هادی روحانی

According to the research conducted of physical education and sports science entrance exam for more than 60 thousand candidates during the years 84-96, it was determined that the formula and calculation coefficients of the total score of the practical test need to be re-evaluated and revised in order to increase the sensitivity of the test and subsequently its power to differentiate between strong and weak candidates in the test, Based on the goals of the plan and in order to check the correlation between the scores of the undergraduate students' practical courses and the contents of the practical exam, the transcripts of the graduated students were taken from 3 universities of Mazandaran, Shahid Rajaei and Shiraz, which conduct undergraduate courses in the field of physical education and sports sciences. Finally, 149 female subjects and 135 male subjects were included in the sample group of this research. The results showed that the boys of the subjects examined in this research had better grades in practical courses. In the investigation conducted by linear regression, it was found that the practical test courses had the ability to significantly predict the grade point average of the practical courses in the undergraduate course and it was also found that except for 4 items of the total practical test contents, Based on the findings of this research, the practical entrance test of physical education has a significant correlation with the grades of the practical courses of the undergraduates of physical education in public universities .

The aim of this investigation was to assess and constructing of physical fitness norm for men and women aged 18-60 in Ahvaz city. 682 subjects (women =365 and men =317) of Ahvaz city with an average height of 160.9 ±6.6 and 175 ± 8.8 (cm) and weight of 69.14 ±14.1 and 78.9± 12.5 (kg) voluntarily participated in the present study. Research variables included anthropometric, body composition and physical fitness. The results indicated that the weight of women was 69.0 ±14.1 (kg) less than men 78.9 ±12.5 (kg). WHR in women and men were 0.82 ± 0.07 and 0.87 ±0.06, respectively. The fat percent in women and men were 38.2 ± 5.1 and 19.1±7.1, respectively. women and men in cardiovascular fitness 37.1 ±10.2 and 44.1 ± 6.7 (ml/kg/min), shoulder girdle endurance 22.2±11.5 and 41.4±16.4, abdominal muscle endurance 24.0±12.4 and 37.4±10.7, hand grip 47.4 ±11.7 and 45.3 ± 17.7 and trunk flexibility 32.5±7.8 and 29.8±7.2 (cm) were in good condition. In all age groups, weight, cardiovascular fitness, shoulder girdle endurance and abdominal muscle endurance in women were lower than men While fat percent and flexibility in women was higher than men. In addition, WHR and hand grip strength in women, with the exception of the age group of 30-39 years, were lower and higher than men, respectively. In compared to the existing norms the result determined most women and men in Ahvaz, despite good physical fitness, in body of fat percentage are at high and moderate risk of obesity-related diseases, respectively.

Metabolic syndrome is associated with an increase in chronic inflammation, in which exercise training may be an effective intervention for the improvement of inflammatory markers. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise training on the inflammatory markers of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with metabolic syndrome.

In this study, the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched during June 2022 for studies addressing the effects of exercise training versus control on inflammatory factors, including IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP. The search keywords were exercise training, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome. Standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval were used to determine the effect size using CMA2.

Twenty-two studies including 779 subjects with metabolic syndrome were included in the meta-analysis. Exercise training significantly decreased TNF-α [-0.74 (CI: -0.24 to -1.24), p=0.003] and CRP [-0.56 (CI: -0.25 to 0.87, p=0.001); however, the effect of exercise training on the decrease of IL-6 was not significant [-0.32 (CI: 0.20 to -0.85), p=0.22].

Exercise training decreases inflammatory markers in patients with metabolic syndrome, which may be a reason for the positive effects of exercise training on improving the metabolic status and cardiovascular health in such patients.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of home quarantine period on student's physical activity and mood. The research method was descriptive causal comparison that was done in the field. In this study, 479 high school students in Kurdistan province were selected as a statistical sample in an accessible way and based on their presence in social networks such as WhatsApp, Telegram, etc. through coordination with school principals. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire in the pilot study was 0.89. In order to analyze the data, Chi-square, ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used. The results showed that their level of physical activity was significantly different in the pre-corona and quarantine periods. Negative mood during quarantine was affected by the number of training sessions per week. Managers and physical education teachers can minimize the physical and psychological consequences of quarantine by proper planning for proper sports activities in accordance with the protocols.

