finally, the practical way of Ibn Abbas who forbade referring to Jewish scholars and his clear position against them indicates that Ibn Abbas cannot be accused of publishing Israeli traditions.

Sandwich plates as structural members, have received a lot of attention in industrial structures and large construction projects due to their low specific weight, resistance to fatigue and high bending strength. Since Industrial structures are commonly reposed to dynamic loads, plate vibration can result in injury to structures, especially when the excitation frequency is close to the natural frequency of the structure. Therefore, nonlinear vibration analysis of plates is one of the most attended topics in the dynamics of structures. In this article, the nonlinear free vibration of sandwich plates with a viscoelastic core is studied based on von Karman's assumptions and using the First-order shear deformation theory. The viscoelastic properties of the plate core follow Boltzmann's integral law. Also, the Laplace transform is used to convert equations from the time domain to the Laplace domain. For the discretization of the equations, the finite strip numerical method is used. Finally, by numerically solving an eigenvalue problem in the Laplace-Carson domain, the nonlinear frequencies of sandwich plates with a viscoelastic core with different vibration amplitudes are calculated. The results show that, with the increase of the vibration amplitude and the coefficients of the relaxation function of the viscoelastic core, the ratio of the nonlinear frequencies decreases in this type of plates.

In this article, the analysis of a simply supported viscoelastic Bernoulli beam under a dynamic transverse loading combined with a compressive axial load was discussed. The applied dynamic transverse load was considered a non-harmonic load with an exponential decreasing function over time, and the applied axial load was considered constant compressive. This study investigated the effect of a specific decreasing transverse load and introduced, formulated, and proved the phenomenon of non-harmonic resonance of the viscoelastic beam, for the first time. The stress-strain relationship of the linear viscoelastic material was expressed according to the Boltzmann integral law. The relaxation function of the viscoelastic material was defined based on two terms of the Prony series. The displacement field was approximated by the product of two functions, a known spatial function and a time function with unknown coefficients. Using the principle of virtual work, the formulation of the viscoelastic beam was extracted. Then, utilizing the Laplace transform, the unknown coefficients of the time function were calculated. Finally, the displacement field of the viscoelastic beam was expressed in the time and space domains. To validate the results, Abaqus software was used for beam modeling. In the numerical results section, the effect of different viscoelastic material parameters and different loads on the displacement of the viscoelastic beam was investigated. Also, the occurrence time of the non-harmonic resonance, and the ratio of the maximum displacement at the resonance time to the displacement at time zero were calculated

In recent decades, urban-rural relations in developing countries have undergone many changes compared to the past, and in some rural areas, it has led to changes in the appearance of areas, changes in the shape of houses, and changes in land use. In the meantime, capitals from cities have entered the villages, which has played an important role in rural development. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the role of urban financial capital in rural settlements of Sanbal-Abad village (tributary of Abhar city).

The type of applied research and the method used was descriptive-analytical and field based on completing the questionnaire, statistical methods (one-sample t-test and multivariate regression) and Vicor model were used to analyze the data.Findings/

The findings of the one-sample t-test showed that there is a significant relationship between all the components, which indicates the positive effects of financial capital in rural development. For all the components, the average was evaluated higher than numerical desirability (3). The results of the regression fitting model showed that the entry of capital into rural areas with a significance level of 0.715 explains the relationship between independent and dependent variables in the study area. Finally, the results of Vicor model showed that the spatial analysis of the distribution of villages in indicators (services, industry, infrastructure and agriculture) shows a significant difference. So that Sanbal Abad village with a rank of 0.005 is the highest and Shalwar village with a rank of (1) due to the lack of communication infrastructures and geographical isolation has the lowest rank in terms of having the amount of financial capital originating from the city. Among the villages, they have allocated the case.

In recent years, attention has been paid to the participation of rural women in rural management. However, the entry of women into the field of rural management faces a significant delay. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to analyze the barriers of rural women's tendency to participate in rural executive management in the villages of Zanjan County.  Documentary and field methods were used for the descriptive and analytical study to collect data. The statistical population of this research were two levels of local people (319 sample people) and local managers (26 people). The results of Friedman's test showed that from local people’s perspective, institutional and organizational barriers with an average rank of 3.32 and economic and financial barriers with an average rating of 2.72 were the highest and lowest causes. On the other hand, analyzing the local managers’ ideas showed that institutional and organizational barriers with an average rating of 3.47 and informational and communication barriers with 2.57 are the most and least causes of women's non-participation in village management. The results of the factor analysis test showed that, from local people’s point of view, there are individual and personality factors, social and cultural environment, institutional, organizational, informational, communicational and economic factors and from the point of view of local managers, there are social and cultural environment factors, individual and personality, institutional and organizational factors. Informational and communicational and financial factors were the most important barriers. The results showed that there were many barriers in the tendency of rural women to participate in the executive management of villages.

