فهرست مطالب نظامعلی دهنوی

The policy of centralization and the implementation of modernization programs were put on the agenda in the form of various programs and different forms during the Reza Shah period. During this period, the implementation of programs and laws such as the mandatory duty system, civil registry, the discovery of hijab, the Settlement of nomads, the new judicial system, the registration of documents and properties, tax affairs, and so on. It was necessary to organize the divisions of the country in a modern framework. Therefore, Reza Shah changed the structure of the country's divisions to implement his goals. This research is trying to answer the main question, what was the process of changes in the country's divisions during Reza Shah's period, and what was its relationship with the goals of modernization and centralization in this period? The research method in this study is the historical method with a descriptive-analytical approach and relies on archival documents, periodicals, and written sources. The findings of this research showed that the changes in the field of country divisions in this period greatly increased the political concentration and influence of the government from the provinces to the villages. After that, the modernist policies of the government gained more momentum in various economic, administrative, and educational fields especially the strengthening and development of the new army.

Quarantine was an important and modern way of preventing the spread of the diseases, that formed a new paradigm in healthcare of Iran in the Qajar dynasty. Due to the pilgrimages and the trades between Iran and Arab Iraq in the Ottoman Empire, a large number of people such as Pilgrims, merchants, and travelers traversed the roads of Kermanshah and played a major role in spreading out infectious diseases/epidemic in the region. In order to prevent epidemic, Iran and Iraq tried to keep the region in quarantine. The purpose of this research is to identify the importance of Kerrnanshan Quarantine in preventing epidemic. 

Method and Research Design: 

Archival records and library resources were studied and analyzed using historical method in a descriptive and analytical way.

The results show that keeping the roads of Kermanshah in quarantine did not play a significant role in preventing of epidemic due to the following reasons: the ranking officials and influential people broke the quarantine; failure to allocate sufficient budget funds for quarantine; profiteer officials that received bribe from merchants; pilgrims and the caravans that were carrying the corpses.

The Democratic Sect of Azerbaijan was formed with the support of the Soviet government in 1324 and disintegrated in 1325 and had very serious political, economic and social consequences for the Iranian people, including the asylum of a large number of local people of Azerbaijan to the Soviet Union. . The main purpose of this study is to investigate the political and social this important issue. It is estimated that after the collapse of the sect government on December 12, 1325, the number of Iranian refugees who fled to the Soviet Union and became refugees due to their support for the sect government and the deception of their leaders was estimated at 25,000 to 30,000. Shortly afterwards, Azerbaijan's leaders and Democratic Sect leaders were relieved of the burden of keeping large numbers of refugees and suppressing refugees' dissatisfaction with the cult's performance and their decision to return to Iran in accordance with Stalin's brutal policies. And inhumanely set up camp every day in Central and Central Asia, deciding a horrible, sad, and pitiful fate for them.

The system of administration of country divisions of Iran was in the traditional structural framework before the constitution until the reign of Ahmad Shah, and even the law of 1325 A.H. of the first parliament of the National Council, which was written by the authors of the constitutionalists, could not change the ruling system of administration. create a lot But during the period of Ahmad Shah and the Ministry of Interior Qawam al-Saltaneh and with the presence of Demarni, the French advisor of the Ministry of Interior; The modernization of the system of the administration was implemented. Therefore, this research is trying to answer the question by using the historical research method and archival documents, publications and other historical sources, what were the factors and reasons for the change in the previous routine in the country's divisions during the period of Ahmad Shah, and how did this change happen? The findings of the research show that the leaders of government affairs during the reign of Ahmad Shah through reforms in the structure of the Ministry of Interior and the state administration, the formulation of annual budgets for the headquarters of the Ministry of Interior and the states and provinces, the formulation of the administrative personnel system of the Ministry of Interior and the Provinces and the formation of specialized commissions of country divisions in the Ministry of Interior were in pursuit of modernizing the system of the administration and making changes in that area with the aim of concentrating affairs.

