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Websites are platforms through which authors and publishers provide scientific and non-scientific information sources to readers and customers. Therefore, in the digital age and in the world of electronic information, the place and point of connection between creators and readers are most often websites. Scientific journals, as one of the most important sources of reliable scientific information, are available to researchers and enthusiasts through websites, so that the higher the usage and applicability of a scientific journal's website is, the higher the usage and visibility of that publication will be. The purpose of the current research is to investigate and evaluate the usability of the websites of Persian-language scientific journals in the field of knowledge and information science, based on the ten principles of Nielsen, which have obtained A grade in the ranking results of 2021. The review of the background of the research showed that a lot of research has been done in Iran and the world in the field of evaluating the usability of different websites over the past years, so that since the year 2000, many researches have been published, of which a very small part was mentioned. This point can indicate the importance and many applications of the results of this type of research. Another important point is that evaluating the usability of websites can be done in different ways, among which exploratory evaluation has been used in the majority of researches due to its cost-effectiveness and ease and feasibility. As can be seen in the mentioned researches, in order to carry out an exploratory evaluation, evaluators need a checklist, which is generally based on the identified criteria of past research and is presented by researchers in a researcher-made form, among which the ten principles or the Nielsen model are the most used. It has been assigned in the research that this is the proof that Nielsen's ten classic principles are still relevant and applicable, and their universality and comprehensiveness have been proven.

The present study is qualitative and applied, which was carried out using the exploratory evaluation method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire prepared according to Nielsen's ten principles. The content validity method was used to measure the content validity of the checklist. For this purpose, the list was given to four experts in knowledge and information science and their correction comments were used to edit the final checklist. The community of this research was the websites of journals of the first rank in the field of knowledge and information science of Iran. To identify the research community, the portal of scientific and research publications of the country was referred to https://journals.msrt.ir and from the "group" menu, humanities and from the "subgroup" menu, knowledge and information science was selected and then searched. The search result was 7 publications. In order to carry out the evaluation, four experts of knowledge and information science who had the necessary experience and knowledge in this field were used.

The findings showed that in the components of "compatibility between the website and the real world" (average above 4), "stability and uniformity" (average around 4), "aesthetic aspects and minimal design" (average above 3.66) the status of websites was desirable, and in the components of "website visibility" (numbers between 3 and 3.66), "status of database control by the user and his freedom of action" (average numbers in the range between 2.33 and 3.66), "status of identification and recovery of information" and "flexibility and efficiency" (all average numbers above 2.50) the status of these websites is relatively favorable and in the components of "error prevention/correction status" (average numbers below 2) and "assistance and guidance possibilities" (average numbers lower than 2.33), the status of these websites is unfavorable. Regarding the severity of the problems, the findings indicate that in most of the components and among all the websites, the level of the severity of the problem is minor. In other words, all the numbers are around 2.5 and less than that, and therefore the severity of the problems have been evaluated as a minor problem at most. Meanwhile, the severity of the problems in the "flexibility and efficiency" component in the websites of the library and information publication has been evaluated as a fundamental problem.

The usability of all the websites investigated in the current research were evaluated very close to each other and relatively favorable. As the findings showed, in terms of compliance with Nielsen's ten components in these websites, the differences are very small and insignificant, and all of them are more or less in the same rank. It seems that many of these websites use a common and similar platform, and because of this, the observed differences were very small. It is suggested to take detailed measures to add help and guidance facilities in different parts of the websites to prevent the possibility of errors. Considering that according to the evaluation made in this research, the websites under the research were evaluated as favorable and relatively favorable in many components by expert evaluators, it is necessary to be informed about the opinions of a large number of normal and daily users of these websites and the amount It examined the usability of these websites from this point of view. It is also necessary to consider similar foreign websites for comparison with these websites and evaluate them as well.

The existing information and communication technologies have provided a platform through which researchers are able to share even the data used in their research, which may have been difficult to obtain, with other researchers and others to reuse and reanalyze. The purpose of this research is to investigate the situation of Iranian Basic Science researchers in sharing and reusing research data.