The aim of the present study was to develop and update of national physical fitness norm in men and women aged 60-18 in Shahrekord. The research method was applied descriptive and the statistical population included women and men aged 18-60 years old living in Shahrekord. Sampling method is systematic and the sample size was 384 people that in order to solve the possible error in the data collection,, 400 samples were selected in Shahrekord city. The results of the study showed that for men and women the mean weight were 78.37 and 84. 66 (kg), height were 176.68 and 197.169 (cm), the fat percentage were 23.41 and 32.35, cardio respiratory endurance 28.30 and 30.93 (ml/kg/min), flexibility were 34.97 and 30.30 (cm), handgrip were 96.21 and 83.63 kg, shoulder muscle endurance were 39.63 and 28.31 repeats, abdominal muscular endurance were 43.06 and 34.29, repeat, WHR were 0.87 and 0.84, and BMI were 25.44 and 23.94 (kg/m2), respectivle. Regarding the present situation in Shahrekord, it seems men in terms of the body mass index, weight and overweight, and on the border between normal weight and women have normal weight. However, it is expected that these people, have at least physical fitness which can be used to maintain physical and mental health and to take daily life.

The aim of the current study was to compare the exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) due to Aerobic Rehabilitative Continues vs High Intensity Interval exercise.

Thirty-nine healthy participants (Mean ± SE age 30 ± 9.7 year, BMI 23.6 ± 2.8 kg/m2) were randomly assigned into 3 groups (13 in each) including aerobic continues exercise, high intensity interval exercise and/or control group. EIH index was recorded on before, immediately after and 30 minutes after exercise or control intervention. A mix ANOVA was used to statistically analyse the data.

The EIH index was significantly developed at all the quadriceps, biceps and upper trapezius muscle sites (p > 0.05). EIH index immediately after intermittent exercise was significantly higher than immediately after continues exercise in quadriceps muscle site (p > 0.05).

Both modes of aerobic exercise has the potential to stimulate the EIH in the body at both the local and central level. The findings on muscular pain received during the exercise and EIH induced by different modes of exercise demonstratethat pain induced by exercise training is less likely to act as a stimulation for EIH rather than other characteristics of exercise training. Findings of this study has the potential to be used by pain relief therapists specially those who are interested in designing acute exercise trainings to be used as alternative pain relief therapy.

The purpose of this study was to construct the health-related physical fitness norms for women aged 18-60 in Alborz province. 255 women (Height, 159.0±5.0 cm; Weight, 71.3±10. 6 kg; BMI, 28.1±4.1 kg/m2) were systematically selected as subjects. Aerobic fitness was measured using the Rockport test, strength by using a handgrip dynamometer, body composition by using a caliper. Muscular endurance was measured using sit up and push up tests, and the sit and reach test was used to assess the flexibility. The physical fitness norms were obtained by calculating the percentile of data for each variable. The results showed that the mean value of different variables as follows: cardiovascular endurance 21.7 ml/kg/min, body fat percentage 34.5%, right hand-grip strength 21.3 kg, left hand-grip strength=20.2 kg, abdominal muscular endurance 7 curl-up, muscular endurance of shoulder girdle 1.7 push-ups. Comparing the norms with corresponding norms in other countries revealed the facts about the physical fitness of the 18-60 aged women of Alborz province which, the body composition isn’t at a good status and the aerobic fitness is very weak. Moreover, the muscular endurance norms are significantly lower than that of other countries. Therefore, the lack of physical activity can be clearly observed among the young and middle-aged women in Alborz province and it is crucial to take appropriate action regarding this matter.

