نگین عالی

Rapid environmental changes and the challenges of achieving sustainable development have highlighted the need for better understanding and management of nature. Geodiversity has played a key role in land management and conservation approaches, and its concept has been accepted by scientific societies worldwide. In general, geodiversity is known as a variety of geological phenomena that constitute natural heritage and need to be preserved and protected. Considering the importance, functions and applications of geodiversity, the range of related studies is increasing. In parallel with the conceptual design, so far a set of approaches have been presented to evaluate and measure geodiversity based on qualitative and quantitative methods. The kernel density function is one of the quantitative methods for evaluating and analyzing the geodiversity index. In the current research, the geodiversity index in the Qezal Ozan river basin in Kurdistan province will be analyzed and evaluated using the kernel density function.

In this research, data, relevant tools and kernel density function have been used to achieve the geodiversity index, each of which will be mentioned below. The variables include geology, geomorphology, soils, faults and hydrography. Regarding the method of investigation that requires the use of software; ArcGIS software version 10.4.1 has been used in this research. Kernel density can be calculated for both point and linear features. This function is included as an additional tool in the spatial analysis section of ArcGIS software. After entering the point data into the kernel density calculation tool, the parameters of population, cell size, search radius and area units for output map need to be defined. The result will be the kernel density of geodiversity.

The variables that have been selected based on the aforementioned method in order to evaluate geodiversity index in Qezel Ozan basin of Kurdistan province are geology, geomorphology, soil science, faults and hydrography. For kernel density evaluation, in addition to the metric coordinate system, all layers need to be in polygon. In this research, for all the layers, the Universal Transverse Mercator System (UTM), which is a metric coordinate system, has been used. Apart from the geological, geomorphological and soil layers, which are polygons, in the first step it was necessary to define the fault and hydrographic layers as polygons. For this purpose, by defining a buffer, the linear layers of fault and hydrography were converted into polygons.In the output raster map, based on the input layers, the size of each cell was 595.5 meters by 595.5 meters, and in order to increase the accuracy of the search, each cell were defined as 100 meters by 100 meters. The search radius, which is determined based on the spatialrelationships of points and a special algorithm, was 3614.7 by default, which was used without change. It should be noted that the final selection of cell size and search radius was achieved after several tests on these parameters. The output metric unit was also determined as square kilometers. Finally, taking into account all the necessary conditions, by entering the point layer in the kernel density operator and selecting the output cell size, search radius and metric unit, the geodiversity index of the watershed was extracted. Based on the numerical values, the resulting map was divided into 5 classes by the natural break method that highlights the difference between the classes. The range of numbers of each class represents the number of points or in other words the number of features per square kilometer. Finally, based on the numerical index of geodiversity in each class, a qualitative range including very low, low, medium, high and very high density was extracted.

The final map of the geodiversity index shows that the range of points in the cells of the output map varies between 0 and 166. The highest density or in other words the highest geodiversity can be seen in the west of the basin. In parts of the north, east and south of the basin, smaller centers with the greatest value in terms of geodiversity can be seen. The important point is that the highest geodiversity index in the west corresponds to the heights of Saral and Chihl Cheshme, which are important geotourism areas of Kurdistan province. This feature is also true for Bijar and its northern areas, as well as the important heights of Bair and Parishan in the south of Qorveh. The lowest amount of geodiversity can be seen in the areas in the southwest and southeast of Dehgolan city and in the east and southeast of Qorve city. These areas, which have the lowest value in terms of geodiversity index, correspond to the flat plains of the basin. The amount of geodiversity in other sectors is in the range of low to high variation.The evaluation of the importance of the variables or inputs shows that the geomorphology was the most important in the evaluation of the geodiversity index. The reason for the high value of this variable can be the great variety of landforms in the Qezal Ozan basin. In preparing the geomorphological map of the basin, in addition to volcanic, glacial, river, karst, etc. landforms, adding topographical landforms including mountain, hill, and plain units has increased the diversity and importance of this variable in the model. The hydrographic and geological information layers are ranked second and third with a slight difference. Drainage density in the basin is very high due to the wide spread of erodible geological units; So that the Badlands have a significant dispersion. Geologically, Qezel Ozan basin has a remarkable diversity. The layers of fault and soil are ranked fourth and fifth, respectively. Faults can be seen everywhere in the basin. Their highest concentration is in the western part of the area. The soil map of the basin does not have much diversity and only includes seven soil types.

