نور امیر مظفری

Organic meat products are well known for their probiotic values due to the presence of probiotic lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, and Pediococcus strains. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize new strains of lactic acid bacteria (LABs) from organic meat sausages and evaluate their antimicrobial activities.

In this study, LAB strains were isolated from vacuum-packed organic meat sausages bought from Solico Group Co Ltd. (Tehran, Iran). All isolates were characterized by morphological, biochemical, and 16S rRNA analysis. The primary antibacterial activity of the isolates was evaluated against Micrococcus luteus PTCC 1408. The growth kinetics and antimicrobial activity of the strain MN-B against Lactobacillus casei ATCC 39392 were determined in an MRS broth medium. In addition, a bacteriocin produced by the strains MN-B revealed antimicrobial activity against selected foodborne pathogens. Bacteriocin produced by the MN-B strain was partially purified using the adsorption-desorption method followed by dialyzes.

In this study, two Pediococcus spp. and three Leuconostoc spp. with antimicrobial activity were isolated from vacuum-packed organic meat sausages and designated as MN-A, MN-B, MN-A2, MN-A2-1, and MN-A3. The results showed that the isolate MN-A and MN-B belonged to the strain Pediococcus acidilactici and the MN-A2, MN-A2-1, and MN-A3 isolates were identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides strains. Amongst the isolates, the strain MN-B showed the highest antimicrobial activity against the Micrococcus luteus PTCC 1408. The molecular weight of bacteriocin was about 5.0 KDa.

Pediococcus acidilactici (strain MN-B) showed significant antimicrobial activity against Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Typhimurium PTCC 1709, Staphylococcus aureus PTCC 1113, Listeria monocytogenes PTCC1302, and Listeria inovani PTCC 1303. Therefore, this strain can be considered a potential candidate in different sectors such as the food industry as a preservative.

Iran is one of the most important hot spots for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the world. To date, no studies have been done on both epidemiological aspects along with the length of the treatment course of CL. This study aimed to determine the relative frequency of CL in patients with suspected skin lesions and the duration of healing after treatment with different regimens.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with CL referred to the skin diseases and leishmaniasis research center (SDLRC) in Isfahan during the years 2018 to 2019. Among 389 patients with suspected skin lesions, 150 cases were included with proven CL. Information such as age, sex, education, location, size of the lesion, duration of treatment, and the rate of recovery were recorded. SPSS software version 20 was used for data analysis, the chi-square, Fisher´s Exact, and one Way ANOVA tests were used with a significant level of p < 0.05.

Among 350 admitted cases, 150 cases were CL. positive (42.85%). The rate of complete recovery was higher in cases with an average age of 33.55 ±18.9 years, but these differences were not statistically significant (P =0.077). There was 34 cases more than the other groups in this range of age. ( The rate of complete recovery in patients with a history of migration to endemic areas was higher than in patients without a history of migration (P = 0.81)). The rate of complete recovery in patients whose means treatment duration was 59.03 ± 41.43 days was higher than other recovery periods (P = 0.23).

The rate of complete recovery was higher in adult cases than the other groups. In this study, it was proved that the rate of recovery of patients had the significant relationship with the average duration of treatment.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the main cause of nosocomial infections, and is resistant to most antibiotics, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different stress conditions on growth, the protein profile, and biochemical characteristics of this bacterium. The cells of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 in the logarithmic phase were exposed to different stress factors such as sucrose concentration, ethanol, acid, osmotic pressure, and CoCl2. Following each stress condition, the growth and the survival of bacterial cells were determined. Microscopic observation showed morphological changes in different stress conditions. P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 tolerated up to pH 3, 55% (V/V) ethanol, and CoCl2 up to 7% (W/V), and beyond these amounts, the bacterium lost its ability to survive. Maximum tolerance to sucrose was about 35% (W/V). The results showed that different stress conditions could not effect on the main biochemical characteristics of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Scanning electron microscopy of the cells exposed to different stress conditions showed wide changes in the morphology of cells. In addition, upon treating to different stresses significant changes were observed in the protein profile of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 according to SDS-PAGE analysis. It can be concluded that severe environmental stresses have great effects on the growth pattern, phenotypic characteristics, and protein profile of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. If the stresses induced all at once, they will cause the death, but if they are affected slowly and for longer period, most bacteria will be able to repair the damaged parts, and the growth of will resume.