In terms of purpose, this research was applied and carried out with a quantitative approach and in a survey way. The research community was formed by researchers in the field of Basic Sciences who had articles in the Web of Science database in 2021. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire designed electronically based on the relevant literature. Sample society consisted of 309 Basic Science researchers participated in this study. SPSS software was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that more than 64 percent of researchers do not have the experience of sharing research data. Individual, cultural and behavioral, legal, and political factors affecting the sharing of research data are in a favorable situation, but organizational and technical factors are in an unfavorable situation. No difference was observed between individual, technical, cultural and political, organizational, legal and political factors with the demographic variables of the research, except in some cases in the gender variable. The researchers of this field are familiar with this concept to a great extent and a positive attitude of this concept has been formed in their minds and they have developed a desire to do it if the conditions are available. However, technically, organizationally, and structurally, the conditions are not yet available. The relevant laws, regulations and instructions have not been prepared, material and spiritual stimuli have not been created in the relevant organizations and institutions, and the hardware and software technical infrastructures and required standards have not been provided.

Despite the fact that there is a positive attitude among Basic Science researchers for sharing and reusing research data, it is not technically and organizationally possible to realize it; Therefore, formal and informal working groups should be created among researchers and they should work in the field of raising awareness about sharing research data and related matters, educational campaigns should be created in order to create a culture of data sharing in scientific and academic centers, conferences and awareness sessions on the benefits of sharing research data and requirements for its implementation should be held for managers and related officials in scientific and research centers of the country, necessary hardware and software technical infrastructures should be created in scientific databases and organizational repositories to facilitate storage and long-term protection of data, how to use the existing systems to share research data with various methods and continuously should be taught, the rules and regulations of sharing research data as well as their reuse should be formulated in compliance with research ethics, and various material incentives should be considered for researchers who share their research data.

The development of information and communication technologies has made it possible to reuse the research data of researchers in conducting new studies. Data sharing occurs when scientists make their data available for use by other researchers to conduct research or other research activities. The current research aimed to investigate the status of research data sharing among researchers in Iran in the technical and engineering fields from the individual, organizational and technical dimensions.

This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of the data collection method. The research population consisted of Iranian researchers in the field of engineering in Iran who had scientific production in the WOS database in 2021. Due to the lack of email registration of all the authors, it was not possible to accurately estimate the statistical population. Therefore, to determine the statistical sample using Cochran's formula, 411 people were randomly selected from the population. The data collection tool was a questionnaire designed electronically and sent to the statistical sample. SPSS software was used to analyze the findings.

The results showed that organizational and technical factors have a significant effect on the individual's behavior in sharing research data. Technical factors had a greater impact on individual behavior than organizational factors. Individual factors had no significant effect on data-sharing behavior. Also, the relationship between hidden technical and organizational factors was positive and significant. In addition, the findings showed that gender has a significant effect on individual factors and researchers' job has a significant effect on organizational factors. There was no significant difference between demographic variables including age, work experience, academic rank and degree, and technical, organizational, and individual factors. In addition, the research results showed that many researchers consider the concern about the time-consuming nature of data, misusing, and misinterpreting shared data as reasons for not wanting to share research data. Despite the requirement for the researchers in this field to deliver the research data and the relative provision of hardware and infrastructure facilities to implement this, the appropriate training courses for training management and data sharing are not conducted by the organizations.There was no adequate financial or intellectual support, and no proper infrastructure for sharing data in publications. Technical factors affecting the sharing of research data, such as the familiarity and use of metadata standards for data sharing and accessibility, as well as the familiarity and use of thematic, public, and organizational repositories were in an unfavorable situation.

Considering the research results and the research data sharing and related factors among the researchers in the field of engineering and technology have been neglected, it is necessary for the research stakeholders in the field of technology and engineering to receive appropriate organizational, technical and financial support in order to increase knowledge and willingness of researchers to share data. Furthermore, creating culture-building and understanding the capabilities of research data is also required to provide the necessary training to researchers in the field of engineering.

One of the most important identifiers that users of any information system use in their searches is the author name identifier. Therefore, the designers and managers of any information system are always looking to improve the quality of content retrieval based on the search for the author's name. The content of information repositories and the quality of service delivery in them is affected by the quality and manner of storing and retrieving personal names. The purpose of this article is to investigate the problems and challenges of searching for the names of individuals in academic organizational repositories from its practical aspect.

In order to investigate the practical challenges of searching for researchers in the organizational repository of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, the evaluation and observation methods were used. In this method, performance measurement, which is a more specific type of evaluative research, is used. Accordingly, in this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the performance of the search engine of the reservoir system of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in order to search for the names of ambiguous persons.