The purpose of this study was the effect of teaching positive thinking skills in accordance with the teachings of Imam Ali (AS) on mental health and symptoms of social anxiety in Bushehr women in the second half of 2021. The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with a control group and the statistical population of the present study was women referring to psychology clinics in Bushehr. The sample size of the study was 30 people who had the highest problems in the field of mental health and symptoms of social anxiety and were willing to cooperate voluntarily and were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. After performing the pre-test, the experimental group was exposed to positive thinking skills for 12 sessions of 90 minutes (one session per week) in accordance with the teachings of Imam Ali (AS) taken from the doctoral dissertation of Farashbandi (1399). The instruments of the present study were Hill and Goldberg (1972) and Jarabak (1968) Mental Health Questionnaire. The results showed that the training of positive thinking skills in accordance with the teachings of Imam Ali (AS) reduced physical symptoms, social dysfunction, anxiety and depression of the experimental group in comparison with the control group. Also, teaching positive thinking skills in accordance with the teachings of Imam Ali (AS) reduced the symptoms of social anxiety in the women of the experimental group compared to the control group.

"Stylistics of Surah An-Nisa '" "Based on linguistic, literary and intellectual analysisThe Qur'an, the word of God and the eternal miracle of the Prophet (PBUH), is a unique word and an enlightening message that has thousands of points in the heart of each verse. And it is unique. Accordingly, the stylistics of the Holy Quran has always been considered by scholars and writers of the contemporary period. Due to this, the present study has studied the surah "Nisa" among the surahs of the Holy Quran by descriptive-analytical method and relying on the knowledge of rhetoric which is closely related to stylistics and the sequential relationship between words, repetition, verbal commonality, contradiction, Individuals, plural, definition, enlightenment, interrogation, submission and delay, permissible, phonology and various morphological, syntactic, rhetorical and intellectual structures in this surah have been studied and analyzed. The findings of this article indicate the fact that all the singular, plural, repetitive, non-verbal and introductory words in this surah have been placed in their special place in accordance with the content of the verse. It can be seen that the repetition of some sounds, letters and words has been effective in increasing the beautiful rhythm of the surah and its melody.

The cohesion comes from "Sajama" stem. We read about the meaning of "Sajama" stem in Lesan Ol- Arab as:  "Sajamt ol-eino al-Damo va sajamto al- sahabato tasjema sajman, sojooman, (ebn manzoor, 2005:1762). Means that: tears falls from eye and rain from cloud. Falling rain or tears or rain continuing are like putting the meaning s in a special frame which is text, because the continuity of water drops will make river or sea and the result of meaning gathering will make text or poem or literal piece. So, the word coherence represents a kind of adhesion in parts of a complex together to make a unit. From Holiday and Roghayye Hassan point of view, the concept of coherence is a semantic concept. In order to makes it clearer it can be said that: the semantic concept emphasizes that the coherence makes semantic connection among the components of a text by cohesion signals (Holiday and Hassan, 1976:4). "Sa'd Maslouh" also informs that the coherence is a semantic connection among a complex of concepts in a text (1991:154)."Mohammad Khatabi" says that the concept of coherence is higher than its implying concept and it relates to other levels like syntax, word, sound and writing. From this point of view" the concept of coherence can be analyzed from 3 levels: 1- semantic 2- verbal 3- vocal and writing"(1992: 15). So Mohammad Khatabi not also emphasizes on implying and semantically concept of coherence but also he pays attention to vocalic part of it. The vocalic coherence also contains all the elements which cause the language is presented with intonation, harmony and balance in rhythm and rhyme (Nazari, 1389:18). According to most of linguists, vocals are the reasons of text cohesion which have the important role in making a consistent text. In this article we want to answer the questions as said in below by studying and analyzing the declarative beauties and vocal structures of "Feragh" poem, questions like:  what are the most important vocal bases in Baeye poem of Motenabbi? Why does the text in Al-Faraq's poem benefit more from clear sounds? How much balance is between the concept and meaning with the syntactic structures in Motenabbi poem?