At the beginning of their rule, the Qajars used the tradition of dynastic rule to manage the system of territorial division, but from the period of Naser al-Din Shah, the tradition of dynastic rule to manage that system and the use of princes and members of the royal family in the states and provinces gradually lost color, and the bureaucrats of the time and members of their families, They took the place of princes and members of the royal family in the governance of the states and provinces. In this study, the historical research method and the descriptive-analytical approach were used to try to answer the main question of what were the characteristics of the system of territorial division during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah and what were the factors that caused the change of approach from the policy of dynastic rule to the policy of civil rule and what caused the appointment of the ruling judges in the states and provinces. The research method in this study is the historical method with a descriptive-analytical approach in the field of library studies. The results show that the change of state boundaries and the consolidation of states and provinces under the supervision of a ruler, as well as the creation of new states, were the characteristics of the system of territorial division in this period. The administrators of the administrative system of territorial division during the period of Naser al-Din Shah initially continued the policy of dynastic rule, but due to the harmful results of the dynastic rule policy in the political field as well as the weakening of the financial basis of the central government, they changed the approach from the dynastic rule tradition to the civil rule tradition.

With the establishment of the Pahlavi government by Reza Shah in 1304 A.H. Various aspects of the government changed and found a new organization. The management system of the country's divisions was one of these dimensions, which received a new organization according to the nature of the new government. Therefore, this research is trying to answer the question by using the historical research method and archival documents, publications, and other historical sources, that the organization of the management system of country divisions in the first Pahlavi era before the drafting of the Law of Country Divisions in 1316 A.H. How was it done and what were its goals? The findings of the research show that the first Pahlavi government during a twelve-year process and before the drafting of the law of country divisions in 1316 AH. By establishing new regulations, changing the structure of the Ministry of Interior, changing the names of cities, annexing or separating cities, districts, and villages, and changing the executive elements of the country's divisions, he succeeded in organizing the management system of the country's divisions and making changes in that area to concentrate affairs in the country's capital and support for the government's modernist programs.

The Qajars used other measures and policies to protect and govern the territory of the forbidden countries of Iran in the beginning of their rule, in addition to using the power of the sword. The tradition of family rule or the use of members of the royal family as rulers at the state and provincial levels was one of these measures, which had already been used by some former ruling families such as the Seljuks and Safavids.The findings of the study, which was conducted by historical method and descriptive-analytical approach, show that Agha Mohammad Khan, as the founder of the Qajar dynasty, continued the tradition of family rule by employing all members of the royal family as rulers to govern different states and provinces of Iran. Dad and two of his immediate successors, Fath Ali Shah and Mohammad Shah, introduced a kind of innovation in this tradition by restricting the use of members of the royal family to the king's sons and grandsons.

Historical sociology can be achieved as a method based on data and sequence of historical events, and historical sociology of domination as a social phenomenon can be designed and followed in different historical periods. This article has been presented with the aim of reviewing the book “Historical Sociology of Iranian Dominance”. Due to its features, this work, as innovative work in this field, deserves to be read. The present article has a critical review of this book in the form of the following axes: ambiguity in the title of the book, lack of correct and initial explanation of the issue of dominance, ambiguity in methodology, lack of coordination in method and text, ambiguity in the concept of historical sociology. After reflecting on the technical and editorial aspects of the work, the article concludes with the conclusion that the issue of "dominance" has been raised by the author as a historical issue and the author tries to use its sociological theories and methods. But this study shows that historical sociology is a sociological approach using historical information and data in different periods, or in other words, examines the trend of domination in different periods, not what is considered in this work as a historical approach with a sociological method.

Mozaffari Hospital was established in 1318 AH /1900 AD at the request of merchants and other Iranian dignitaries living in Istanbul and by order of Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar. With the establishment of this hospital with medical staff and modern tools and equipment, an important step was taken in order to provide medical and treatment assistance to the Iranians, especially the poor and needy Iranians. The purpose of this study is to investigate and identify the hospital as the first Iranian hospital outside Iran. This study wants to answer the question that what obstacles did Mozaffari Hospital face of goals, type and scope of operation during the period of activity from establishment to dissolution? This research is based on the method of historical research and using unpublished documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the National Archives of Iran and Persian language newspapers published by the Ottoman Empire. The result of this research is that this modern hospital was able to provide many services to different sections of Iranian and Ottoman society during its activity, and especially in a time when access to doctors and modern medical and surgical services was very limited, appropriate assistance was provided. Pay attention to the vulnerable and poor Iranians.

Explains the process of the establishment of the Iranian school  and problems and obstacles the founders faced.

Findings are based on archival documents available in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Persian publications in the Ottoman Empire.Findings and

Rapid changes in the style of school education in the western world and the initiatives by their governments, the private sector, and the dignitary in setting up modern schools, Iranians of Trabzan were encouraged to Set up their own primary school. The curricula, assessment procedure, teacher selection, age and gender of students, architecture of these modern schools, marked a sharp difference with the traditional maktabs. The school trained a great number of the children of different sectors of the Iranian community in the city long before modern schooling started in Iran.