Due to the increase in the incidence of infectious diseases and the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The present study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extracts of the edible plants Tragopogon collinus L. and Allium eriophyllum L. against some environmental and pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis. The extraction of medicinal plants was conducted using ethanol and the percolation method. Agar well diffusion was used to determine the antimicrobial effects of the extracts. The ethanolic extract of Tragopogon collinus showed an inhibitory effect on all bacteria in 250 µg/ml concentration, and the greatest effect was observed on Staphylococcus aureus and E. faecalis, with 20 and 18 mm diameter of zone, respectively. In the 125 µg/ml concentration, with a 21 mm diameter of zone, it had the highest antimicrobial effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae, compared with other bacteria. Regarding the ethanolic extract of Allium eriophyllum L., the highest antibacterial effect at 250 µg/ml concentration was 20 and 22 mm zone diameters. The effect of this plant extract on Pseudomonas aeruginosa was lower than its effect on other bacteria. The MIC of the extract of Tragopogon collinus L.was found at a 5.75 µg/ml concentration on staphylococcus aureus and E. faecalis. The MIC of the ethanolic extract of Allium eriophyllum L. was found at a 11.5 µg/ml concentration on staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The results of this study indicate that Tragopogon collinus and Allium eriophyllum have antibacterial properties.

 Acinetobacter baumannii is considered to be a re-emerging causative agent of nosocomial infections. There is a significant relation between pathogenicity of this bacterium and the numerous virulence factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate nine virulence factor genes in A. baumannii isolates derived from hospitalized patients.

A total of 50 A. baumannii isolates were recovered from patients with pneumonia in Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Following biochemical and microbiological identification of the bacteria, Multiplex PCR was performed for basD, plD, csuA genes, surA, pbpG, bfmR genes, and bap, ompA genes using specific sets of primers which were specifically designed for this study. The espA was identified separately by a Uniplex PCR assay. All amplified DNA fragments were sequenced for the products’ confirmation.

Among the 50 clinical isolates of A. baumannii studied, bfmR and pbpG genes were reported in all samples (100%), bap, plD, surA, and csuA genes were collected from 49 samples (98%), 48 (96%) of these isolates had ompA and basD genes, and espA gene was observed in only five isolates (10%).

According to this study results, virulence factors genes in clinical A. baumannii have a prevalence rate more than 90%. Additionally, the high incidence rate of those genes related to biofilm formation indicates that most clinical strains have the ability to form biofilm structures.

Emission of greenhouse gases and plastic wastes are one of the most important environmental problems in the world. The purpose of this study was to use the bacterium Ralstonia eutropha as the host for recombinant carbonic anhydrase enzyme which is used for carbon sequestration and poly hydroxyl butyrate (PHB) production. The carbonic anhydrase gene (CA) was inserted in the expression vector and transformed into Ralstonia eutropha. Then PHB production was assayed by FT-IR and GC-MS methods in recombinant and non-recombinant bacteria in different concentrations of LB medium in the presence and absence of CO2. Production of PHB in LB medium increased 31.49 percent in recombinant bacteria in the presence of CO2.  These increases were 18.44 and 34.44 percent compared to non-recombinant bacteria in presence and absence of CO2, respectively. In 0.5 LB medium, the recombinant bacterium produced 26.57 percent PHB in presence of CO2 more than in its absence.  Non-recombinant bacterium in this medium produced 18.30 and 30.63 percent PHB less than the recombinant cell in the presence and absence of CO2, respectively. The quantity of PHB production using GC-MS revealed that CA gene expression was effective for increasing PHB production in recombinant R. eutropha. In the presence of CO2 and by using a simple medium. The recombinant bacterium is able to produce PHB. This bacterium can also be effective in carbon sequestration.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the few bacteria that can infect all organs of the body. The aim of this study was to evalluate the cefoxitin disk diffusion method with other phenotypic and molecular methods in the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus designed and adjusted in clinical specimens of admitted patients in Ahvaz educational hospitals, thereby followed by S.aureus relative prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility determination. Subjects and