In this research, it is tried to identify the potential status of groundwater resources in different parts of the Telvar watershed using two machine learning models including support vector machine and random forest models. Initially, information about the wells in the region was received from the Regional Water Company of Kurdistan. The wells in the area were randomly divided into two groups of training (including 70% of data) and validation (including 30% of data). Elevation, slope, slope direction, lithology, pedology, surface curvature, land use, topographic moisture index and distance from the river were selected as predictor variables and their map was prepared in the GIS environment. The data of the training group along with the maps related to the predictor variables were entered into the support vector machine model and the random forest model. Based on the data of the training group, the parameters of the model were calibrated and adjusted and the potential of groundwater resources was predicted. The prediction accuracy of the models was determined using the statistical method of performance characteristic curve in two stages of training and validation. The results showed that accuracy of the random forest model (98.4%) was more than the support vector machine model (98.1%).

Ecotourism, as one of the most important types of tourism, is growing faster than other types of tourism. It is the best way to benefit the inhabitants and preserve the environment. Using natural resources as tourism destinations without degrading natural resources is an ideal way for the sustainable development of rural areas. This paper tries to assess the influence of different factors on developing ecotourism in the villages located along the Sarvabad-Paveh tourist route, where many tourist potentials, such as natural, cultural, historical, and religious attractions exist. The article applies a descriptive-analytical approach and analyzed a statistical population of 100 researchers, officials, and tourism experts familiar with the area. Data collection was conducted through field surveys and questionnaires. Multivariate regression statistical tests, factor analysis and structural equation modelling in SPSS and Amos were used to analyze data. Findings showed that six factors, including utilization of natural, historical and religious potentials; provision of infrastructure; advertisement and marketing; sustainability in providing infrastructure and preservation of valuable architectural properties; investment, engagement, and awareness-raising of residents; and the cultural-artistic capacities of the area and its proximity to the border, affect the sustainable development of rural areas up to 63.85% on average. Among these, the most influential factor is the utilization of natural, historical and religious potentials with a factor loading of 18.31. The consistency of the conceptual model with the collected data is confirmed because of the goodness of fit. Therefore, in addition to various advantages at the regional and national levels, ecotourism can develop the deprived and isolated areas of the west of the country that act as the conservators of their traditions. Moreover, it can generate employment, create a chain of economic and service activities and become a comprehensive strategy to help the government in economic, social and environmental development.

Application of plants and their compounds has long been significant in treating diseases mainly due to their natural potential and lower side effects than chemical drugs and presence of alkaloids, and polyphenols in their extract. Despite research carried out on the properties of such plants and popularity of blood diseases, few studies have been done on its effects on blood cells, thus, it was attempted for the first time to evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of the Pseudium guava leaf on blood cells in rats.

After extracting the leaves of guava plant, 40 adult male rats were divided into four groups. Which included control (cases with no treatment during the study) and experimental groups (cases receivied of hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium guava leaf, in different doses daily for 3 months). At the end of the test period, blood samples were counted.

The results of this study showed that the hydroalcoholic extract increased White Blood Cells and Red Blood Cells, but no significant change was observed. This increase in hematocrit was significant in the group receiving hydroalcoholic extract at a dose of 5000 mg/kg compared to the control group.

The results of the study had a positive effect on blood cells. Also, the lack of cytotoxicity with high doses of the extract of this plant means its safe use in traditional medicine.