Kalhor tribe is one of the prominent tribes in western Iran, which has been living in the foothills of the Zagros since ancient times and like other tribes, has played a role in the political and military history of Iran. This study aims to clarify the position of the Kalhor tribe in political and military events in the west of the country by describing and analyzing first-hand source data, local history, and authoritative research texts. It seeks to answer these questions: What were the relations of the Kalhor tribe with the rulers of Iran from the Safavid period to the end of the reign of Mohammad Shah Qajar? And what role did this tribe play in the relations between Iran and the Ottoman Empire? The findings of the study indicate that the Kalhor tribe had less influence and power in the court of the Safavid kings than the Zanganeh tribe did. The continuous revolts of the Kalhor tribe, especially in the first half of the rule of this dynasty until the reign of Shah Abbas I, led to ignoring the Kalhor leaders by the ruling power. During the Afshari period, due to Nader Shah’s conflicts with the Ottomans and the need for the cooperation of the western tribes, there was a relative improvement in the relations of the Kalhor tribe with the government. In the days of Zandieh dynasty, the elders of the Kalhor tribe played their historical role alongside the central power by helping Karim Khan Zand to achieve the monarchy and establishing family ties with him. The Kalhor tribe played an effective role in the battles of Iran and the Ottoman Empire during the Qajar period and the rule of Mohammad Ali Mirza Dolatshah over Kermanshah until the end of the reign of Mohammad Shah Qajar.

The famine during World War I in 1336-1338 HC/1296-1298 SH had very destructive consequences for social and economic domains of Kermanshah. This research is based on the hypothesis that World War I in Kermanshah and the occupation of Kermanshah by Ottoman, Russia and England armies left damaging effects such as cereal shortage and the outbreak of famine. This shortage together with drought, hording and epidemic diseases took the lives of many residents of Kermanshah. Using unpublished archived documents and authentic library references, this descriptive-analytical study tried to identify the factors effective in the outbreak of famine as well as its social and economic consequences. The results show that besides drought, the long presence of axis and allied forces in Kermanshah, plundering of public and state granaries, looting of livestock and destroying houses, hoarding of grain by domestic and foreign agents, the structural weakness of the central government and the inefficiency of local officials to manage the crisis, played the main role in the outbreak and continuation of famine in this region.

The Muslims of Egypt were immersed in great shock when Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1213 AH and defeated the Mamluks and conquered Egypt, and they came to the conclusion that they have indeed been degenerated by comparing their situation with the Western world. Napoleon's invasion of Egypt is considered as the origin of modernism and the beginning of modernity and Orientalism and it is deemed as a turning point in historical developments. Seven years after the invasion, Mohammad Ali Pasha assumed power in Egypt. The establishment of his government is the advent of a new era in history of Egypt. During his reign and his successors, important political, economic, social, cultural and military reforms existed in this land and the process of modernization began in Egypt. Iranian people have traveled to Egypt for a long time owning to their religious, civilizational and commercial unions and due to these commonalities during history, Iranian people have been presented temporarily or permanently in Egypt Land. On the other hand, Egypt was on the main route of Hajj caravans especially in the last decade of the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, and this caused more Iranian people to travel to this land. Therefore, itineraries were written by Iranians who visited or marked the Egypt. The lack of a specific work in this domain caused the author to concentrate on this issue. In this study, quantitative analysis of Iranian's itineraries titled Egypt, travel routes to Egypt by Iranianscomparative

The Iranian Primary School was established as a social institution on Safar 14, 1301 by a group of Iranian traders and tradesmen, with the assistance of Mirza Mohsen Khan Moein al-Molk, Iran's ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, in Istanbul. The grounds for the establishment of this educational institution returns to Nowruz 1296 AH, at the meeting of authentic Iranian businessmen held in the Iranian Embassy in Istanbul. This research tries to analyze and evaluate its administrative, financial and educational structure based on the elementary code of conduct based on numerous documents and sources. The Code is written in 8 chapters and 110 articles and in 43 pages by Haji RezaGholi Khorasani, a key member of the Primary School Board and its first principal. The research seeks to answer these fundamental questions about what were the causes and forces influencing the formation of Iranian elementary school? And how is the administrative, financial and educational structure of primary school reflected in its rules of procedure? The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical in the field of documentary and library studies. The findings suggest that rapid changes in the style of school education in the Western world, especially in countries such as Russia and the Ottomans, and the actions of governments as well as their traders and elders in the construction of schools, have led to migrant Iranians. In Istanbul too, following them, they set up a new style school.

