نیره السادات حسینی

The purpose of this article is to Revisiting Joseph Murphy's revelation in the field of educational leadership and management studies. Joseph Murphy is one of the contemporary theorists of educational management and leadership who conducts studies in the field of school improvement, With emphasis leadership and policy-making, has an impact on the understanding and development of educational leadership and management and improving the quality of schools. In this article, by examining works such as "Restructuring Schools Capturing and Assessing the Phenomena" (1991), "Vision: Essential Scaffolding" (2014) and "The Potential of Positive Leadership for School Improvement" (2018), the goals and components of Murphy's revelations in the field of educational leadership and management are studied in an appendix, outside the prevailing theoretical paradigm. The findings show; The need to recognize and reorganize schools from Murphy's perspective in collapse"historically rooted conceptions of schools" as protected exclusive concepts or systems of delegation in the face of changing social contexts. In addressing the existence of a vision for improving school leadership, Joseph Murphy sees his goal as "the development of integrated explanatory concepts that provide useful insights For theory and practice for individuals in specific situations." He divides the vision for improving school leadership into three distinct but related domains: Mission: which addresses values and overall purpose. Goals for direction and expectations that set specific goals.In another article, "Positive Leadership Potential for School Improvement," Joseph Murphy presents the underlying concepts of positive school leadership for the preparation of school leaders and their professional development. Studies in Educational Leadership and Management with a Postmodern Perspective Challenge Traditional Paradigms and Provide a New Perspective for More Responsive and Responsible Perspectives on School Leadership in the 21st Century. By reviewing and rereading each of Joseph Murphy's works and tracing his perspective on educational leadership and management with a focus on improving school leadership, the article can provide new insight into the path of transformation and reinvention of school leadership to achieve pragmatic goals.

Monitoring and remediation of metal pollutants related to traffic is a suitable way to manage and create a safe ecosystem for living beings. Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess the ability of cardaria draba L. Desva and Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch as biomonitors and bioremediators of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd and Cu) in the roadside environment in 2020. In so doing, a total of 63 surface soil samples and 126 plant samples were collected along 700 m from a 9 km section of Goltepeh, Saveh and Kermanshah roads. After acidic digestion of soil and plant samples in the laboratory; the contents of As, Cd and Cu were determined using ICP-OES. Atmospheric capture rate index (CR), bioconcentration factor (BCF), bioaccumulation factor (BAF), transfer factor (TF), comprehensive bio-concentration index (CBCI) and comprehensive and bioaccumulation index (CBAI) were calculated. Also, the SPSS statistics software (IBM) was used to analyze the obtained data. The results showed that the highest mean values of CR for As and Cd in A. wilhelmsii were 34.0% and 14.8%, respectively; and the highest mean value of CR for Cu in C. draba was 30.9%. On the other hand, C. draba had average BAF and TF values greater than 1 for all elements. A. wilhelmsii had mean BCF values greater than 1 and TF values less than 1 for As and Cd, and mean BAF and TF values greater than 1 for Cu. The average values of the CBCI and CBAI indices in C. draba were 0.501 and 0.527, respectively, and in A. wilhelmsii were 0.441 and 0.536, respectively. Based on the average values of CR, BCF, BAF, TF, CBCI, and CBAI of elements it should be argued that C. draba and A. wilhelmsii could be used as an efficient native species for monitoring and remediation of heavy metals from air and soil in contaminated areas.