Adipocytokines play an important role in controlling energy homeostasis, and in various metabolic processes related to obesity.  Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of 8-week of combined exercise training on plasma leptin and adiponectin levels in obese boys.

A total of 40 obese boys (age: 12.7±0.46 years, weight 78.46±10.19 kg, height 161.72±8.16 cm, and body fat 33.04±4.30 %) were divided into two combined exercise training (CT) and control groups. Subjects in the CT group participated in a combined aerobic (30 min) and resistance (one set of 7 resistance exercises) training program 3 times/week for 8 weeks, whereas those in the control group had no regular exercise and continued their routine daily activities. Body mass, body fat, plasma leptin and adiponectin levels were measured before and after the training program.  The data were compared using Paired and ‌independent t-test.

The between-group comparison showed that body fat percentage (P=0.42), body weight (P=0.88) and plasm leptin level (P=0.065) did not change significantly after combined exercise training; however, plasma adiponectin level (P=0.001) and adiponectin/ body fat (%) ratio (P= 0.014) increased significantly in response to combined exercise training.

The results indicated that eight-week combined exercises training increased plasma adiponectin level in childhood obesity. Furthermore, regular physical activity without simultaneous changes in body composition level had no significant effect on leptin level.

The aim of the present study was to constructing a norm of health-related fitness in men aged 18 - 60 years old in Rasht city. The study was descriptive and performed using the survey method in which 384 men aged 18-60 from Rasht city were systematically selected using cluster sampling method. Weight, height, BMI, WHR, skinfold of 3 points, aerobic power, handgrip strength, trunk flexibility, abdomen and shoulder girdle muscular endurance were measured using the standard tests. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics, z-score, and percentiles were used in each test and the norm of each fitness factor was constructed according to the percentiles. Mean aerobic power (48.14 ml/kg/min), handgrip strength (54.28 kg), abdomen muscular endurance (34.77 sit-ups), shoulder girdle muscular endurance (32.39 push-ups), trunk flexibility (26.52 cm), body fat (25.76 %), BMI (26.38 kg/m2) and WHR (0.96) of the subjects were observed. The results showed that most 18-60 aged men in Rasht city have middle status in relation to body composition and are relatively good in relation to other fitness factors. Fortunately, in most of the physical fitness factors, Rashti men are in a better status than other regions of Iran and even other countries. However, there is little data on the norm of physical fitness of the population of the age group studied in this study (aged 18-60) in Iran, which suggests that studies be conducted in this regard.

Proliferation of adipose tissue increases leptin secretion and decreases adiponectin concentration. Exercise is an intervention to control and reverse this process. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of 8-week high-intensity interval training on leptin, adiponectin, and the ratio of leptin to adiponectin in overweight adolescent boys.

The present quasi-experimental study was conducted on overweight adolescent boys (13-18 years old, mean body mass index 27.05±1.4 kg/m2). A total of 30 participants volunteered who were divided into three groups of 10 people including short-term (9 sessions of 30-second training with 150-second rest), long-term (4 sessions of 150-second training with 240-second rest), and control group. The training groups performed high-intensity running sprints 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (3 groups×2 measurement times) and Bonferroni test.

Performed high-intensity interval training failed to affect leptin, weight, and body mass index but increased adiponectin and decreased the ratio of leptin to adiponectin (P = 0.042) and fat percentage. No difference was observed between the two types of interval training in changing the level of leptin, adiponectin, fat percentage, and body mass index.

High-intensity interval training increases metabolic benefits in overweight adolescents by increasing adiponectin and subsequently decreasing the leptin/adiponectin ratio. Low exercise, no calorie restriction, and other factors affecting puberty may influence the research results.