A total of 280 S. aureus isolates from clinical specimens were collected. Tests were performed using Cefoxitin disc diffusion, Oxacillin screening agar and Oxacillin disk diffusion methods. The PCR method was used to determine the mec A gene.

0ut of a total of 693 specimens, 280 specimens were confirmed as S. aureus, 123 strains of which were detected as MRSA. The comparison of Oxacillin disk diffusion and oxacillin screening methods is indicative of 121 (43.2%) and 122 (40.6%) antibiotic susceptibilities, respectively, while isolates of MRSA were detected by disc diffusion cefoxitin and PCR 123 (43.9%). In determining the antibiotic susceptibility pattern, erythromycin (98.3%), ciprofloxacin (97.5%), clindamycin (94.3%), tetracycline (90.2%), gentamicin (83.7%) and rifampin (41.4%) were noticed. Also, low resistance to teicoplanin (0%), linzolide (0%), vancomycin (0%) was observed.

The prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococci in our region was relatively high, but these strains were totally sensitive to vancomycin, teicoplanin and and linzolide antibiotics and cefoxitin disk test was the reliable method for detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococci. Keyword: Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Antibiotic resistance, Genotype

Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) is associated with strains of Staphylococcus aureus that produce a high level of virulence which is characterized by skin abscesses and acute necrosis.
Goals: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of pvl gene and its relationship with Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in isolated samples taken from hospitalized patients in Rasht, north of Iran.

During a six-month treatment period, a total of 92 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus were obtained. Initial tests were performed using the Disk Diffusion Method and Methicillin resistance test determined by an Oxacillin disk. In order to elucidate the frequency detection of pvl gene, standard PCR was accomplished using specific primers and then pvl positive isolates were further analyzed for the presence of mecA gene by the use of specific primers in PCR.

In total, 18 isolates (19.56%) were shown to be positive in terms of their carrying the pvl gene among which, 15 isolates (83.33%) were MRSA, 3 (16.66%) were MSSA, and 8 (44.44%) were positive for mecA gene.

Despite the existence of pvl genes in MRSA isolates, PVL toxin producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus are serious threats for health. So, it seems that achieving a rapid and repeatable method for medical center, will help the timely diagnosis and control of PVL- producing strains.

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen and one of the most important health-threatening agents worldwide. Expression of bacterial virulence factors is not similar in laboratory medium conditions and in vivo. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of adding 5% calf serum on the virulence genes expression of S. aureus.   The expression levels of agrA, RNAIII, hla, spa, and mecA genes were     determined during the growth of S. aureus isolates in BHI broth and BHI broth enriching with calf serum during different growth phases. Therefore, the growth curve of the five isolates of S. aureus in two different culture conditions was plotted. Subsequently, RNA was extracted from different phases of growth and the genes expression were analyzed by Real-time PCR.   In average, the expression levels of agrA and RNAIII from stationary phase to the exponential phase in BHI broth containing calf serum was increased 3.4 and 9.5-fold, respectively, while the agr system could not appropriately play its regulatory role in the expression of virulence genes. As a result, the expression of hla gene was decreased 0.81-fold and the expression levels of spa and mecA genes was only increased 1.25 and 1.03-fold, respectively.   Regardless of the growth phase, the expression of the whole genes in BHI broth containing calf serum were increased in comparison to BHI broth. Consequently, it appears that S. aureus is capable to induce virulence genes expression in the presence of calf serum factors similar to conditions available in vivo.