In this study the writers studied the vocalic coherence in Motenabbi "Feragh" poem by descriptive- analytic method and also by discovering the vocalic bases of the poem, have determined the concord of syntactic structure with concept and meaning of verses in Motenabbi poem.

Motenabbi is an Arab poet who is one of the best poets of his period and now because of choosing  words and sound, and has a utilizes from all the capacities of sentences like words, letters, sounds and vocals in other to raise the semantic and aesthetic level in poem. He had engaged in his poem to arrange vocals so that with repeating vocals, sounds and short vowels which represent their semantic and hidden imply he tried to make more internal and external lyric in text. In Motenabbi poem aesthetic repetition has creative appearances. The poet has paid attention to these specification and also artistic repetitions in rhythmic realm of his poem and also has used sounds and writings to create words harmony. In addition he made balance in horizontal level of the poem by" Hampa Ghazi" or "Raddo Ajz Alal Sadr". The poet also has used the connected syntactic bases by dominating he has in writing poem. The balance is somehow kind of hidden repetition and has an important role in making textual coherence. Motenabbi has made glorious rhythm in verses number 16, 31, 33 by utilizing syntactic balance. Syntactic balance in these verses can be seen in 2 ways of verbal and synthetic, because the movements of the words in first hemistich are like the second hemistich also the words of two hemistiches have harmony together in the case of association. In addition when the sounds are together a spectrum of sound appear which the y descend or ascend or sometimes have horizontal line according to the meaning and concept they want to present.  From some of the language compounds of the poem we can feel reproach of Seif Al-Dovle and the inner anger of the poet. In these combinations Motenabbi has used long vowels and the sound's curve line has ascendant excursion. Look at this verse: " Fala lam takon fi mesra la serto nahvaha / feeghalbel mashvegh el-mosstaham el- matim"(Motenabbi, 1983: 461).Motenabbi mentioned that Kafur has physical existence in Egypt and showed that he is so interested to see Kafur just by the imperfect verb " Takon" so that there is a heart other than his, therefore forms which are used to explain heart are past participle (al-Mashvegh, al-Mostaham, al-Motayyam) not gerund. Close junctures like (Lav, Lam, and Takon) - which denoted to hopelessness from life and Motenabbi's reluctance to see Kafur- are representing descendant in this verse. Also Motenabbi keeps the vocal curve line in horizontal by using particles like" Lav" and for accepting the excuse of Seif al-Dovle. He has used particles like "Lav" which represent refusing conditional answer and says: Falav kana ma bi men habiben maghnaen / Azarto VA laken men habiben moamamen"(same: 459)

 The result of this study is that Motenabbi by using the grammar of Arabic language for sounds, words has made coherence in text. One of these grammars is using sounds which have the same pronunciations. Another indicator which can be seen in this text is sounds distribution based on easiness in speech. For balance in the poem we should say that all Tafeile are not safe and also have Zehaf Ghabz which shows the sorrows of the poet because of steering from Seif Al-Dovle court and his anger from poet's associates which cause this separation. The other point is that safe Tafeile in comparison with Maghboz Tafeile have captured the poem with a very low difference, this shows the spiritual and internal fluctuations of Motenabbi. Other skills of Motenabbi in creating this literary work is using extended sounds and short vowels beside each other which make descendant and ascendant intonation when the pronounce and this helps poets in meaning transferring. Single sounds and tones in this poem are more regular and appeared in letters like"R","L","M" and "N" and all of them have their own characteristics when they combine together therefore make coherence and absorb the attention of the reads. Motenabbi has so much skill in language and for creating ornamentation in his speech he has used syntactic bases. It's adorable to have such a language and literature with meaning and concept. His language domination caused him to have deep view into phenomenon's and connections among them and use facilities for expressing thoughts and emotions in creating more poems.