The aim of this study was to investigate the The effects of the new 2019 coronavirus outbreak (Covid-19) on the level of sports activities and mood of non-professional football players in Iran. This study is descriptive and a kind of field study. The statistical population of this study includes all male and female athletes who were played in non-professional football in the country before the Covid-19 era. For data collection, the standard questionnaire of the International Group of Covid-19 and Sport Researchers was used. The reliability of this questionnaire was determined by Cronbach's alpha method (R=0.82) and its validity was confirmed after review by a number of experts in this field. The mentioned questionnaire was published with the help of football delegations electronically and online and 686 questionnaires were completed and collected from all over the country in a random and stratified manner and were selected as a research sample. The results show that 84% of indoor places and 66.6% of open places are currently closed and 28.7% of people have lost their jobs due to the prevalence of Covid-19. Other results showed that there was a significant difference between the number of sessions and the intensity of training before the corona and during the corona; But there is no significant difference between the results of Covid-19 test and the degree of adherence to health laws and protocols. Conclusion that sports activities and mood are strongly influenced and reduced by Covid-19.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term green tea (matcha) supplementation on fat burning rate during exercise in obese women. The subjects of this study were 10 obese women (36.8±4.7 yrs, BMI 32.6±5.9 kg/m2, weight 83.4±1.9 kg). Subjects consumed 1 g/day matcha for 7 days. An incremental exercise test on a treadmill was performed before and after the supplementation period to measure the maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and corresponding intensity (FATmax). Blood samples were taken before and immediately after the test for measuring the serum levels of Glycerol. Paired t-test and ANOVA was used to compare the means of variables. There was no significant difference in mean FATmax between before and after matcha supplementation (p=0.481). Also, no significant difference was observed in MFO between before and after matcha supplementation (p=0.587). Matcha supplementation after one exercise session did not have a significant effect on plasma glycerol; However, exercise alone reduced plasma glycerol levels. In general, the findings of this study showed that matcha supplementation, at least in short-term period, does not improve the fat oxidation rate and plasma glycerol during exercise in obese women.

The majority of existing data concerning the leukocyte subsets distribution after daily consecutive exercise sessions are controversial because of the confounding effect of plasma shift into active muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the Effects of the two consecutive anaerobic exercise sessions on leukocyte subsets distribution, blood lactate level and anaerobic power in female athletes with controlling the confounding effect from plasma shift.

This was an experimental study in which 30 subjects were randomized into experimental(EX) and control(Con) groups after body composition measurements and the Ex group experienced two anaerobic sessions (at 9.00 am and 15 pm),. Blood samples were taken before and after each session.

Both session elevated blood leukocytes and their subpopulations (monocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes) count as well as blood lactate levels (P<0.05). Following to the first session, the increasing trend in leukocyte and granulocytes count was continued, however; the monocytes count and blood lactate levels returned to baseline level, while lymphocytes count was reached to levels even lower than baseline values (P<0.05). The mean and min power in the second session were lower than the morning session (P<0.05).

Although the effects of two consecutive sessions to induce leukocytosis and a consequent lymphocytopenia in elite female athletes was verified even after controlling of the confounding effect of plasma shift, however; because of the lack of similar evidences and some of methodologic limitations, more researches still remains to be done.

There are often discrepancies in the results of various studies in the field of exercise and herbal supplements.

The aim of this study was to combine the contradictory results of several studies on the effectiveness of ginger supplement on lipid peroxidation in exercise.

This meta-analysis consists of a total of 3 eligible studies selected from among the 6 studies in this field. All of the case-control studies were human and assessed the effectiveness of supplementation with zinger before exercise on malondialdehyde values.

Regarding the non significant significance of P in the I2 index, a fixed effect model was used. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using CMA software version 2 and the effect size was calculated by standardized mean difference (SMD). In total, 7 effect sizes were observed in these studies, which had 7 negative effects. Based on the results, in the study of the effect of ginger, the mean size of SMD effects on malondialdehyde (-67.66) was statistically significant (P≤0.01), but there was a significant difference between the mean size of the effects of type of intervention on malondialdehyde was not observed.