Bacterial vaginosis is the most common lower genital tract infection among women in reproductive age. Its causative agent is often the bacterium Gardnerella vaginalis which exists in synergism with other mostly anaerobic bacteria such as Atopobium vaginae, Mobiluncus curtisii and Megasphaera type I. The present study was conducted with aim of measuring molecular measurements (PCR) in the detection and diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in women. This descriptive study was performed on 100 women referred to Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of Al-Zahra Hospital and private clinics in Rasht from September 2016 to October 2017. They were examined and tested for bacterial vaginosis. The presence of Gardnerella vaginalis was tested by five different laboratory methods based on Amsel criteria and molecular methods including determination of appearance characteristics, determination of pH, Whiff test, and observation of Clue cells in direct smear, conducting Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using specific primers on DNA extracted from vaginal specimens. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 21) and Chi-square test. P<0.05 was considered significant. In this study, from a total of 100 suspected women who were examined for vaginal infection with use of Amsel method, 31 cases (31%) of vaginosis were confirmed. Using the molecular method of PCR in women with vaginosis (Amsel method), Gardnerella vaginosis was confirmed in 14 (45%) and Atopobioum vagine in 10 (32%). Using the PCR method showed that Gardenerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae play an important role in womenaged 18-35-year-old with bacterialvaginosis that indicates the role of these two bacteria in the development of bacterial vaginosis.

Nearly 300 million people worldwide are carriers of the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). Thalassemia and dialysis patients are of the most important individuals at risk for the virus. Despite vaccination, antibody is reduced and there is a possibility of infection to HBV. This study, examines hepatitis B serologic markers among thalassemia and dialysis patients of Mazandaran province, Iran. 94 patients were enrolled to our study. For all patients in the study, a questionnaire including demographic information, history of the vaccination for Hepatitis B, blood products transfusion and surgical history were completed. 5 ml of venous blood was taken from each student and serum was separated and stored in -20oC. For all samples, ELISA test was operated for Anti-HBs and Anti-HBc and HBsAg. Among 94 patients, 55 people (58.5%) were males and 39 people (41.5%) were females., 57 (60.6%) were dialysis patients and 37 (39.4%) were thalassemia patients, in which 4 people (7%) of dialysis patients and 8 (21.6%) of thalassemia patients were infected by HBV. 12 people (22.8%) were positive by the presence of HBsAg, 54 people (57.4%) were positive by the presence of Anti-HBs and 13 people (13.8%) were positive by the presence of Anti-HBc. About 12.8% of patients were HBV positive and also 42.6% of them were sensitive to HBV. Therefore, their screening for HBV antibody is recommended before any blood products usage. Also, in order to provide adequate protection for the patients, the serologic studies is necessary.

Escherichia coli is one of the most common causative agent of urinary tract infection. In recent years, resistance to cephalosporins has been considerably on the rise due to production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs.( This study was aimed to determine the survey of CTX-M, SHV, TEM, OXA-1, PER-2, and VEB-1 which are the most famous ESBL genes in E. coli isolated from outpatients with UTI in Guilan.
A total of 2267 urine samples were collected from outpatients suffering from UTIs. After primary biochemical and differential tests like MRVP, Lysin dacarboxilation in LIA medium, Urea hydrolysis test, TSI and Simon citrate test, samples containing E. coli were identified. Antibiotic susceptibilities were determined by disk diffusion. Double disk tests using Cephtriaxon, Amoxiclave and Cephtazidime-clavolonate were performed for phenotypic ESBL production assay. ESBL-producing genes were evaluated by PCR.
Among the 2267 urine samples, 167 E. coli cells were isolated. From these E. coli isolates, 38.9% were shown to be ESBL producers by the Double disk method. Based on the molecular analysis, the frequency of ESBL-producing genes were, CTX-M (70.32%), TEM (9.64%), SHV (4.88%) OXA-1 (57.2%), and PER-2 (12.1%). VEB-1 was not detected in the analyzed samples. Also, some of the isolates had more than one ESBL-producing gene. Statistically, there was a direct correlation between gender and age with the infection.
In this study, more than half of the isolated bacteria were ESBL-producers. As the resistance-inducing genes are carried on mobile genetic elements, rapid detection of resistant species is of major importance to prevent their dissemination.