Nowadays, rural governance as a new process in government with its own indicators can raise new discussions on local governance in rural areas and empower rural residents in different areas of decision making, implementation and evaluation. These are affected by factors such as environmental, economic, social and organizational factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting governance in local management of Zanjan Township. Considering the importance of the subject matter, the type of research is applied and the method is descriptive-analytic. To collect data, two methods of library and field studies were used. The statistical population of this research is 25588 households and local managers of the study area, which was calculated through a sample of rural households of 382 households. Among the local managers, 50 people of the sample village municipality and heads of Islamic councils were selected as samples. To analyze the data, one-sample t-test, Spearman and Pearson correlation and regression were used. The results of the one sample t-test showed that the governance in the study areas is at a moderate level and a correlation test   showed that there is a significant relationship between all components and governance except for the components of distance from the city, the gender of the dignitary, the fire fighting equipment, the ownership of the land, and the building by asistant. Regarding the impact of the components, social capital has had the greatest impact on governance in the study area, so it can be said that in order to improve governance in the region, social capital should be strengthened as much as possible, along with other factors.

Applying religious figures, especially the Qur'anic ones, is one of the hallmarks of contemporary Arabic poetry. Those poets are very much inspired by these characters to indirectly convey their desired concepts.  Maryam is one of the religious codes that poets have expressed their contemporary experience in symbolic ways by her aid. In the light of the importance of the issue, the present article tries to describe how this religious code is present in the poetry of five prominent contemporary Arab poets such as Mahmoud Darwish, Badr Shakir Siab , Ezza al-Din Manasra , Abdul Wahab al - Bayati and Mamdouh Adwan in a descriptive – analytical method. Research shows that these poets had a special focus on the verse " And shake towards thyself the trunk of the palm-tree: It will let fall fresh ripe dates upon thee. " and tried to emphasize patience and perseverance.

Nowadays, multiple sclerosis disorder has been increased. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of massage in water on walking speed, postural control, pain intensity, fatigue and quality of life in women with multiple sclerosis in Khomeini city.

In this study, a trial was performed in which 30 patients with multiple sclerosis (EDSS 2-5) were randomly selected and randomly assigned to two blind groups of 15 patients. The massage group was in water (mean age 39.60 ± 8.33, 160 ± 6.04 cm and body weight 26.59 ± 3.74 cm2 and control group 36 ± 6.56 years, Height 158.86±2.92 cm, and body mass 26.95 ± 2.33 kg/m2). The experimental group performed a massage therapy program in water  for six weeks, three sessions per week and the duration of 20 minutes for lower extremities (thighs, knees, legs, wrists and feet), the control group performed the natural activities of daily living, before and after the training, speed of walking with rocket test, static and dynamic equilibrium Arranged by a modified stamina and Y test, pain intensity by visual acuity scale, Fatigue was assessed by MFIS questionnaire and quality of life by SF scale of 36 The data were refined using descriptive statistics. Measurement of the nature of the data was performed by Shapiro-Wilk test and data analysis was used to compare the independent t-test. Also, SPSS version 25 was used. The significance level was considered as (p<0.05).

The results of the study showed that six weeks of massage in water had a significant effect on walking speed, postural control (static and dynamic balance), pain intensity, fatigue and quality of life in women with multiple sclerosis (p<0.05).

Based on this study, it can be concluded that water massage could be effective for people with multiple sclerosis. Therefore, massage therapists are to be advised to use these rehab techniques to improve walking speed, postural control (static and dynamic balance), pain intensity, fatigue, and quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis.

In order to understand the total consumption of buildings and accurately calculate how much energy each building uses, taking in consideration all the building's lifecycle phases is essential. In order to select the correct methodology for the main study, the researcher began with the determination and the parameters that would have been researched, as well as the analysis and comparison of the different methods used by other researchers to achieve similar goals. The following parameters define the final results and are stabilized or examined to determine their actual effect: A- Constant parameters: 1- Climate data 2- and data on the use of the building: B- variables: 3- Design data: 1- orientation 2- window to wall ratio 3- aspect ratio. This research uses a survey followed by a computer modeling methodology to achieve the goal of providing architects with techniques that reduce energy consumption in building units. To obtain reliable results that are useful to the construction industry in the country, the researcher has ensured that the virtual environment created in the modeling process mimics a typical building environment of Tehran units. Research has shown that passive design techniques have a major impact on the energy consumption of buildings. A significant reduction in consumption (67 percent) was noted when the orientation and percentages of the opening on the wall were changed. In summary, this study has shown that the application of passive, economical and simple design techniques has a major impact on the energy consumption of the unit rooms. If the architects take these ideas into account during the design process, the buildings will take on more responsibility for the environment and consequently reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Today governance as a precondition for sustainable development and a model for rural management is introduced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of social capital on governance in rural areas of Zanjan Township. Applied research, descriptive and analytical methods used for data collection of documentary and field methods have been used. The sample population of this study, 319 of the households in rural areas are Zanjan township. Inferential information for the analysis of one sample t, correlation, multiple regression analysis and path. The results of the test t from the perspective of households in relation to the rule indicated that the legitimacy of the average 3.36 higher than the utility value (3) and transparency with an average of 2.62 lowest on account of the indicators of social capital as well as all indicators higher than the utility value (3), respectively. A significant relationship between indicators of social capital and governance (0.375) there. Among the social capital of trust with the greatest impact on governance 0/366 and 0/200 solidarity with the least effect.