Based on the compilation of the results of the studies, it can be concluded that the responses to exercise with Zinger supplement indicate that there is probably an anxiolytic defense mechanism against the oxidative stress caused by the appropriate response exercise and the use of this supplement Has led to a more efficient anti-oxidation device.

The aim of present study was to perform a meta-analysis on the conflict results of several surveys about the effectiveness of saffron supplementation on enzymatic antioxidant defense biomarkers in exercise. This meta-analysis has collected results from four qualified studies. All researches were control case study (n=70) and had evaluated the effectiveness of saffron supplementation before aerobic exercise on Catalase and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) enzymes amounts. Regard to non-significant P-value (P=0.155) in I2 index, fixed effects model has been used. The statistical analyze of research was done by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2, and the effect size was measured by Standardized Mean Difference (SMD). Generally, 10 effect sizes were observed in researches which five effect sizes were positive and five effect sizes were negative. According to the results, SMD of antioxidant enzymes in saffaron group (SMD=0.671) was significant toward control group (Confidence interval= 0.337-1.005, P=0.01), and SMD of antioxidant enzymes in saffaron+exercise group  (SMD=0.77) was also significant toward control group (Confidence interval= 0.436-1.105, P=0.01). In the case of estimating antioxidant defense via Catalase, SMD in saffaron group (SMD=0.604) was significant toward control group (Confidence interval= 0.048-1.161, P=0.05), whereas SMD in saffaron+exercise group (SMD=0.243) was not significant toward control group (Confidence interval= -0.302-0.789). In the case of estimating antioxidant defense via SOD, the SMD in saffaron group (SMD=1.464) was significant toward control group (Confidence interval= -0.846-2.082, P=0.01), and SMD in saffaron+exercise group  (SMD=1.306) was also significant toward control group (Confidence interval= 0.705-1.908, p=0.01). Based on collecting the studies results, it can be concluded that saffron supplementation may enhance enzymatic antioxidant defense and lower exercise induced-oxidative stress. However, the most effectiveness of saffron has observed on SOD enzyme amount, whereas saffron effectiveness on exercise induced-Catalase amount was not proven in this study.

Prediabetes state is associated with increased oxidative stress index and reduced of antioxidants. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of 12 weeks continuous training at Fatmax intensity and anaerobic threshold, and high-intensity interval training on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation index in pre-diabetic patients.

Thirty-two pre-diabetic patients (age: 38.7 ± 4.0 yrs; body mass index: 26.9 ± 1.4 kg/m2 ; percent body fat (%): 26.1 ± 2.5; VO2Peak: 2.49 ± 0.22 l/min) were divided into 4 groups (n=8) control (CON), high-intensity interval training (HIT), continuous training at Fatmax intensity (FAT) and continuous training at anaerobic threshold (IAT) groups. Subjects of the HIT, FAT, and IAT groups run out their specific exercise training for 12 weeks. Blood Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) were determined in the lab. The student’s t-test and ANCOVA were used to analyze the data.

The effect of exercise training on glucose concentration in FAT, IAT and HIT groups was 12%, 10% and 17%, respectively; the difference was significant in the training groups in comparison to CON group (p≤0.05). SOD and CAT in the training groups were significantly (p<0.05) increased when compared to the pre-training values. Also, FAT, IAT and HIT resulted in significant (p<0.05) changes in MDA compared to baseline.

The training protocols had similar effects on the insulin resistance index in prediabetic patients. Also, continuous endurance training with low- to moderate-intensity and high intensity interval training are effective protocolsfor the modulation of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation index.