The structure and organizational of Astan Quds at during the Qajar period, especially during the reign of Nasir al-Din Shah, was similar to that of the Safavid period and also, according to the instructions of Ali Shah petition in Afsharian period. This research seeks to investigate the distribution of Astan Quds offices and jobs in each of the sixth city neighborhoods of Mashhad, relying on the manuscript of the 'Ketabche Teadad Nefuse Arze Aqdas Va Shahre Mashhad Moqadas'. The manuscript was written in the kingdom of Nasir al-Din Shah and ordered by Mohammad Taqi Mirza Rokn al-Dawlah, the ruler of Khorasan and Sistan. This version is an interesting example of the information and statistics of the population and businesses of Mashhad during Nasir al-Din Shah, and shows the distribution of offices and jobs in Astan Quds in different neighborhoods of Mashhad. The research method in this study is an analysis of available data, which was analyzed using SPSS software. The results indicate a significant relationship between the dispersion of Astan Quds offices and jobs in the sixth district of Mashhad. This research shows that the number of high-ranking positions in the pyramid of the Astan Quds Organization is larger than the population in the Bala Khiaban and Sarab as a result of paganization and is much lower in the Paein Khiaban of the street, which was poorer.

The Naqshbandî lineage in Kurdistan was not influential and well known in the beginning of the 19th century, whereas, the Qâdirî in Kurdistan had a lot of influence in that region. The Naqshbandî lineage was active in some areas in the Ottoman Empire such as Istanbul, Mecca, and Medina, but the main center of his lineage was in India on that time. In India, the great leader, Abdullah Dihlawî, known as Shâh Ghulâm ‘Alî, sent his caliphs to different regions of Islamic world,, one of them was Mîrzâ Abdul Rahîm, entered Kurdistan and brought Mawlânâ Khâlid, who had been studying contemplative and narrated Islamic Sciences and had permission to guide in Qâdirî lineage with himself to India in 1224 AH. To meet great leader of the Naqshbandî lineage Shâh Ghulâm ‘Alî. Mawlânâ Khâlid was in India with Dihlawî for nearly one year and then he received permission to guide disciples in Cheshtî, Kubrawî, Suhrawardî, Qâdirî and Naqshbandî lineage. Additionally, he received permission from Shâh Abd-ul –Aziz Muhaddith (d.1823 in Delhi) to receive the Hadith from the six Canonical Sonni Hadith Collections.
Since 1226 A.H. and after the return of Mawlânâ Khâlid to Kurdistan, the Naqshbandî lineage became active in Kurdistan and acquired prominent situation among people as well as the Bâbân rulers due to extensive effort of Mawlânâ Khâlid and his caliphs. Documents analysis reveals that Mawlânâ Khâlid was active in both branches of "Sharia" and "Tariqat" simultaneously. Mawlânâ Khâlid was supermen leader of Naqshbandî lineage on that time, more ever, he was also prominent pious, expert orator, and, famous poet, and generally he was distinguished in both field of contemplative and narrated sciences. He taught his disciples commentary and Hadith as well as comportment way in Sulaimani, Baghdad and Damascus. The caliphs of Mawlânâ Khâlid were the main reason for increasing his power to distribute his lineage which some of them had had previous experience in the fields of religious jurisprudence, commentary and Hadith, and some of them had been teaching for years.
Joining of some grandees and Shaikhes of Qâdirî lineage to Naqshbandî Mujjadadî Khâlîdî lineage in Kurdistan, Levant and other parts of Islamic World in addition to the charismatic leadership of Mawlânâ Khâlid played an important role in the rapid distribution and expansion of this lineage in the Ottoman Empire territory, especially in Kurdistan. Because of huge influence of Naqshbandî lineage in Kurdistan, some Qâdirî Sheikhs, especially in the Bâbân Emirate region found them selves to be cornered and started confrontation with Mawlânâ Khâlid. As a result of the confrontation with Qâdirî,s Sheikhs, and also because of political conflicts among the ruling Bâbân family, Mawlânâ forsook Sulaimaniyah and moved to Baghdad.