In recent years, attention has been paid to governance, especially in rural studies. The good governance is about the ability of the government to serve the Citizens, referring to laws, processes and behaviors that express interests, manage resources and exercise power in the Community. The purpose of this study was assessing the performance of Dehyari representatives in the framework of good rural governance in rural areas of Zanjan city. The type of applied research, descriptive- analytical method, and documentary and field methods have been used for data collection. The Population of the research is rural population of Zanjan City, which according to the Cochran formula, 382 people are Considered. For data analysis, statistical methods such as t-test, one-way variance, Scheffes test and Promethean ranking model have been used. The results of the research showed that the dignitaries had better performance among the eight governance indexes in the legitimacy and legality index (3/42) and had a poor performance in the transparency index (2/75). The results of the Scheffe test showed that the villages in the central part have the highest mean (2/98), which can be linked to the city center with the proximity of the villages. The results of the Promethee model also indicate that the village of Ghareboteh has the highest rank among the 25 villages in terms of possession

Job stress in organizations is a situation in which requirements of the job do not match the capabilities of employee and can harm person physically and emotionally. However, stress is a psychological status that can cause symptoms such as increased heart rate, blood pressure and dizziness. The aim of this study was to assess work related stressors and demographic factors related to depression, stress, and anxiety in Islamabad Gharb health centers’ employees In this cross-sectional study, all employees of hospital and healthcare centers in Islamabad Gharb were recruited. According to inclusion criteria, 158 employees participated in the study. Data collecting tools were Demographics, HSE Job stress and Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DASS21) questionnaires. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation coefficient, and Mann Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. There was a significant relationship between depression, anxiety, stress and the dimensions of role, demand, communication, support by colleagues and supervisors, control, and changes (p<0.05). The depression rate was higher in single employees than married ones (p=0.026). Employees who had a patient with sever condition at home had a higher stress and anxiety (p=0.045) The results show that work related stressors are related to depression, stress and anxiety in employees. Therefore, it is necessary to use proper solutions such as participating them in decision-makings and providing them enough time to do their task to eliminate job stress resources as possible

Spiritual health is a form of spiritual experience of man in two different perspectives: Spiritual health is a form of spiritual experience of man in two different perspectives: A. Religious Health Outlook focuses on how people perceive health in their spiritual lives when they are more powerful. B Expected health perspective that focuses on people's social and mental concerns. The term mental health was first introduced in 1971. Named by David O'Memberg under the name of spiritual well-being, he emphasizes the individual's well-being and his relationship with God. These two dimensions are interacting and overlapping in the same way, and on the contrary, harm is what is harmful and may be a sign of the lack of spiritual health The purpose of this research is to explain the prospects of the state of spiritual health, especially in the scientific and cultural communities and the highly educated stratum of society, and in particular among university students affected by harm to others. In addition to relevant library studies, field study was conducted using a questionnaire. Based on the findings, significant volume of daily routine and the speed of exchange of information and actions, as well as more modern and more abundant tools available Human beings (both tangible and virtual) provide a community of people who are more vulnerable to harm than others, and also according to the results of the field test, the harm is unrelated to the spiritual health of the community.