Escherichia coli is one of the most common causative agent of urinary tract infection. In recent years, resistance to cephalosporins has been considerably on the rise due to production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs.( This study was aimed to determine the survey of CTX-M, SHV, TEM, OXA-1, PER-2, and VEB-1 which are the most famous ESBL genes in E. coli isolated from outpatients with UTI in Guilan.
A total of 2267 urine samples were collected from outpatients suffering from UTIs. After primary biochemical and differential tests like MRVP, Lysin dacarboxilation in LIA medium, Urea hydrolysis test, TSI and Simon citrate test, samples containing E. coli were identified. Antibiotic susceptibilities were determined by disk diffusion. Double disk tests using Cephtriaxon, Amoxiclave and Cephtazidime-clavolonate were performed for phenotypic ESBL production assay. ESBL-producing genes were evaluated by PCR.
Among the 2267 urine samples, 167 E. coli cells were isolated. From these E. coli isolates, 38.9% were shown to be ESBL producers by the Double disk method. Based on the molecular analysis, the frequency of ESBL-producing genes were, CTX-M (70.32%), TEM (9.64%), SHV (4.88%) OXA-1 (57.2%), and PER-2 (12.1%). VEB-1 was not detected in the analyzed samples. Also, some of the isolates had more than one ESBL-producing gene. Statistically, there was a direct correlation between gender and age with the infection.
In this study, more than half of the isolated bacteria were ESBL-producers. As the resistance-inducing genes are carried on mobile genetic elements, rapid detection of resistant species is of major importance to prevent their dissemination.

Malassezia yeast can become pathogenic under certain conditions in humans. Malassezia has various species which can cause a number of skin diseases, such as pityriasis versicolor (tinea versicolor), seborrheic dermatitis and folliculitis and even systemic infections. In the present study, Malassezia species isolated from the patients with pityriasis versicolor were identified by PCR-PFLP molecular method.
Material and In this study, the scraping specimens of the trunk and scalp of the patients with pityriasis versicolor were cultured on Dixon agar medium. Finally, one-hundred Malassezia colonies were obtained. The genomic DNA was extracted by phenol–chloroform method and then was studied by use of PCR-PFLP molecular method. D1-D2 segment in the area of 26srDNA of ITS gene was proliferated by specific primers and then the PCR products were exposed to CfoI restrictive enzyme.
Among 100 Malassezia colonies, the most common Malassezia species were; M. globosa (44%), M. globosa/M. restricta (27%), M. restricta (11%), M. sympodialis (7%), M. sympodialis/M. restricta (4%), M. globosa/M. restricta/M. furfur (1%), M. sympodialis/M. restricta/ M. globosa (1%) and unknown species (5%).
The dominant species isolated from patients with pityriasis versicolor were M. globosa, M. restricta and M. sympodialis, respectively. Thirty-three percent of the specimens had more than one Malassezia species. Therefore, rapid PCR-RFLP method is recommended for identification of Malassezia species in epidemiological studies and production of more effective medicines.

Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most important multi drug-resistant species associated with nosocomial infections. Several factors involve in resistance to drug and its pathogenicity. Of these factors, OmpA protein plays a crucial role. Therefore, the aim of current research was to assess resistance to drug and also ompA gene existence in A. baumannii isolated from clinical sources.
Firstly, clinical samples were collected from Imam Khomeini, Milad and Motahari Hospitals during 2015-2016 years and the final confirmation were done by using biochemical methods. Afterwards, susceptibilities to antibiotics of different classes were determined by disc diffusion method and presence of ompA gene was checked by using PCR method and verified by sequencing.
The results show that of 650 clinical samples, 156 (24%) of isolates were formed of A. baumannii and mostly showed resistance to different classes of antibiotics. 92.95% of isolates were multi drug resistance (MDR) and finally 86.53% were extremely drug resistance (XDR). All of them contained ompA gene.
Existence of multi drug resistance in most isolates as well as presence of ompA in all samples can cause bacterial virulence and drug resistance. It seems essential to provide continuous monitoring and determination of antibiotic susceptibility of clinical A. baumannii, decrease the moral and material damage caused by the bacteria.

Bacterial vaginosis is not a mono-factorial infection. A synergism of microaerophilic bacteria, Mycoplasma spp., and anaerobic bacteria such as Atopobium vaginae, Porphyromonas spp., Bacteroides spp., Prevotella spp., and others are involved in these infections. The aim of present study was to determine the prevalence of Atopobium vaginae in non-pregnant women suffering from bacterial vaginosis.
A total of 102 non-pregnant women who referred to ShahidAkbarabadi hospital in Tehran were tested for bacterial vaginosis. In order to isolate Atopobiumvaginae the sample was cultured on Colombia agar containing Amphotericin B, Nalidixic acid and Colistin. Additionally, they were simultaneously cultured on blood agar plates containing fresh human blood and Amphotericin B under anaerobic conditions. After extraction DNA from colonies and vaginal specimens, PCR amplification was performed by using specific primers for detection of Atopobiumvaginae.
From a total of 102 women who referred to the hospital, 38 cases were confirmed for bacterial vaginosi. With PCR assay, 25 of these 38 cases (%65) were positive for Atopobiumvaginae.
This is the first report of isolation of Atopobiumvaginae in Iran.The results of this investigation points to a clear association ofAtopobiumvaginaewith bacterial vaginosis and Atopobiumvaginae should also be considered as a probable etiological agent

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and a major cause of nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and determine the antimicrobial resistance in clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different parts of Tehran hospitals in 2013.
In this cross-sectional study, during the six-month period, 180 samples were collected from different parts of eight hospitals in Tehran using of targeted sampling of the Modal Instance type. Biochemical tests were performed to identify the species and level of antibiotic-resistant in studied isolates by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test protocol. The Chi-Square test was used for statistical analysis under the IBM SPSS 22 software.
The 159 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (111 males and 48 females) were identified of 180 clinical samples. Strains isolated from wound (%44/1) and urine (%29/8) had the highest frequency. Also %97.5 of strains were hemolytic and only %2.5 were non- hemolytic (gamma hemolytic). The %88 of the isolates were resistant to at least one or more of an antibiotic. The Most antibiotic resistance was observed against cefotaxime (%62.9) and Aztreonam (%60.4) and %70 of strains were multiple drug resistance (MDR).
In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains showed the lowest resistance to imipenem that the antibiotic may be recommended as the main treatment option. The high prevalence of multidrug resistant strains, is a serious warning.

Pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains produce a polar flagellum that required for motility, adhesion, invasion and secretion of virulence factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of prevention and treatment with anti-recombinant type B flagellin antibody in a burned mouse model. One hundred twenty six mice were divided into 16 groups injected with different regimen of anti-recombinant type B flagellin antibody. Infections were caused by sub-dermal injection of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PAK strains at the burn site. Groups were monitored for mortality for one week. Additionally, functional activity of this antibody was assessed by motility inhibition and opsonophagocytosis assays. Immunotherapy with rabbit antisera substantially increased (85.71%) survival rate of mice challenged with a homologous strain PAO1 compared with the control PBS. The mortality rate in mice infected by the heterologous strain PAK was only 28.57%. This antibody increased phagocytosis killing of the homologous strain but it only had a slight effect on the heterologous strain. Passive immunotherapy protected burned mice challenged with the homologous strain but showed lower efficacy against the heterologous strain.