Soil contamination with heavy metals is an important, common environmental, public health challenge, and concern worldwide. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the contamination level and health risk of potentially toxic elements (cobalt, copper, manganese and nickel) in the surface soil samples of the roadside environment of Hamedan in 2019. In so doing, 63 surface soil samples (0-15 cm) were collected along 700 m from a 9 km section of Goltepeh (G), Razan (R), and Kermanshah (K) roads. After acidic digestion of soil samples in the laboratory, the contents of elements were determined using ICP-OES. Based on the results obtained, the highest amounts of the analyzed elements (mg kg-1) were found in the samples collected from the R site (1.92, 334 and 22.2 for Co, Mn, and Ni, respectively), and for Cu with 25.0 mg kg-1 it was related to K site, which indicating the effect of traffic density on soil pollution. The calculated values of EF showed that the enrichment (pollution) of Cu, Mn and Ni in the stations with high traffic (Razan and Kermanshah roads) was greater than 1.5, indicating the effect of human inputs especially with the traffic origin, while the EF values for the Co indicated "non-contaminated or no enrichment" conditions. Also, the results of the health risk assessment showed that "ingestion" was the main route of exposure of children and adults to the non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) of soil contaminated with heavy metals. In all sampling stations, the values of cumulative non-carcinogenic risk index (HI) of the studied elements in both child, and adult groups indicated "low risk". In addition, Mn with an average of 82% had the highest share in causing non-carcinogenic risk for both children and adults. On the other hand, the carcinogenic risk (CR) of Co and Ni was negligible for both children and adults. Since the results indicating the impact of traffic activities on the contamination of roadside soil with heavy metals. Therefore, periodic monitoring of the sources of soil contamination in the roadside environment is recommended for the environmental and human health aspects.

Road transportation is one of the most important and main sources of metal pollution, which has turned roadside ecosystems into metal sensitive areas. Therefore, this study was conducted to analysis and source identification of Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Ni in the surface soils along some roads in Hamedan Township in 2019.

In this study, a total of 63 surface soil samples were collected along 700 m from a 9 km section of Goltepe (G), Razan (R) and Kermanshah (K) roads. After preparing soil samples, the contents of elements were determined using ICP-OES. The enrichment contamination severity index (CSI) was also calculated. All statistical analyses of the obtained data were performed using SPSS software.

The highest amounts of all the analyzed elements were found in the samples collected from the R site with 122, 0.320, 1.92, 17.3, 334 and 22.2 mg/kg for Zn, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, and Ni, respectively, and from K site with 26.4 and 25.0 mg/kg for Pb and Cu, respectively, showing the effect of traffic volume. The values of the CSI index showed the acceptable quality of the soil in the studied sites. Also, the results of multivariate statistical analyzes (PCC, PCA and HCA) showed that Mn in roadside soils is probably caused by soil raw materials and exhaust emissions. While the origin of Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu and Ni emission was mainly from non-exhaust sources (such as wear of brakes, tires, engines and lubricating oil).

The findings were indicated the impact of traffic activities on soil contamination with heavy metal in the study areas; therefore, regular and periodic monitoring of soil samples is recommended to control of emission sources of pollutants in order to maintain the health of ecosystems and humans.

The road transportation has become one of the major metal contamination sources that could impact on roadside soils. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity and related health implications of roadside contaminated soils with Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cr in city of Hamedan, west of Iran. In so doing, a total of 63 surface soil samples were collected along 700 m of a 9 km segment of the three major highways (i.e. Goltepeh (G), Razen (R) and Kermanshah (K)) in Hamedan Province. After acid digestion of samples, the element contents were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The computed values of the Nemrow integrated pollution index (NIPI) showed that the pollution of all the analyzed elements in the highways with higher traffic volume (i.e. R and K) could be classified as "severe", indicating that effect of human activities, especially with the traffic origin. Also, based on the mean values of the toxic risk index (TRI) of the elements, the soil samples could be classified as 'non-toxicity'. Besides, the non-carcinogenic risk index (HI) values of the tested elements suggested that the HI could be classified as 'low risk' for both children and adults. Moreover, the carcinogenic risk (CR) of Cr was at a tolerable level for both children and adults, while Pb and Cd have been shown no significant carcinogenic risk. In conclusion, it is suggested that contaminated soil analyses be included in future studies in order to maintain environmental and human health.