Disasters do not affect all members of a society equally. Disaster scholars, and to a less extent the general public, have acknowledged that disasters do not indiscriminately distribute risk. Indeed, disasters are the products of the social, political, and economical environment, as well as the natural events that cause them. In the last three decades, two geophysical hazards, Haiti earthquake in 2010, and the Indonesian earthquake and tsunami in 2004 have caused the highest death toll from natural disasters. Natural disasters such as floods and earthquake in geographical areas, especially in rural areas often have undesired adverse effects. Natural disasters had mostly endangered health of residents, especially children and the elderly by destroying the sources of income and living facilities, and had always been a serious threat to development, especially in developing countries. This subject reminds the necessity of attention to resilience at the local level (village); because, local resilience believes that resiliency almost depends on properties and action in microscale. Local resiliency based on events means that local community is able to stand against extreme natural events without damages like destructive losses and damages or loss of production of power or quality of life.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: The relationship between a society's sustainability of resiliency and risks includes many social, economic, political and complex physical factors. There are three common models for studying resilience: mitigation model, recovery model, and structural-cognitive model.
METHOLOGY: In this research, the sampling method has two steps. In the first step, due to vulnerability of villages against the earthquake, among twenty-four villages in the study area, eleven villages with more than 20 households were selected as the sample of study. Because these villages are near to the faults, they are more in danger of earthquakes. Therefore, sampling was performed in eleven selected villages. These villages have a population of 6413 people. Since the exact number of people in a society cannot be calculated due to time and cost restrictions, the sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula, which includes 362 people. To evaluate resiliency in villages, independent samples t test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Friedman ANOVA, and Prometheus techniques as well as Electra 1 have been used.
The analysis and increase of resilience of natural disasters has become an important and extensive field in a way that currently the issue is shifting from analyzing the movement of the mutual sustainable development and disaster management towards increasing resilience. Accordingly, the analysis and increase of the resilience of human and environmental systems against natural disasters is moving towards achieving the goal of sustainable development which has gained a particular importance. Reviewing literature and previous successful experiences showed that increasing resilience of residents and the resiliency of rural settlements is the best way to reduce the effects of natural disasters. The most important step to increase the resiliency is identification of the amount of rural areas and rural people's resiliency. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the status of resiliency in Mojezat district against danger of earthquake so that the economic, social, organizational, and infrastructural resiliency can be studied.
CONCLU#SION: The results showed that among the various aspects studied, the social dimension has high resiliency and organizational dimension has low resiliency. Because rural people tend to participate in helping the victims, be members of community groups and cooperate with architects. However, villager's due to lack of appropriate institutional context and unsuccessful performance of institutions related to crisis management have been less satisfied with these organizations. This issue led to the fact that the organizational dimension based on independent samples T test becomes fairly good. It is also confirmed by Friedman test. The existence of positive and significant relationship between different dimensions indicates that strengthening one dimension of resiliency can help increasing resiliency in other dimensions. Prometheus technique showed that Doran and Ramin villages, according to the indexes studied in rural areas, had the highest rank.
According to the obtained results, the following points can be proposed to increase resiliency: 1-Improving institutional and organizational infrastructure and creating a bilateral relationship between the local organizations and rural people in order to increase people's satisfaction and improve institutional resiliency, especially in Riyhan, Segheltuli and Qynerjhe villages.
2- Increasing participation among individuals, people, and their members of the local groups, especially among the educated class and in Barutaghaji village because of the low average of the social dimension in this village.
3- Improving infrastructure in SeghlTuli and BarotAghaji through development of infrastructure facilities, improving the quality of housing and increasing public services, especially the houses of pastoral class.
4. Paying more attention to Chavarzaq and Riyhan Villages and reducing the vulnerability of these villages, especially in the organizational aspect.

Considering disregard of urban management for central textures of cities as a part of important and outdated texture, these centers have faced with variety of difficulties (such as traffic, air pollution, ruined properties, abandoned properties and etc.) which have decreased the level of quality of life in such places. One approach in recent years regarding this concern was the strategy of inborn development. The current research evaluates the inborn development of central urban texture emphasizing the standards of quality of life. The research is an applied research, and the method of research is descriptive-analytic and the statistical population of the research is the family’s resident in the central texture of Zanjan city where 301 out of 4529 family’s resident in central texture were selected by Cochran sampling method as the sample. In this research, data gathering method was library and field study (questionnaire, interview and observation) and descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (pair-t-test, Wilcoxon and Pearson correlation tests) were used for data analysis. The results of paired-t-test and Wilcoxon represent the desirability of quality of life in the period after inborn development compared to its prior one. So that T statistic was -60/82 and Z statistic was -14/61. This is confirmed according to 99 percent significance level. Besides these results, the results of Pearson correlation test also show that there is a significant relation between facilities accessibility and quality of life. The rate of this relation before inborn development was 0/647 which reached 0/531.