Natural parameters are the main and determining factors in the physical development of mountainous cities. One of the mountainous cities of Iran, which has physically developed due to these parameters, is the city of Marivan. Marivan is located in the west of Kurdistan province, near the western borders of the country, at a distance of 16 km from Iraq, between 25 degrees and 21 minutes to 35 degrees and 48 minutes north latitude and 45 degrees and 58 minutes to 46 degrees and 45 minutes east longitude. According to the last population and housing census conducted in 2016, it has a population of 151188. The city is located at the starting point of the Marivan-Esfandeghe geological region and is located in the geological-morphological structure of the young Zagros. Therefore, identifying and evaluating the factors influencing the physical development of this city is really important. To do this, the characteristics of elevation, slope and direction of slope, fault, focal points of earthquake occurrence, main and secondary waterways have been used.With regard to its location in northwestern Iran after the eight-year Iran-Iraq war, the study city has experienced significant physical growth and development due to its unique and pristine vital and natural location, which led to the development of this city. Regardless of geological constraints. At present, the city has the potential to benefit from high potentials in the fields of natural and cultural tourism, including (Zarivar Natural Lake, Bashmakh Regional Area, and Border Market, Bilo Plain, Garan Dam, Oramanat and Bazaar for supplying foreign supplies and products. It has become one of the dynamic and active economic-tourism hubs in the west of the country and there is a growing growth and development in the city; therefore, it is inevitable to pay attention to geomorphological factors and determine optimal directions for the development of this city.

According to the National Physical Plan of Region 5, the city is in a relatively high risk of earthquakes, and with respect to available and cited maps, there are 7 sub-faults in the northern part of Marivan and 2 main faults in the western part of the city. For this reason, the physical development of the city is subject to certain restrictions. Marivan is also in a relatively high risk of earthquakes in terms of location in relation to natural hazards.It is an applied research and the method of work is descriptive-analytical and also the fuzzy logic model has been used to evaluate and model suitable areas for development so that each layer is fuzzy according to fuzzy membership functions in GIS environment. And then multiplication and addition operations and different values of fuzzy gamma have been performed on these layers. After overlapping and multiplying the fuzzy layers, a zoning map of the appropriate development route of the city was prepared and divided into 5 classes including completely suitable, relatively appropriate, appropriate, inappropriate and completely inappropriate for the physical development of the city.In the study, library methods, documentary and field studies have been used to collect the desired information and data. To evaluate the optimal development of urban lands, slope indicators, slope direction, fault zoning, main and secondary waterways, erosion, earthquake-prone points in and around the area have been used. The fuzzy and hierarchical analysis process (AHP) was used.

In order to evaluate and weigh the information layers and to determine and score the impact factor of geomorphological indicators affecting urban development while extracting and reviewing the criteria examined in various valid researches and articles, scientific opinions and views of ten experts and specialists were counted and monitored. In order to determine the importance of each of the studied indicators on the location and physical development of Marivan city, the opinions and views of the experts were given based on the superiority of one factor over another and based on expert judgment, scores between 1 and 9 were given. The equivalence of expert scores based on fuzzy method was done by the authors of the article with the help of AHP & FUZZY software.Since 1996, due to the increasing growth and development of the city and the formation of informal settlements, the development of the city has taken place without considering geomorphological considerations, and this has caused the spatial-physical development of Marivan in the northern parts near the existing faults. The development of the city has taken place at relatively high risk.

Summarizing the research, it has been determined that the southern lands of this city have less proportion to the development of the city due to its proximity to Zarivar Lake and its location along the main and secondary waterways and its proximity to the earthquake centers. And to some extent, the East enjoys a higher level of development.