Streptococcus agalactiae is one of the most important causes of neonatal infection such as sepsis, meningitis and pneuomonia. This study was peformed to determine the clonization rate and susceptibility patterns of these isolated bacteria among the population of pregnant women.. The Vaginal and rectal swabs were obtained from 100 pregnant women attending Imam Ali Hospital and Qaem Polyclinic of Social Security of Amol in 2013. Isolated bacteria were identified and cofirmed by standard microbiological tests and PCR.Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns was performed by disk diffusion agar according to CLSI. Among one hundred (100) pregnant women participated in this study, the carriage rate of S. agalactiae was 10%. All isolated S. agalactiae were susceptible to penicillin, ceftriaxon, vancomycin, clindomycin, nitroforantoin and ampicillin. Due to the prevention strategies to reduce the S. agalactiae associated diseases, we recommend screening of all pregnant women for Streptococcus agalactiae between 35-37 weeks gestation with a vaginal and rectal swabs and determine the S. agalactiae antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.

Bacterial plaques are the important etiologic factors of gingival (periodontal) diseases. It is well established that orthodontic appliances (bracket, band and arch wire) playing an important role in growth of these plaques, therefor periodontal diseases the main problems of orthodontists and these patients. Recognition of etiologic factors of these diseases is important for prophylaxis and cure performances, and the aim of present study was evaluation of clinical and microbial of gingival infections in patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. By refer to the orthodontic department of three dentistry clinics of Karaj city, 65 patients under fixed orthodontic treatment were selected and at third and twelfth month of treatment, after clinical parameters evaluation such as gingival index, bleeding on probing and probing depth, microbiological sampling was performed from subgingival plaques of these patients. Whole genomic DNA of the samples was extracted using a kit, and a 16S rRNA gene segment-based multiplex PCR method was used to simultaneous detection of Aggrigatibacter actinomycetemcomtans and Porphyromans gingivalis. Molecular evaluation of this study showed that Aggrigatibacter actinomycetemcomtans was not present in tested samples, although transient changes in Porphyromans gingivalis frequency was reported (%20.1±0.41 (T3) and %2.7±0.16 (T12) P=0.02), also clinical evaluation revealed appearance of signs of moderate gingivitis and stability of the inflammatory lesion until termination of treatment in these patients. Present study showed that was no meaningful relationship between Porphyromans gingivalis and Aggrigatibacter actinomycetemcomitans to increase of chronic gingivitis in treated patients with fixed orthodontic appliances, and this long term therapy did not to prepare patients into periodontitis.

