فهرست مطالب هوشنگ خسروبیگی

The policy of centralization and the implementation of modernization programs were put on the agenda in the form of various programs and different forms during the Reza Shah period. During this period, the implementation of programs and laws such as the mandatory duty system, civil registry, the discovery of hijab, the Settlement of nomads, the new judicial system, the registration of documents and properties, tax affairs, and so on. It was necessary to organize the divisions of the country in a modern framework. Therefore, Reza Shah changed the structure of the country's divisions to implement his goals. This research is trying to answer the main question, what was the process of changes in the country's divisions during Reza Shah's period, and what was its relationship with the goals of modernization and centralization in this period? The research method in this study is the historical method with a descriptive-analytical approach and relies on archival documents, periodicals, and written sources. The findings of this research showed that the changes in the field of country divisions in this period greatly increased the political concentration and influence of the government from the provinces to the villages. After that, the modernist policies of the government gained more momentum in various economic, administrative, and educational fields especially the strengthening and development of the new army.

Leprosy was one of the oldest diseases and one of the issues that humans were involved in all societies including Iran. The present research, by raising the question, what effect did social security have on the health system and the status of lepers in the middle period of Iran? It examines the relationship between the social health system and social security with a case study of lepers. The result of the research, which was carried out with an interdisciplinary approach and a descriptive-analytical approach, confirms that the society and government of Iran in the middle period, like many societies of the pre-modern era, had social rejection of lepers on their agenda. "Hot disgrace" of the mentioned disease had imposed a distinct, independent, but inferior and deprived of existing facilities on the lepers. This shame used a negative approach in dealing with lepers by implicating the sufferers and accusing them of guilt in contracting the disease. This approach turned leprosy from a medical-biological issue into a cultural-social issue and inevitably forced the lepers to accept conditions that they themselves had no part in creating. Social security in the society's agenda covered only the non-leper majority and excluded lepers as those who threatened the existing health and security system from its safe inclusion; In a way that the lepers also accepted these conditions and suffered the suffering and consequences arising from it.

Political power increased at the end of the Abbasid caliphate period (447-656), especially during the Nāṣir period (575-622). The return of the political and military power of the Abbasids, rather than being indebted to the Nāṣir period, was due to the measures and political conditions of the two previous caliphs, Mustarshid (529-512) and Muqtafi (555-530). The problem of this research is to examine the factors influencing the change in the relationship between the caliphate and the Seljūks during the period of these two caliphs, which led to a change in the process of restoring the position of the caliphate during the period of Nāṣir. The question derived from the problem is, what were the factors of restoring political and military power of the Abbasids during the period of Mustarshid and Muqtafi? It seems that during the caliphate period of these two caliphs, With the reduction of political-military power of the Seljūks due to the intervention of third powers, the political and military power of the Abbasid caliphate was restored. The findings of this research, which was conducted with historical method and statistical analysis, showed that among the six caliphs before Nāṣir, the contribution of two caliphs, Mustarshid and Muqtafi, was more important in reviving the political and military status of the caliphate. This importance is due to the personality and length of the caliphate period of these two caliphs, intra-dynasty differences and the instability of the Seljūk sultanate period.

Manuscripts are considered as one of the cultural-historical worthy works and the main elements of cultural identity of every culture and country. Investigating these works brings about enrichment of cultural, historical and scientific backgrounds. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to introduce the Ottoman territory Iranian physician Hilmi al-Amasi and his work, the medical manuscript of Golshan Ziba. This study was conducted by library method and literature review. Initially, the biography of Hilmi al-Amasi was studied using first-hand sources and manuscripts. Subsequently, the structure and content of the medical manuscript Golshan Ziba were investigated and extracted. Hilmi al-Amasi is a lexicographer, jurist, and poet of the 9th century in Ottoman realm. He was educated by Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu and wrote compilations in Turkish, Arabic and Persian languages and he offered the Golshan Ziba medical poetic to Fatih Sultan Mehmed. In this work, Hilmi has mentioned Iranian physicians such as Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Ahvazi, Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari al-Taranji, and Najib ad-Din Samarqandi. It seems that Hilmi al-Amasi has had enough medical and literary knowledge to compose this book.

The system of administration of country divisions of Iran was in the traditional structural framework before the constitution until the reign of Ahmad Shah, and even the law of 1325 A.H. of the first parliament of the National Council, which was written by the authors of the constitutionalists, could not change the ruling system of administration. create a lot But during the period of Ahmad Shah and the Ministry of Interior Qawam al-Saltaneh and with the presence of Demarni, the French advisor of the Ministry of Interior; The modernization of the system of the administration was implemented. Therefore, this research is trying to answer the question by using the historical research method and archival documents, publications and other historical sources, what were the factors and reasons for the change in the previous routine in the country's divisions during the period of Ahmad Shah, and how did this change happen? The findings of the research show that the leaders of government affairs during the reign of Ahmad Shah through reforms in the structure of the Ministry of Interior and the state administration, the formulation of annual budgets for the headquarters of the Ministry of Interior and the states and provinces, the formulation of the administrative personnel system of the Ministry of Interior and the Provinces and the formation of specialized commissions of country divisions in the Ministry of Interior were in pursuit of modernizing the system of the administration and making changes in that area with the aim of concentrating affairs.

At the beginning of their rule, the Qajars used the tradition of dynastic rule to manage the system of territorial division, but from the period of Naser al-Din Shah, the tradition of dynastic rule to manage that system and the use of princes and members of the royal family in the states and provinces gradually lost color, and the bureaucrats of the time and members of their families, They took the place of princes and members of the royal family in the governance of the states and provinces. In this study, the historical research method and the descriptive-analytical approach were used to try to answer the main question of what were the characteristics of the system of territorial division during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah and what were the factors that caused the change of approach from the policy of dynastic rule to the policy of civil rule and what caused the appointment of the ruling judges in the states and provinces. The research method in this study is the historical method with a descriptive-analytical approach in the field of library studies. The results show that the change of state boundaries and the consolidation of states and provinces under the supervision of a ruler, as well as the creation of new states, were the characteristics of the system of territorial division in this period. The administrators of the administrative system of territorial division during the period of Naser al-Din Shah initially continued the policy of dynastic rule, but due to the harmful results of the dynastic rule policy in the political field as well as the weakening of the financial basis of the central government, they changed the approach from the dynastic rule tradition to the civil rule tradition.

With the establishment of the Pahlavi government by Reza Shah in 1304 A.H. Various aspects of the government changed and found a new organization. The management system of the country's divisions was one of these dimensions, which received a new organization according to the nature of the new government. Therefore, this research is trying to answer the question by using the historical research method and archival documents, publications, and other historical sources, that the organization of the management system of country divisions in the first Pahlavi era before the drafting of the Law of Country Divisions in 1316 A.H. How was it done and what were its goals? The findings of the research show that the first Pahlavi government during a twelve-year process and before the drafting of the law of country divisions in 1316 AH. By establishing new regulations, changing the structure of the Ministry of Interior, changing the names of cities, annexing or separating cities, districts, and villages, and changing the executive elements of the country's divisions, he succeeded in organizing the management system of the country's divisions and making changes in that area to concentrate affairs in the country's capital and support for the government's modernist programs.

By taking advantage of natural and strategic fields and with the help of political elites, the Samanid formed a coherent and powerful government in the Mesopotamia and Khorasan, which resulted in stability, maintaining security within the territory and establishing efficient relations with the neighbors. The result of this authority and security was the flourishing of economic and social life in the beyond. By using the power of elites, the Samanid amirs created a unique period in the history of the Islamic era of the region, in terms of paying attention to the traditions of Iranian statecraft. The security and law and order that arose in the light of political tolerance and cultural policy of the Samanid in the region, brought about the harmony of the peasants and local rulers with the Samanid court, and this was important in the prosperity of industry and trade. This research, with a descriptive-analytical approach and with the aim of investigating the effect of the political security of the Samanid era on the commercial prosperity of the Mesopotamia region, seeks to answer the question, what effect did the security and order governing the Mesopotamia region have on the economic prosperity of the region during the Samanid period? The findings of the research indicate that parallel to the authority of the Samanids and their ability to establish security and maintain order, an efficient bureaucracy, the use of the power of the elites, and the use of internal capabilities in political and commercial relations, social and economic life from prosperity were acceptable.

The Qajars used other measures and policies to protect and govern the territory of the forbidden countries of Iran in the beginning of their rule, in addition to using the power of the sword. The tradition of family rule or the use of members of the royal family as rulers at the state and provincial levels was one of these measures, which had already been used by some former ruling families such as the Seljuks and Safavids.The findings of the study, which was conducted by historical method and descriptive-analytical approach, show that Agha Mohammad Khan, as the founder of the Qajar dynasty, continued the tradition of family rule by employing all members of the royal family as rulers to govern different states and provinces of Iran. Dad and two of his immediate successors, Fath Ali Shah and Mohammad Shah, introduced a kind of innovation in this tradition by restricting the use of members of the royal family to the king's sons and grandsons.

The convergence of community and government along with the economic prosperity of Kerman in Qarakhitai era (619-703) provided the ground for the cultural development along with the attention of government towards the literate historians such as Nasser al- Din Monshi (730 A.H) and Tarikhshahi (698 A.H). The aforementioned historians completed the trend of local historiography in this region through the further consideration of Iranian political culture as well as the replication of political elements on Iranian governing. The present writing investigates the cultural viewpoints of two nominated historians concerning the society and government relations to answer the question on the elements reflecting the political culture of Iranshahr in the works of local historians in Qarakhitai era. Accordingly, it is concluded that part of identifiable elements in the works of these two historians including the Iranian identity, the social and political order, the necessity of the presence of governor and a favorable governing have been actually the representation of cultural elements derived from the Iranian Political Culture and the replication of their concepts.

This research has made an effort to criticize the collection of Monshaat related to the 10th century AH written by Mirza Mohammad Sadegh Nazem Tabrizi (Sadegha-ye-Tabrizi) and to scrutinize the writer’s features, shortcomings, the importance of the manuscript, insight and method in a meaningful framework. The theme of the above version includes such concepts as royal decrees, court documents, an announcement of a victory, Monshaat and friendly correspondences from the Seljuk period to the early Safavid period that has not still been criticized and published and can in turn help to understand missing links in the political and social history of Iran and some of its neighbors. Relying on the manuscript of Tabrizi’s Monshaat and an analytical approach along with qualitative content analysis, this study indicates that the writer was influenced by the political atmosphere of the Safavid period in compiling and arranging the Monshaat. Since the Safavid’s ideal is explained to establish a national state on the basis of official religion and political boundaries, the writer has written documents that are linked to the geography which the Safavids sought to achieve in drawing their territorial model.

About forty of the 146 years of Saffarid dynasty is related to the period of formation and the peak of this dynasty. The rest of the life of this government was spent in the form of a local government. However, the successors of the Saffarids did not shy away from the political plans of the founders of this government. Following the death of Amr ibn al-Layth, although the Saffarids are believed to have no longer challenged the Abbasid caliphate in this part of their reign as a local government, scattered reports of sources as well as coins found show that the successors of the Saffarids (287-339 AH) did not always follow the procedure of full obedience of the caliphate in practice.The aim of this study is to identify the conflicts and overlaps in the reports of historiographical sources in comparison with the results of the study of coins minted by this family in relations with the Abbasid Caliphate. The Abbasid Caliphate did not sympathize with the Saffarids, and the Saffarids' attempt to gain lasting political legitimacy from the Caliphate was unsuccessful. The results of this study showed that the study of coins can fill the gap of historical reports. By examining the coins, it was possible to provide a relatively clearer picture of historical events based on the Saffarids' relations with the Abbasid Caliphate.

Iranian customs and culture and the Persian language, along with the prominent manifestations of the Iranian nation's civilization, have influenced the Arabic culture and language in various ways and in various fields, and have led to the progress and excellence of the Arabs in government, politics, culture, literature and science. And provided techniques. The central question of the present study is what effect have the Umayyads received from Iranian culture and civilization? The hypothesis is that the Arabs, especially the Umayyads, have been most influenced by Iranian culture and civilization in the field of statehood and social and cultural traditions. The present article, with a descriptive and analytical approach, will show the indicators of the Umayyads' influence on Iranian culture and civilization in some political, social and cultural dimensions. In terms of lifestyle, it can also provide a suitable model for the audience by expressing the positive and sublime aspects of Iranian-Islamic social life.

Background and Purpose:

One of the factors in transferring science and culture from one land to another is migration of elites and scientists. Migration of Iranian elites to other lands has a long history. In this study, the medical manuscript of Al-Fawaid al-Sultaniyah fi al-Qawa'id al-Tibbiyah, authored by Akhi Chelebi, an Iranian immigrant physician to the Ottoman realm, is investigated.

This study was conducted by library method and literature review. Initially, a list of Akhi Chelebi's works was extracted. Subsequently, the structure of the Persian manuscript of Al-Fawaid al-Sultaniyah fi al-Qawa'id al-Tibbiyah kept in the Fatih Library of Istanbul was investigated by content analysis method. Via comparative study, the text of the book was compared with the medical sources of the Islamic period before the 9th century AH.

The Al-Fawaid al-Sultaniyah fi al-Qawa'id al-Tibbiyah is one of the unknown medical works in the Ottoman realm that have not been corrected yet.  The content of the book consists of an introduction and 3 articles and termination. The first article is set in 12 chapters and the second article is set in 9 chapters the third article is set in 3 chapters.

In this work, the author has authored a new work using works such as Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb, Yadegar and Farokh Name. This study describes an example of transferring Iranian medical knowledge to the Ottoman territory.

The issue of legitimacy in the history of Iran is one of the issues that has attracted the attention of historians in recent decades. One of the most recent of these works is "the evolution of the foundations of the legitimacy of the monarchy from the Mongol invasion to the rise of the Safavids." This work examines the evolution of the foundations of the legitimacy of this period in the context of a pervasive crisis of legitimacy in the form of multiple models, emphasizing that with the fall of the caliphate and the arrival of the Mongol element, the complexity of the foundations of legitimacy doubled and new inspiring foundations. It was raised for legitimacy. In addition, after the fall of the Ilkhanate, almost all special orders and organizations were damaged. Governments, with numerous features and characteristics, used various legitimizing models to justify their sovereignty. Thus, governments faced a crisis of legitimacy on the issue of the foundations of legitimacy. This article aims to critically review the above work. This study shows that the crisis of legitimacy was a major issue in the period under review, but the patterns of legitimacy were by no means based on a single pattern, but on a multifaceted, composite, and simultaneous pattern, but important indicators such as the Iranian idea of ​​monarchy; Farah Izadi and Farah Kiani were ignored. The work is weak in terms of methodological foundations and definition of concepts and has not been able to conceptually design a comprehensive multidimensional model for the period.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the structure and function of the Divan of composition and writing in the Ilkhanate period and the changes that were caused by the Mongol invasion of Iran and the formation government . The Mongols and then the Ilkhans were aware of the importance and necessity of having a correspondence department in their administrative organization;Due to distrust of the secretaries of the open territory, they tried to change the previous routine of the existing organization. Part of this change was due to this process and part was due to the consequences of the establishment of Mongol tribes in Iran, the Iranian administrative organization was able to revive the organization of the Composing Divan,The purpose of this study is to identify these changes in conflict or inconsistencies with the pre-Mongol routine and why and how the process of reviving the composition the Divan of Composition. The results of this study, which is done with a descriptive-analytical approach and qualitative analysis method of existing reports, show that these changes including changes in the position of the Composing Dian and its staff, language and literature, text of documents and its compositions , changes related to trends and procedures can be identified in the Composition Divan, the most important event, like other events formed in the administrative organization of the Ilkhanate period, is the formation of a dual Mongol-Iranian system in the organization of the Divan of Composition, a system whose Iranian elements were gradually highlighted.

Mozaffari Hospital was established in 1318 AH /1900 AD at the request of merchants and other Iranian dignitaries living in Istanbul and by order of Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar. With the establishment of this hospital with medical staff and modern tools and equipment, an important step was taken in order to provide medical and treatment assistance to the Iranians, especially the poor and needy Iranians. The purpose of this study is to investigate and identify the hospital as the first Iranian hospital outside Iran. This study wants to answer the question that what obstacles did Mozaffari Hospital face of goals, type and scope of operation during the period of activity from establishment to dissolution? This research is based on the method of historical research and using unpublished documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the National Archives of Iran and Persian language newspapers published by the Ottoman Empire. The result of this research is that this modern hospital was able to provide many services to different sections of Iranian and Ottoman society during its activity, and especially in a time when access to doctors and modern medical and surgical services was very limited, appropriate assistance was provided. Pay attention to the vulnerable and poor Iranians.

The Constitutional Revolution of Iran, which was a revolution for law and equality of the public, is one of the events that one can find out the memories of this period from its unspoken facts, especially regarding the people as peasant, nation, masses, … and others, common people. This suggests that, despite the arrival of Iran in a new era of governance and valuing people's voice and position, the people still had a low value place. The most important conditions for causal explaining vulgar looking people based on the grounded theory are lack of political knowledge of people, economic situation of the people, their beliefs and governance system. Sloppy and low-value looking at people has had many consequences including categorizing people of the Iranian society into two groups of properties or commons, the awakening nation against the dormant nation, the ignorant nation against the conscious nation. But the most important of these consequences is the value judgments about the people which considered the people as sheep and lambs, insects, and wandering creatures comparing with animals such as jackals, etc. which has resulted in the fact that in the literature of reminiscence we see the classification of the society into two classes of properties and commons that all the concepts and categories refer to in some way. This suggests characteristics for the common people that expresses the distinction between the commons and properties.

The arrival of Islam in Iran had profound and profound effects on the body of this institution, so that the political, social, cultural, economic, and livelihood structures of the people underwent fundamental changes. The main question of the research is what was the character of Iranian food and clothing as elements of social, cultural and livelihood structure of the Umayyads? It has been hypothesized that part of the ancient Persian text continued in the early Islamic centuries. During the period under review while maintaining some of the national and social traditions and traditions, Iranian society had the greatest influence on the Umayyad in the area of ​​Iranian food, while preserving ancient traditions and local foods, and part of the Arab diet. And Iranian food diversity also changed Arabs' eating habits, so in this part of the tradition we see the influence of both sides on each other. This research will explain the subject under the descriptive-analytical method.

The Mongol conquests and the beginning of the patriarchal rule in Iran marked a period of change in most areas for the Iranians; Thus, the ruling structure of the patriarchal government was influenced by the Mongol laws. One of the most important parts of the Iranian bureaucracy that underwent extensive changes was finance . The Mongols' distrust of the Iranians and the importance of financial matters persuaded the Mongols to delegate important oversight responsibilities to their own agents. Thus the position of the Iranian declined, and collectors of state taxes, were under thesupervision of Mongol agents. With the expansion of the scope of duties and affairs related to finance and taxation, Iranian brokers gained more roles and presence in the organization. , the Mongol style in the tax system took a form which the Iranian came under the influence of the Mongol elements. Therefore, the main issue of this research is to identify the financial organization and position of taxpayers, their powers, job descriptions and functions during the Mongol period in Iran. It seems that with the Mongol domination of Iran and the implementation of Mongolian laws, changes were made in the Iranian tax system and the introduction of Mongolian elements and terms along with the Iranian-Islamic financial system was on the agenda. The results of the research show that the Mongols implemented a dual system in the administrative organization of Iran by implementing the Mongol principles and laws along with the bureaucracy of Iran under their influence.

Presence of Mongolians in Iran not only was a military event but also their migration to the Iran plateau has imposed its effects on the economic, cultural, social and administrative infrastructures. Administrative system was among the first affected sections at the very beginning years. Though these effects gradually and not entirely lost their affection, but some lasting ones remained in effect for many years. This research is aimed at recognizing the effects on judiciary system in the rule of Al-Muzaffar (1292-1374 AD), formulating foundations of judiciary system in this regiment and assessing manner and quality of decrement or continuation of Mongolian symbols in Al-Muzafar's judiciary system. This descriptive-analytical research has been conducted in the field of library studies. Corollaries of this research affirm that judiciary system of Al-Muzaffar is based on three principles: adoption from judiciary system of Al-Muzafar's early dignitaries; Ilkhanites, administrative systems of the Iranian Muslim States and local traditions of Al-Muzaffar's regality in Yazd and Fars. Findings also demonstrate that Mongolian symbols, in spite of their presence in Al-Muzaffar's judiciary system have gradually been attenuated and replaced with those of Islamic-Iranian ones. At least in the middle ages, This fact is indicator of prominent presence of continuation in the Iranian judiciary system.

Numerous factors can influence the creation and continuation of a concept, which vary from one society to another according to the conditions prevailing in that society. Iranian society during the constitutional era was also influenced by conditions that had long ruled Iran, such as the type of system of government, type of livelihood, land tenure and popular culture. With the establishment of the constitutional system and the formation of the constitution and the equality of all members of society before the law, it was expected that the view of the general public would change, but by examining the sources of the constitutional period, we see the continued use of the word common people. We are properties and a low value view of the masses. Therefore, in this study, the factors affecting the continuity of the vulgar and low value view of the general public in the constitutional period are examined using a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of this study indicate that the use of the word "commoners" against the properties and low value view of the general public has been due to the lack of change in the political, economic and cultural position of the masses and the constitutional revolution in changing the type. Looking at the common people and creating value for them as an Iranian nation has not been successful.

Bold presence of Chagataees in governmental organization is the most prominent aspects of the Timurid era. This is due to the fact that Timur used Chagatees elements for establishment, consolidation of the state and expanding the territory. The main issue of this research is to investigate the role of Chagataees in the formation and establishment of the Timur’s rule and the assessment of the reasons and the political, administrative and military influence of the chaghatays in this government. This research had examined the thoughts and politics of Timur in relation with Chagataees in military and estate affairs based on descriptive-analytical method in the field of library studies. The results of the research indicate that Chagataees’ presence in Timur's military and governance affairs was significant. This issue, in addition to Timur's inevitability for using Chagataees for obtaining consolidation of political legitimacy, was influenced by the dependence of Timur's rule on the Chagataees' armies and the using them for the expansion and preservation of the territory and the consolidation of the state.

Monasteries or “Khaneghah”, as the center of Iranian- Islamic mysticism and Sufism and a sacred building, with various social, cultural, artistic, economic and political functions, is a representation of Iranian culture and civilization. The Ilkhanid era is known as the period of the expansion of Sufism and the construction of monasteries. At this time, monasteries were considered a social, cultural, and sacred sanctuary that replaced schools, and in addition to asceticism and worship; other activities took place. In this article, it is attempted to study the various influential factors in the emergence and growth of Sufism and monasteries during the Ilkhanid period. Indeed, the study examines the impact of key factors in the process of expansion and growth of Sufis in the Ilkhanid period. Since the role of Sufism and its influence on the buildings of the monasteries of this period cannot be ignored; the study of the architecture of the monasteries is significant in order to study the factors that led to the spread of Sufism during this stage in history. The research method of this article is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is accomplished by studying library resources and also by observing and analyzing the role of monastic buildings in the spread of Sufism in the Ilkhanid period; furthermore, the cultural and artistic factors of monastic buildings have been studied. The results show that the architecture of monasteries and their artistic structure are closely related to mystical and Sufi ideas and the study of the artistic structure and symbolic elements of the monastery shows its direct relationship with the spread of mysticism and Sufism in the Ilkhanid period. In the art of Islamic architecture, many symbolisms have been the source of mysticism and Sufism. The cultural and artistic events of the monasteries were influential in the growth of Sufi followers during the Ilkhanid period, and the spread of Sufism in this period established a link between mysticism and Sufism and the art of the Ilkhanid period.

Research objectives:

1. To investigate of the influence of the most important factors in the emergence and growth of Sufism and monasteries in the Ilkhanid period. 2. To analyze the architecture of monasteries and examining its impact on the spread of Sufism during the Ilkhanid period.

Research questions:

1. How is the architecture of the monasteries and their artistic structure related to mystical and Sufi ideas? 2. What effect did monastic buildings have on the spread of Sufism during the Ilkhanid period?