The refore the necessity of understanding of effective environmental factors has an important role in the formation of rural settlements.The importance of this lies in the fact that each year a large budget is spent on the constructing of rural settlements organization, developing of connecting roads and services, etc.Unfortunately, many of the expenses are made without considering the ( Factoe (and identifying areas with a high risk of natural disasters, on which the villages are located.
The importance of the study lies in the fact that environmental conditions affecting the formation of rural settlements and the villages which are at the risk of natural disasters should be identified.Therefore investigating the effects of environmental factors associated with rural settlements and identifying the natural disasters in these areas are essential.In this research rural settlements of Marivan in one of the most active tectonic regions of Iran are considered as a Case Study which are identified for a variety of natural disasters in Iran.This city is located in the West of Kurdistan, on the western border with Iraq.This area is relatively located in position with a high seismic risk. And in terms of tectonic it is located on Marivan- Esfandaghe fault.Therefore, the identification of factors affecting the sustainability of rural settlements is very important.
Materials and methods of research:A variety of instruments and methods has been used to achieve the aims of the research; In the first stage Research instruments including: topographic maps 1:25000, geological map 1:100000, surface water with a scale of 1: 50,000 and data on groundwater as well as ETM satellite images were collected from different organizations. In the second stage by using ARC GIS software, required layers were derived from digital maps mentioned above.
At this stage, layers such as watershed, Canals and surface water, Province fault Maps, places about to slip and silde were determined.And then by using GIS spatial analysis capabilities the classification Map was prepared and the position of rural areas was determined on it.
In the third stage to study for studied natural hazards under investigation, in order to determine the role of each of the various factors in the occurrence of natural disasters, the AHP method was used.At first Raster maps related to any of the factors in cell size of 20 x 20 m was produced by the use of vector information.
After producing raster maps, fuzzy standardization was applied on each map so that the effective range on the occurrence of any phenomenon is defined between 0-1. In addition to the standardization of map`s unit, it specifies the role of special ranges in each factor. Linear standardization functions were used to define the effective ranges between 0-1. Standardized layers were multiplied by the weights which were given to them based on experts` opinions and the final weight was obtained for each layer. Finally the final weight of each of the effective layers on the occurrence of natural hazards was collected together and the final map of each phenomenon was prepared in the studied area.
In the fourth stage, by the use of the final earthquake hazard zonation layers landslide and flood and combining the layers with an index overlap, the final layer of natural hazards of Marivan was prepared and rural areas were transferred on it. Finally the villages at risk of natural hazards were identified.
Research findings:Because of being mountainous and locating in a tectonically active region the area of study (Marivan_Asfandeqhe) is the most seismic areas in the country. And as a result of the earthquake, various natural hazards occur there. That's why it’s unstable in terms of environmental factors. And this issue has also been effective in distribution of rural settlements.
To investigate the relationship between the natural factors and the formation of rural settlements, first the position of the villages to the three factors is reviewed. Then the zoning of the risks caused by environmental factors is investigated. Investigating the relationship between environmental factors and the position of rural settlements and finally zoning of natural hazards in the city of Marivan shows that the formation of rural settlements in this city has taken place due to its natural sources and fertile soil and the possibility of having gardening activities.
Local climate and the possibility of having gardening activities have caused the Continuity of Living in rural areas in this city. Having access to water sources has happened without considering the risk of flooding, So that villages near the main river routes have faced with the risk of floods. It also seems that Location selection in this area has been regardless of Natural hazards such as earthquakes. Because this area is one of the most Earthquake-prone regions in Iran. While Most of the villages are close to the main fault and relatively in high risk of earthquake. Investigating the environmental factors in association with Distribution or accumulation of rural areas and the role of these factors in occurrence of natural hazards in the city of Marivan shows that, slope, due to its direct effect on other environmental factors is the most important factor in the stability of villages.
Since most old villages are located in areas with high slope.And this factor in addition to the activities of gardening and handicrafts was very effective in residence continuation of people.Moreover, the natural hazards occurred in low slope areas.
The results of Bahrami’s research have revealed that the establishment system in the rural environment of Kurdistan, specifically the city of Sanandaj, is not compatible with the requirements of modern developments. In the city of Sanandaj, natural causes (Climate, high altitude and steep) despite the limitations of Locational- Spatial subsistence and lack of logical ideas in rural planning have also doubled the problems of countryside development in Sanandaj