Identification of Nocardia spp. in routine medical laboratories is based on phenotypic methods that is often time- consuming. The objective of this study was to diagnose Nocardia agents by PCR technique in BAL samples of patients with suspected tuberculosis admitted to hospitals in Tehran. In this study, 116 BAL samples of patients admitted in Baqiyatallah, Imam Khomeini and Shariati hospitals were collected within 8 months. Nocardia DNA was extracted by phenol-chloroform protocol. In Duplex PCR, primers NG1 and NG2 were used to amplify a Nocardia genus- specific 598-bp fragment of 16S rRNA gene. BetF and BetR primers were used as housekeeping gene to amplify 204-bp fragment. Gel-purified PCR products were sequenced. Using Duplex PCR, 7 (%6.03) samples were positive for Nocardia spp.. Sequencing results showed that the species identified were N.cyriacigeorgica (6 case) and N. otitidiscaviarum (1 case). In the present study, DNA extracted from Nocardia Spp. in BAL specimens by manual method during minimum time which had not previous record in Iran. The study also was carried out on patients with suspected tuberculosis which restricted work has already been done on them. In this study, N. cyriacigeorgica was dominant species that has been introduced during recent years, which should be considered in clinical laboratories and research centers.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is one of the most common infections between women during reproductive age which is associated with major long-term complication, including tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. In addition, treatment of acute PID and its sequelae impose health care costs. Prevention of these long-term complications is dependent on clinicians having a high level of recognition in order to make an early diagnosis and improvement of treatment strategies based on knowledge of the microbiologic etiology of acute PID. This is a systematic review of more than 2580 papers about the etiology of pelvic inflammatory disease, which had been published until 2012. In most cases, PID is a polymicrobial infection and of sexually transmitted organisms Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis were most prevalent. Recently Mycoplasma genitalia are known as a cause of acute PID. Treatment regimen for acute PID should be covered a wide variety of drugs against these microorganisms. Determining risk factors and patients’ clinical symptoms play a vital role in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of PID, leading a decrease in disability rate and side effects of PID.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a unique bacteria that in order to survive in different environments by complex adaptation process can make changes in his virulence genes expression and drug resistance. The aim of this research is the investigation of existence of a logical association between toxA gene and antibiotic resistance in strains possess the gene. Antibiogram test by disk diffusion method (Kirby Bauer) was performed according to CLSI protocols. In this study, the existence of toxA gene with the help of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 102 clinical isolates from blood samples, wound, urine and trachea was examined. Chi-square test was used to investigate the relationship between exotoxin A and antibiotic resistance. The 81 strains (79.4%) had toxA gene. Frequency of toxA genes in isolated strains from different infections were wound (91.4%), blood (85.7%), trachea (72.7%), and urine (42.1%). Multiple resistance index in strains possess the toxA gene was calculated 75%. Chi 2 test to determine the relationship between drug resistance and gene toxA was significant (P<0.05). The significant chi-square test and an increase in multi-resistant strains possessing the toxA gene, can represent a considerable genetic switch between exotoxin A activity and resistance to antibiotics in the blood, urine, tracheal, wound infections Respectively, which lead to turn genes on of drug resistance regulating in bacteria. The results of this study will be verified by southern blot, analysis of the expression of toxA gene and determine the mechanism of resistance in resistant strains Methods.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria have become a growing problem worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria in urine samples of hospitalized patients in Imam Khomeini hospital of Ardabil over a period of October 2011 to August 2012. A total of 400 urinary pathogens isolated from urine samples were included in the study. All isolates were identified by routine biochemical methods and antimicrobial susceptibility testing carried out by Kirby-Bauer method. Confirmatory test for production of ESBLs was performed by the combination disk tests. The results were interpreted according to the recommendation of CLSI. Of 400 isolated bacteria, 267 were E.coli, 39 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 17 Klebsiella oxytoca, 16 Enterobacter cloacae, 15 Enterobacter aerogenese, 6 Enterobacter agglomerans, 8 Enterobacter sakazakji, 3 Citrobacter froundi, 2 Citrobacter diversus, 3 Proteus mirabilis, 4 Edvardsiella tarta, 3 Serratia marcesecens and 17 Morganella morganii all of which then were analyzed. ESBL was detected in 36.75% (147) of isolates. Eighty nine E.coli cases (77.4%), 15 Klebsiella pneumonia (13.04%), 2 Klebsiella oxytoca (1.74%), 3 Enterobacter aerogenese (2.6%), 4 Enterobacter cloacae (3.5%), 1 Citrobacter ferundi (0.86%), and 1 Morganella morganii (0.86%) were detected as ESBLs producers, respectively. Based on the results of this study, broad-spectrum beta-lactamase production in bacterial strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infection was very high and almost 40% of all bacterial species isolates were ESBLs producers. Because of the high prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria in the urinary tract infections in hospitalized patients of our area, we would strongly suggest that the ESBL production should be considered in these patients.