From the first entrance of Mawlânâ to Baghdad to Sulaymaniyah in 1228 A.H. till the second travel of him to Baghdad in 1236 A.H. his تکیه in Sulaimaniyah witnessed the presence of many disciples from different regions of Islamic World such as Mecca, Medina, Bethlehem, Damascus, Aleppo, Shemydinan, Mardin, Urfa, Diyarbakir, Afghanistan, Dagestan, Transoxina, Egypt, Oman and Morocco. This intensive presence of Mawlânâ Khâlid disciples had close relationship with the activities of some notable scholars such as Seyyed Asad Sadr al-Din Heidarî, Seyyed Sabaghollah Heidarî, Seyyed Obeid Allah Heidarî, Allameh Yahyâ Mazury Emadî, Allameh Abdulrahman Ruzbehanî, Allâmeh Abdollâh Jalî, Faqîh Sheikh Osmân, Sirâjdin Tvilhayy and Mullâh Mustâfâ the second presence of Mawlânâ in Baghdad,
The political and cultural capital of Iraq did not reduce the range of cultural and propagandistic activities of him, contrary this city became the main and his traditions, but has become a major center for his lineage and many grandees from the all parts of Islamic world gathered there around him. The constant growth of the fame and reputation of Mawlânâ Khâlid led to that some political and religious leaders in Damascus invited him to this city. Finally, Mawlânâ accepted their invitation and moved to Damascus with a lot of his caliphs and disciples in 1238 H.A.
Mawlânâ Khâlid stayed in Damascus for four years and during this period, in collaboration with his Caliphs, trained notable caliphs. He appointed some of his famose caliphs in mosques and religions schools for teaching and guidance of people, and the influence and reputation of Naqshbandî lineage enhanced enormously, to the extent some distinguished people from North Africa and the other Islamic areas had been guided by him and his caliphs, among them Sayyed Abdul Qâdir al-Jazâyerî one of the most prominent Algerian campaigner
Spatial context for guidance and education in the two areas of "Sharia" and "Tariqat", and the emphasis on the priority of the "Sharia" played a fundamental role in the development of the aforementioned lineage. The selection of strategic and outstanding political, religious and economic place like Sulaimaniyah, the capital of the Bâbân Kurdish Emirate, Baghdad, the main center of the Ottoman Empire in Iraq, Damascus, the capital of the Levant, Istanbul, Baytulmuqqads, the firs kiblah (qiblah) of the Muslims, Mecca, Medina and the other locations for the presence of caliphs and attendance of caliphs indicated to a logical selection. Role and the character of Mawlânâ Khâlid in the quantitative and qualitative development of the to Naqshbandî Mujjadadî lineage was so valuable that after him a branch known as Khâlidî was formed and till now is the largest and most distributed lineage in the Western part of the Islamic world.
Developments in the political structure of the Ottoman Empire toward of more centralization and elimination of the Janissaries and their intellectual supporters, the Bektashi from bureaucratic system in Istanbul, provided a suitable ground for Naqshbandî,s disciples for gradual infiltrating into intellectual and bureaucratic system of the Ottoman Empire. Mawlânâ Khâlid, the super me preceptor of the Naqshbandî Mujjadadî lineage in Ottoman Empire, with his notable Caliphs could use this appropriate political and social conditions for extending their thoughts.
This research uses historical research method and relying on an analytical descriptive approach to investigate the role and relationship of the full leader of the Naqshbandî Mujjadadî lineage in India in shaping this trend in Kurdistan and how it is dispersed in the Ottoman Empire. The findings show that Mawlânâ Khâlid, with the attraction of many of the elders, scholars of various sciences and Ottoman rulers was able to bring Naqshbandî lineage to the righteous position in Kurdistan as well as the entire territory of the Ottoman Empire. The prominent role of Mawlânâ Khâlid and her caliphs in the rapid expansion of their network order led to the transfer of the Naqshbandî lineage from India to Ottoman after the death of Shâh Ghulâm ‘Alî Dihlawî, and the branch of Khâlidî would be formed in this way. Although the propaganda discourse of Mawlânâ Khâlid and his Caliphs was not antagonistic to the ruling, shortly after his death, this lineage was turn into colonialist discourse and, in some areas, became antagonistic.