Government action during the Covid 19 pandemic have placed many restrictions on daily life. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of social distance plan in the conditions of Corona virus on physical activity and mood state of the people of Isfahan citizens.

the present descriptive-analytical study that was conducted during the quarantine due to the prevalence of covid -19 disease. A total of 411 (131 males and 280 females) residents of Isfahan entered the study and completed the International online physical activity short form (GPAQ) questionnaire from April 1 to June 2, 2016. Also, a 16-item short evaluation questionnaire (POMS) was used to assess participantschr('39') moods. Analysis of variance with repeated measures, univariate analysis of variance and regression were used to answer the basic questions of this study.

a significant decrease was seen in the intensity and number of weekly sessions of physical activity in terms of social distance compared to the previous period (p = 0.001). 11.8% of the subjects reduced the duration of their training session due to social distance and increased it by 5%, while 83.2% of the subjects did not change the duration of their training session (p = 0.001). Correspondingly, people who did not change the number of weekly sessions of physical activity during the period of social distance compared to before (p = 0.001), had a better mood in the positive components and all in the negative components (p = 0.001).

While social distance is an essential measure to protect public health, the results revealed that it reduces the level of physical activity that may endanger physical and mental health. These observations have potentially important implications that can help with the recommendations for physical activity to maintain health during illness.

Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) enzyme activity is changed in mood disorders, as well as lower activity associated with criminal and aggressive behaviors. The MAOA gene, which plays a vital role in degradation of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, </em>contains a polymorphism in its promoter region that affects transcriptional efficiency. Moreover, MAOA-VNTR genotype has been related with both physical activity level and psychological measures. The aim of the current study was to determine the genetic variation and allelic frequency of the MAOA-VNTR in young population, and to compare the result with similar data from other populations.

Salvia samples were obtained from 124 volunteers in Mashhad, Iran (age: 24.3 ± 5.7 years, 55 men and 67 women). DNA was extracted from the cheek cell, and the MAOA genotype was identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with gene specific primers. The polymorphism was detected by PCR using primers: Forward: 5′ACAGCCTGACCGTGGAGAAG-3′ and Revers: 5′GAACGTGACGCTCCATTCGGA-3′, and resulted in following products: 321 (3-repeat allele), 336 (3.5-repeat allele), 351 (4-repeat allele), and 381 (5-repeat allele).

From the sequencing results, 3.5R, 4.5R and 5.5R repeats were successfully identified instead of the 3R, 4R, 5R repeats which were identified by previous researchers. The result of the MAOA-VNTR genotyping revealed that the three common genotype were 4.5*4.5, 3.5*3.5, and 3.5*4.5 with frequency of 46.77%, 26.61%, and 20.96%, respectively, and the two common alleles were 4.5R and 3.5R with frequency of 37.50% and 58.06% respectively. The result of our study, compared with data of twelve populations, showed a significant difference between allele frequencies of Iranian samples with Iraqi, Afrikaner, New Zealand (European origin), German, Italian, Chinese and American populations (P < 0.05).

The frequency of MAOA allele is different between racial groups, and the frequency of the 4.5R allele is greater in the men and women populations of our study. As a result, as previously confirmed, individuals with the 4.5R allele have lower levels of physical activity, depression, and arousal due to high MAOA gene transcription activity.

A low information is available concerning the effects of the training volume subgroups and also hypertensive patients’ characteristics (e.g. age, gender, menopause, medication use and etc.) on the amount of aerobic training induced decreases in systolic and also diastolic blood pressures. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to determine and compare the amount of blood pressure changes after aerobic training and also to separate the effects in between patients and training subgroups

Clinical trials (CTs) that investigated the effect of, at least, 4 weeks of aerobic training in hypertensive patients, published in a peer reviewed journals up to Aug 2018 were selected from Google, PubMed, SID and Magiran databases and included in the meta-analysis. Random-and fixed-effect models were used for analyzing the effect sizes were reported as difference in mean between 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the respectively 20 and 21 studies concerned with SBP and DBP with I2 values less than 50% using CMA2 software. For each trial subgroup (gender, menopause, medication use, exercise frequency, intensity and duration, total weekly exercise time and study duration), statistical significance was tested by using one-way analysis of variance and a multivariate meta-regression analysis were performed to assess correlations between the participants’ age subgroup and the both SBP and DBP response to aerobic training.  