Despite the relatively small amount of information in this repository compared to very large organizational repositories, a search based on the name of the author in this organizational repository showed that there are issues and challenges related to name retrieval in this repository. A high percentage of similar surnames indicated that users had to be aware of people's first and last names in addition to surnames in many searches. About 40 percent of the names were multi-part or compound, which for various reasons lead to irrelevant or less relevant retrieving.

Given that all the ambiguous names extracted from the researchers' Name List in the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad repository were searched in order to examine the performance of the search, the result indicated that there were challenges in searching for the names of individuals and the designed system could not display related results. In general, it can be said that the organizational repository of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, when searching for the ambiguous names, has problems and confusion due to the similarity of the individual' names, or due to language problems and It's spelling. Authority control of the names of the researchers nationally and internationally is one of the most important and effective ways out of the challenge of the name searching. It is necessary to ask researchers to enter their information carefully in comprehensive systems and librarians to manually control the authority of their names. In this way, a national system of authority control of Iranian researchers in Persian and English languages emerges, which can have many uses and solve the problems of searching by name to a large extent.

Due to the importance of using toys in libraries and its unreasonable role in the development of individual and social personality of children, today many libraries around the world, as well as in Iran by the Iran Public Libraries Foundation, use this possibility. Continuation of the process of sending toys by the Iran Public Libraries Foundation requires a thorough review of the activities performed and identification of their weaknesses and strengths. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the current status of the use of toys and its related factors in Iran public libraries.

This is an applied study that was carried out using the survey method. The statistical population of the study included all librarians of Iran public libraries, 899 of whom participated in the study. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, face/content validity was used. A number of experts, including professors of Knowledge and Information Science and researchers in the field of educational sciences and toys, reviewed the questionnaire and after correcting their opinions, the validity was confirmed. Cronbach’s alpha method was used to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the whole questionnaire was 0.918 and for each part of the questionnaire, the alpha coefficient was higher than 0.8, which indicates the high reliability of the questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics and SPSS software.

The findings showed that the use of toys in the country’s public libraries is above average. Most of the clients in the toy sector are children aged 5 to 9 years and 3 to 5 years. In terms of gender, the female clients were more than twice as many as the boys. In terms of using the type of toys, the tendency to use group toys is more than individual toys, among which the two categories of intellectual and educational toys were most welcomed by clients. A survey of users’ satisfaction with the toy sector showed that although the overall satisfaction with this sector was above average, the low variety, quantity and quality of toys and also not having enough space for the toy sector and the lack of working hours of this section is one of the factors leading to dissatisfaction with the toy section. The findings also showed that from the librarians’ point of view, using toys in public libraries has been very effective, has recorded a positive experience of the library in the minds of clients, and has strengthened the spirit of collectivism in children and increased library visits. Finally, the findings indicated that librarians have little knowledge and skills in the field of toys and are not qualified to work in the toy sector.

Originality/value: 

The present study examines the current status of the use of toys in Iran public libraries and identifies the strengths and weaknesses related to the toys, toys section and librarians of the toy section, providing accurate information to the managers and experts of the Iran Public Libraries Foundation in order that they can plan more precisely and eliminate the shortcomings in this field. It is also a basis for further research in this area as well as for the development of its theoretical foundations.

Since anyone can freely share any kinds of information in the cyberspace almost without authenticity, validation information seems important. This paper examines the concept of credibility and describes and analyzes some well-known models for the evaluation of the Web credibility.
This research is a review in terms of research methodology and theoretical in terms of the goal. Data collection was using documentary method.
The assessment of known models of Web Credibility including prominence-interpretation theory of Fogg, Wathen and Burkell’s model for how users judge the credibility of on-line information, Hilligoss and Rieh’s unifying framework of credibility, Sundar’s MAIN model, Metzger’s dual processing model of credibility assessment, Lucassen et al.’s revised 3S-model of credibility, and Choi new framework for web credibility showed that the systematic concept of the connection between credit key dimensions and criteria that can be used to assess the credibility of the Web exists in none of these models other than Choi and thus the templates and the theories have limited explanatory power for a comprehensive interpretation of findings of experimental studies.
Due to lack of imperical testing of these theoretical frameworks through standard tools on a large scale, no one was empirically supported. Thus, it is necessary to examine these frameworks empirically to improve their validity with an experimental basis.