Governors lorestan and tribesmen They had a largely militant relationship with Zandieh rulers. Ismail Khan Fili, the most powerful governor of Lorestan during this period, was strongly opposed to the power of Karim Khan Zand And during his entire period of rule, he carried out many wars with Khan Zand. In the period before and after the arrival of Karim-khan, many of Lorestan elites obeyed their ruler, Ismail Khan And in support of him, they entered the war with Karim Khan. After Ismail Khan's withdrawal from power and in the succession of his sons, Mohammad Khan and Assad Khan, the relations between these rulers and elites under their citizenship with the successors of Karim Khan were somewhat improved and their period of struggle for a period of good relations and reconciliation Become a fancier. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the rulers of the Philistines of Lorestan and the Zandyah rulers, which has been done descriptively-analytically. Findings of the research show that the dominant aspect of the relationship between the governorates of Fieli Lorestan and Karim Khan Zand was a military and controversial conflict, and the struggle for power in the vacuum caused by Nadir Shah's death was effective in shaping this relationship. Is. Although the failure of Ismail Khan Fili against Karim Khan led to a change in the relationship to a peaceful period late in Zandieh, but shortly.

This study seeks to describe and explain the relationship between Iranians charity in Tbilisi and social capital in 1900 – 1930. Social capital has several components and this research relies on the social network component. This research based on theoretical social networks, the theoretical explanation of the issue and the characteristics of social networks with tertiary structural features, interactive and functional network, has studied the charity. The research seeks to answer these fundamental Questions. How the Charitable Society of Iranians in Tbilisi provided grounds for formation of social capital? Is the community involved in building solidarity, cooperation, facilitating social relations and social participation and social capital of Iranian immigrants? The method used in this research is descriptive-analytic in field of library studies. The findings suggest that social network factors had important and positive impact on formative as well as the continuation of the charity activity.

In 941 Amir Hussein Kurd established a reign called Bnihosnavie in the city of Zor and its surroundings; the event was at the same time with Buyids. After him، his son Hosnavie came into power. The period he ruled the government can be considered as the age of formation and development of the territory and consistency of the dynasty. After Hosnavie، his son Badr was in power and could reach the territory and authority of Banihosnavie to the peak. During the end of Badr reign and during the reign of his successors، there were internal riots which finally led to the extinction of the dynasty after Taher ibn Helal was killed in 1015. The article taking advantage of a descriptive-analytical method aims at analyzing the political، economic، and cultural events of Banihosnavie rather than merely describing the history.

Azerbaijan region because of its geographical position has always been a special place in the history of the rulers of Iran. The importance of this region in Qajar era from Abbas Mirza’s time with the establishment of the state's crown prince inTabriz has been increased and the proximity of this region with two powers of the Ottoman and Russia had added to its strategic importance. Incidence of drought and famineand the subsequent rise of insecurity, looting and banditry in the years 1296 – 1297 A Hand consequently the region's small tribes’unrest faced stabilization of the region a big challenge, also corrupted and incompetent rulers also added to the range of thepassion. Naqshabandiya collection of document sconcern the rebellion of Sheikh ObaidullahNahri, but amidst documents, there are valuable reports on topics such as famine, public food conditions, grainprices, and the role of the tribes of that region in creation of the dispute between Iran and Russia have been studied. The aim of this study wasto investigate the situationin Azerbaijan based on topics such as insecurity, banditry and looting, drought, famine and tribal role in Iran's relations with Russia are based ona collection of documents of Naqshabandiya. The method of the research is based on library and documents and its process is descriptive- analytical.

During Mozaffar A1 Din Shah’s tenure, significant developments came about in Iran, in­cluding inauguration of Modem Schools. Accordingly, beyond Iran ’s borders, Modem Schools were also opened by Iranians, and “Iranians Unity School” in “Badkouba” was one of them. They were set up by some Iranian diplomats and intellectuals who wanted to see Iran to improve and progress. There were serious discussions before Caucasus authorities allowed Iranians to establish Unity School in “Badkouba”, The school was struggling to tackle its financial bottlenecks right after its establishment until it was ceased to exist. During Caucasus revolts and after tsars’ collapse, the problems intensified. As Azerbaijan struggled to become an autonomous republic, British forces occupied the school, and after that the government refused to mm back the building to Iranians. But, soon after Bolshevism Move­ment in Azerbaijan, the school was returned to Iranians; however the then government took the activities of such schools as anti-revolutionary and forced it to shut off.

The article has dug into working conditions, tax payment, and general circumstances of tailors and hat makers in Sonqor & Koliaiee region between 1924 -1926. In mid 19th century, and after extensive economic ties between Iran and western Europe, a new economic, social and political condition for Iranian professions began to emerge. Now we glance at the mentioned careers in western Iran in a case study and based on the records remained from that time span.