Due to its strategic location and its proximity to India، Iran was faced with the growing influence and domination of Colonial powers especially Britain during the Qajar era. Protecting India against threats by other European countries including Russia and France was extremely vital for Britain and this had a significant impact on Iran and Britain’s political relations. One of the methods of the British to establish and advance their political agenda was to send professional doctors to Iran. The main objective of this research is to highlight the influence of British doctors either as private physicians of the shah and the nobility or as a part of military، political and religious missions، on Iran and Britain’s political relations. This research makes use of the descriptive-analytical method، and focuses on the British doctors'' diaries، travel journals and political reports to show that British physicians gained a prominent position in the royal household and also in the society due to their medical expertise. This in turn empowered them to influence the political relationship between Iran and Britain and to advance the political interest of their government by sending reports، attracting the attention of influential Iranian political figures، and influencing the endorsement of treaties and contracts.

This study assessed the knowledge of nurses about arterial blood gases interpretation in intensive care units of selected hospitals in Tehran. Measurement of arterial blood gases are widely used in intensive care units. The knowledge and mastery in interpretation of arterial blood gases is an essential skill for critical care nurses. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 117 nurses working in intensive care units at selected military hospitals in Tehran in 2013. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisted of 45 questions about personal and professional information، also in the domain of blood gases interpretation based on Bloom''s classification of knowledge (judgment and evaluation phase). Data are analyzed by SPSS and descriptive and inferential statistics were presented. Knowledge of intensive care unit (ICU) nurses was moderate to poor in arterial blood gas interpretation. A statistically significant difference was seen between the knowledge of the subjects in terms of some variables. Conclusion. Given the importance of arterial blood gases interpretation in ICUs، it is necessary to pay attention to in-service and continuing education programs for nurses.

Nowadays, rural tourism is one of the important aspects of economic, social, cultural and environmental activities of human community that have a so many positive and negative effects on human’s life and is appreciable based on effects on accessing to sustainable development. Thus, the purpose of this study is, measuring the sustainable development level in tourism destination rural of Darb Gonbad rural district (Koohdasht province) from the local community attitude. This practical study is based on descriptive- annalistic methodology and had been used of document and field study method through of questionnaires for data gathering. The statistical approach (sample T-test, regression and path analyze) had been used for analyzing the collected data. Sample community of this survey calculated 3751people in the villages that with 0.05 errors, 154 questioners had been designed and randomly filled by sample community. The results of study explain that the changes become meaningful and become up than moderate level. Also, there is the positive relation between all of aspect (economic, social, cultural, environmental and physical) so the statistical tests result show that in totally, economic effects are most effective and environmental effects are less effective aspect in rural destinations sustainable development. In final, for ranking the rural sustainability had been used of VICOR technique that based that, Darb Gonbad village with 0.11 lay in best position and Baghleh Sofla village with 0.87 laid in worse condition of sustainability.

Social Capital as a multidisciplinary concept has been emphasized in recent decades in social and economic analyses on rural development; and emphasizes the role of local social structures such as reciprocity, networks and local institution, attitude, cohesion and trust. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the role of social capital in reducing vulnerability of rural settlements that originated from earthquake disaster. The reliability of used data has been calculated 0.875 by Cronbach’s, appha. For this purpose, from a total number of 3510 settled households in Sojasrood County, 180 cases were selected as a sample by using modified Cochran formula. To achieve this objective, descriptive- analytical method based on a questionnaire among heads of households have been used; and for data analysis statistical methods such as Spearman correlation, one sample T test, Friedman and ANOVA tests were used. The results of statistical analysis indicate that the levels of all dimensions of social capital among sample households are lower than desirable level. So that, social capital in the aspects of local networks and social cohesion is even lower than the average. The analysis of the most important aspects of social capital, effective in reducing seismic vulnerability, indicates that from the perspective of the respondents, the local networks and institutions, participation and cooperation and trust indicators having negative standardized coefficient values of -0.331, -0.219 and -0.123 respectively, have had the most effect in reducing Vulnerability and the indicators of people attitude (0.163) and social cohesion (0.239) have had the lowest impact on reducing earthquake Vulnerability in sample rural.Key Words: