هما فروهش

The widespread use of antibiotic for prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial infections has lead to emergence of resistant human pathogens. the aim of present study is to determine the proportion of bacterial resistance to amoxicillin and tetracycline in subguingival plaque samples of A a, P g, F n and EC from patient with chronic periodontitis. Two subgingival plaque samples were taken from 20 subjects with chronic periodontitis and transferred in Thyoglycolat broth chocolate agar in Co2 (5% atm) and Aa, Pg, Fn, Ec had been identified. Antimicrobial susceptibility test were performed by Etest on Muller blood agar. from 40 samples 19 samples had Aa, 8 samples had Pg, 10 samples had Fn and 3 samples had Ec. All of these bacteria were susceptible to both of amoxicillin and tetracyline. This study showed that amoxicillin and tetracycline were effective on periodontal pathogens and studied bacteria were 100% susceptible to these antibiotics so it seems they can use in treatment of periodontitis.

Enterococci comprise an important and diverse group of bacteria that cause disease in human and animals. They reside in the gastrointestinal tract of human and animal, soil, water, foods, and can persist in elevated salt contents and various pH values. They can readily acquire antibiotic resistance and various other virulence factors. In this study, the prevalence of various virulence factors among different clinical isolates versus those isolated from healthy individuals was compared. In this analytic cross-sectional study, enterococcal strains isolated from clinical and healthy cases were tested for various virulence related properties such as hemolysin, gelatinase, hemoglutinin, DNase, and fremone(aggregative substance) production. T-test and chi-square test were used for analysis of the data and their antibiotic resistance patterns were also determined. The ability to exchange resident plasmids via conjugation was tested by two different mating protocols. The frequency of gelatinase, aggregation substance, and hemolysin production was higher in E.faecalis relative to those in E.faecium. However, no statistically significant difference was detected in the other trains. Fremone-responsive plasmids were common in most isolates and had the ability to transfer between strains with high frequency(10-4-10-7). Most isolates contained one or more plasmids in the 3-98 MDa range. Two isolates showed total resistance to all of the antibiotics tested. Antibiotic resistance genes had the ability for conjugational inter-strain transfer. The prevalence of aggregative substance in the strains isolated from clinical cases was much higher than those obtained from the control group(P<0.001). Since no known protein ecotoxin was identified in enterococci, their pathogenic potential may be attributed to a variety of extracellular enzymes, antibiotic resistance, aggregative substance, and other factors. Their importance in medicine is related to their ability to acquire antibiotic resistance and cause nosocomial infections in hospitalized and debilitated patients. The statistically significant higher proportion of aggregative substance in enterococci spp, isolated from sick people in comparison with those obtained from healthy cases, points to the pivotal role conjugational gene transfer may play in the acquisition of pathogenic potential.

Trichomoniasis with the cause of trichomonas vaginalis(T.V) and bacterial vaginosis(B.V) are well recognized as sexual transmitted diseases(STD) affecting prematuration and low weight birth. The present cross-sectional study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of T.V and B.V, their coincidences, their effects on women sterilities, prematuration and low weight birth in pregnant women referred to Shahid Akbarabadi Maternity Hospital. During one year study(started from June 2002), 368 pregnant women voluntarily enrolled for regular checking and parturition in the above-mentioned maternity hospital. After private interviewing, filling the questionnaires, doing clinical observations and recording the results, vaginal and posterior fornix samples were collected and labled. In hospital’s laboratory, the vaginal samples were checked macroscopically, pH was determined, Whiff Test was carried out for odour concentration, and finally gram staining was used for detecting clue cells and consequently finding B.V infection. In order to find T.V, direct smears and culture methods on Dorse Media were utilized. In this study, of 20(5.5%) infected women, 11(2.9%), 8(2.2%) and one(0.3%) were infected with T.V, B.V and fungi respectively. In none of the patients, conincidence of T.V and B.V was observed. Although the highest age of pregnancy was 25 or below, there was not any statistically significant relationship between infection and pregnant women’s age, number of parturitions, age of pregnancy abortions and clinical symptoms. Only one case(0.3%) of T.V infected woman was observed for prematuration with a low weight birth. The present study indicated that the poor level of T.V and B.V infection in pregnant women, as compared with those of free sexual relationship countries is essentially due to their culture, family etics and constitutional beliefs. This study also showed that since the vaginal cavity is an eco-type and natural biological living orifice therefore, the only physical presence of T.V and B.V can not cause sterility in women unless under non optimum or non physiologic condition. According to this survey, the precise clinical and laboratory examination of the pregnant women and their vaginal discharges are important since they may be wrongly identified as vaginal secretion or semen liquid with pathogenic materials, particulary by an inexperienced gynecologist.