Monitoring and remediation of metal contaminants in roadside environments is of particular importance in order to estimate, control and reduce the level of threats to humans and the biosphere. Therefore, this study was conducted to the evaluation of the ability of some herbaceous species (Cardaria draba and Achillea wilhelmsii) collected from the roadside biotype of Hamadan, west of Iran to biomonitoring the Co, Cr and Mn in 2019. In this descriptive study, a total of 63 soil samples and 126 plant samples were collected from 3 stations. After preparation and acid digestion of the samples in the laboratory, the content of elements in them was read by induced coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP). Also, bioconcentration factor (BCF), bioaccumulation (BAF), and transfer factor (TF) were calculated to evaluate the ability of plants to monitor and refine heavy metals. Statistical processing of the results was performed using SPSS statistical software. Cardaria draba had average BAF and TF values greater than 1 for cobalt and manganese and mean BCF values greater than 1 and TF less than 1 for chromium. Besides, Achillea wilhelmsii had average BAF and TF values greater than 1 for manganese and mean BCF values greater than 1 and TF less than 1 for cobalt and chromium. Based on the average content of elements in plant tissues and the average values ​​of BAF, BCF and TF of elements can be used from C. draba and A. wilhelmsii as efficient native species for monitoring and remediation of heavy metals in contaminated areas.

The road traffic has become one of the main sources of metal pollution and could affect roadside soils. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the pollution and toxicity potential of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni in surface soils along some roads of city of Hamedan in 2019.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 63 surface soil samples were collected along 700 m of a 9 km section of Goltepe, Razan and Kermanshah roads. After samples preparation, Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni contents were determined using ICP-OES. The enrichment factor (EF), mean effect range-median quotient (mERM-Q), mean probable effect level quotient (mPEL-Q) and cumulative potential ecological risk (RI) indices were also calculated. Also, all statistical analyses of the obtained data were performed using SPSS software.

The results showed that the maximum mean contents of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni in the soil samples with 26.4, 0.320, 17.3 and 22.2 mg/kg, respectively, were found to be in Kermanshah, Razan, Razan and Kermanshah sampling sites (i.e. the sites with high vehicle traffic), indicaing the effect of traffic volume. The mean EF values of Pb, Cr and Ni were higher than 1.50, showed that soil samples could be classified as 'moderate' to 'severe' category in the sampling sites with high traffic volume (i.e. Razan and Kermanshah) which represents the effect of traffic emmissions on the soil contamination, while for all the sampling sites the mean EF values for Cd indicated that soil samples could be classified as 'non-contaminated' or 'no enrichment' matrices. Also, the mean values of mERM-Q and mPEL-Q of analyzed elements indicated that the elemental probability toxicity of soil samples was 21%. On the other hand, the values of Er showed a 'low ecological risk' of all analyzed elements. Also, the average values of potential ecological risk factor increase in the following descending order: Cd > Ni > Pb > Cr. Besides, the average value of RI with 31.9 indicating that the analyzed elements in all the sampling sites were classified as 'low ecological risk'.

Although the average values of RI were shown the acceptable soil quality in all the sampling sites, Cd with 82.4% of the mean values of RI showed significant potential to occurrence the ecological risk; therefore, therefore, source identification and especially source control of this toxic element with potentially adverse effects on humans and also environmental health is recommended.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of research-based education on self-direction of ninth grade female students in Tonekabon. The present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of this study was ninth grade female students in Tonekabon. The sample size consisted of 40 students who were randomly selected from multistage clusters. The data collection tool was Fisher et al. (2001) self-directed learning questionnaire. Students with a standard deviation score below average were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The research-based training program applied to the experimental group for seven one-hour sessions, but no training was conducted in the control group. Finally, post-test was performed on both groups. Data analysis via multivariate analysis of covariance showed that research-based education is effective on the willingness to learn, self-control and self-management of ninth grade female students in Tonekabon (P <0.05). As a result, in order to increase students' self-direction, it is suggested to use research-based teaching method and other active methods.