The overall pooled net effect of aerobic training on both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures were -8.72 mm Hg and -3.88 mm Hg (P=0.001), respectively. In spite of the significant effect sizes observed for all the trial subgroups (in exception for SBP in low intensity training and DBP in post menopause women), a significantly different SBP reduction was only observed among the three subgroups of the “study duration” category.

Aerobic training leads to a mild suppression of blood pressure in hypertensive patients regardless to the moderating effects from study subgroups (age group, gender, menopause status, and medication use or training dosage) with the greater reductions reported for eight to 10 weeks of training. However; a larger and longer term CTs still remains to be done because of a very large number of limitations in the conducted trials.

Fat metabolism disorders is a defect in pre-diabetic patients and a basis for type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks continuous or high intensity interval training on fat burning capacity in pre-diabetic patients. 32 pre-diabetic patients (age: 38.7 ± 4.0 years; BMI: 26.9 ± 1.4 kg/m2; percent body fat: 26.1 ± 2.5%; VO2</sub>Peak: 2.49 ± 0.22 L.min-1) were divided into four groups: control (CON), high intensity interval training (HIT), continuous training at Fatmax intensity (FAT) and continuous training at anaerobic threshold (IAT). HIT, FAT and IAT groups participated in a 12-weeks training program with 4 sessions per week (with intensity of 90% VO2</sub>peak during the intervals, Fatmax intensity and/or anaerobic threshold intensity, respectively). Substrate oxidation, maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and Fatmax were determined during graded exercise test using the stoichiometric equations. Student’s t-test and ANOVA were used to analyze the data. MFO was affected by training in HIT, FAT and IAT groups by 26%, 35% and 25%, respectively, which it was significantly different between FAT group and HIT and IAT groups (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, the effect of exercise training on Fatmax in HIT, FAT and IAT groups was 26%, 25% and 35%, respectively, which it was significantly different between FAT and IAT groups (P ≤ 0.05). Results showed that changes in fat oxidation rate was different in three groups compared to pre-training status. This means that the intensity and type of exercise may have effective role in fat oxidation metabolism in pre-diabetic patients.

Because of a compensatory appetite increase in response to exercise energy expenditure, the net weight loss is less than expected values in weight control interventions. Therefore, we investigated the acute response and adaptation of physiological and conceptual appetite indices and body weight to aerobic training in obese middle-aged and elderly women. Body weight, appetite, plasma glucose, insulin and ghrelin were measured before and after an aerobic exercise session following to a breakfast meal at baseline and after (four measurements) eight weeks of aerobic training (3 sessions/week by expending ~500 calories at 50% of GXT’s exhaustion HR) in 26 sedentary women (weight: 92.58 ± 36.9 kg, age: 56.19 ± 7.3 yrs and VO2max: 32.07 ± 2.78 Lit/min) were assigned into experimental and control groups. Independent and paired t-test, and analysis of variance with repeated measures were used to analyze the data. Although body weight in experimental groups was decreased after aerobic training (P=0.001), however; it was elevated from first to second and also from third to fourth measurements in both groups (P<0.05). Before the training period, plasma ghrelin was elevated after breakfast and an exercise session in the experimental group (P=0.023), however, it was decreased in the control (only served breakfast) group (P=0.001). In both experimental and control groups, insulin (P=0.001) and glucose (P=0.003) increased, while hunger decreased (P=0.001). After the training period, the satiety score increased significantly only in the experimental group (P=0.018). Acute response in the experimental group increased for glucose (P<0.05) and decreased for ghrelin, insulin and hungry (P<0.05). However, in the control group, acute glucose and insulin response increased (P<0.05), but ghrelin and starvation decreased (P<0.05). Training-induced fasting hungry elevation failures the fully achievement to net weight loss expected form training, which suggests including lesser calorie foods in the breakfast meal. Additionally, considering the acute increase of food satiety quotient by exercise, it seems the breakfast meal should be postponed for the end of exercise session.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term CLA supplementation on fat burning rate during exercise in obese women. The subjects of this study were 10 obese women (age 34.7±4.7 yrs, BMI 34.2±4.8 kg/m2, and weight 83.1±1.9 kg). Subjects consumed 1.5 g/day CLA for 7 days. An incremental exercise test on a treadmill was performed before and after the supplementation period to measure the maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and corresponding intensity (FATmax). Blood samples were taken before and immediately after the test for measuring the serum levels of Glycerol. Paired t-test and ANOVA with repeated measures were used to compare the means of variables. There was no significant difference in mean FATmax between before and after CLA supplementation (p=0.655). Also, no significant difference was observed in MFO between before and after CLA supplementation (p=0.133). CLA supplementation after one exercise session did not have a significant effect on plasma glycerol; However, the interactive effect of these two factors was significant and increased the glycerol levels. In general, the findings of this study showed that CLA supplementation, at least in short-term period, does not improve the fat burning rate during exercise in obese women.

the aim of this study was the effect of 12 weeks continuous and high intensity interval training on insulin resistance index in pre diabetes patient. Thirty tow pre diabetes patients were divided into 4 groups of 8 people control (CON), high intensity interval training group (HIT), continuous training at Fatmax intensity group (FAT) and anaerobic threshold (IAT). Pre and post of exercise training for 12 weeks blood glucose and insulin was determined in laboratory and the ANOWA was used to analyze the variables. results showed that the effect of exercise training on Blood glucose and insulin resistance index the difference was significantly in the HIT than in IAT groups. also, the effect of exercise training on Blood insulin in FAT, IAT, and HIT groups was 26%, 17% and 26% respectively, the difference was significantly in the FAT and HIT than in IAT groups. Results showed that the intensity and type of exercise factors effective on insulin resistance index in pre diabetes patient.

Background & Circulatory Apelin increases in metabolic disorders and its levels could be used as a specific index for insulin sensitivity and its etiology. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks aerobic training on serum Apelin and metabolic risk factors in women with metabolic syndrome.
24 women with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned into exercise (n=12) or control (n=12) groups. Subjects in exercise group carried out 20-40 min aerobic exercise program at 50-60% of heart rate reserve 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Body composition was assessed and blood samples were taken prior to the training program and 48 h after the last training session. Paired t-test was used for within-group comparison and independent t-test was used for between-group comparison, and Pearson's correlation test was used to evaluate the relationship between variables.
Significant correlations were observed between Apelin levels and all the metabolic risk factors at the baseline where all subjects included in the analysis (p0.05). Body weight, Apelin, glucose, insulin resistance index, mean atrial pressure and waist circumference were significantly decreased (p
Aerobic training can reduce serum Apelin levels and improve insulin resistance and also some of the metabolic risk factors in women with metabolic syndrome. However, the decreased Apelin levels in accompany with an improved metabolic profile indicates on its mediatory role to induce metabolic improvements by physical exercise.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of short –term green coffee supplementation on fat oxidation during exercise. For this, 10 adult obese women with BMI>30 kg/m2 were selected. Subjects consumed 800 mg/day green coffee for 7 days. They performed an incremental exercise test on a treadmill before and after the supplementation period; Fatmax and maximum fat oxidation (MFO) were assessed during exercise, as well as, plasma glycerol before and immediately after each test. Data were analyzed using t-test and ANOVA with repeated measures. There was no significant difference in the mean of Fatmax and MFO before and after the green coffee supplementation period (p>0.05). In the non-supplementation situation, plasma glycerol has a non-significant decrease after exercise but in the supplementation situation, it has a non-significant increase (p>0.05). Glycerol response to exercise had been significantly affected by green coffee supplementation (p<0.05). Generally, the results showed that green coffee supplementation in obese women has no effect on Fatmax and MFO during exercise i.e. has no effect on fat burning but, it seems it has an effect on lipolysis as seen some change in plasma glycerol; using an incremental exercise in this study may had restricted the oxidation of broke down fats.