ولی بریم نژاد

All countries consider food security to be an important development objective, and reducing food insecurity is seen as a crucial political goal for all people. One of the ways to study food insecurity is using indirect measures such as consumption behavior. This article examines the concept of urban household food insecurity in Alborz province of Iran and depicts the findings of food insecurity indicators. Household food insecurity scale, household hunger scale and coping strategies were used to obtain information. In a statistical population (1000 households) random classification method among the cities of the province, data were extracted by means of standard questionnaires and in the field. The dispersion coefficient ranking method was used to investigate the difference in food insecurity in the cities of Alborz province. In the next step, the level of food insecurity in all defined indicators was drawn using remote sensing technique and conventional color spectrum. What was obtained from these classifications showed that in the difference of prevalence estimates, firstly, the statistical population is different in food insecurity indicators. Secondly, each indicator has a different sensitivity range of food insecurity severity and these ranges do not overlap. Third, the classification of the prevalence of food insecurity depends very much on the selected spatial and temporal cut-off. Based on this, it is not possible to estimate food insecurity using a unique accepted standard measure. Accordingly, it is recommended to use more than one indicator. In addition, the use of images to show this information facilitates the accuracy, disaggregation and correct interpretation of the information.

Banks as the most important financial institutions play a great role in the Iranian economy and increasing their economic efficiency is the main objective of the Banks. This paper aims to evaluate performance of 25 branches of the Agricultural Bank of Alborz province in 2012-13. To this end, data envelopment analysis technique was applied. The results indicated that the average technical efficiencies of branches under constant and variable returns to scale were, in 2012, 84.2 and 87.7 percent and, in 2013, 92.8 and 93.7 percent, respectively. The average efficiencies to scale were 95.9%, and 98.9 percent respectively in two mentioned years.

Obesity represents an economical setback for the country, and its outbreak threatens the public health. The present study aimed at studying factors affecting women’s willingness to pay (WTP) for controlling weight gain and treating obesity.
A researcher-designed questionnaire survey consisting 450 women was carried out on Mashhad residents in 2014 (Iran). The participants were selected by a convenience sampling method out of people coming to Mellat Park in Mashhad. The questionnaire credibility and reliability were confirmed by a panel of experts, and its reliability was estimated to be >0.7 by Cronbach’s alpha, confirming that the employed measuring tool has had enough credability. Data were collected by face-toface interview and were analyzed by Logit regression model using SPSS (ver. 19) Software Package.
Among participated women, about 86% were willing to pay for controlling weight gain. Mean monthly payment by women to control weight gain was estimated to be 823,110 IRR (Iranian Rials). The variables positively affected WTP included household monthly income (P Participants having higher monthly income were more willing to pay for controlling weight gain. Awareness of the effects of obesity on health had positive influence on WTP. Social impacts of obesity, also, increased women’s WTP for controlling weight gain. Therefore, it is necessary for health policy-makers to design appropriate plans for training the health, social and even economical impacts of obesity in the society in order to motivate people to pay for its control.

Squares and markets of a day, as a supply centre for daily needs of citizen, are components of network services in the city of Tehran. Their transmittal, appropriate structure and utilizing diversity, for consideration of social, economic, cultural and environment, are very important; that it should be considered in city management. In this study with the use of scientific methods, comments professinals, experiments experts and analytical hierarchy model, positioning indices are priorized in the city of Tehran.
Results showed that, 6 main indices are collected: 1-Land ownership 2- Land area 3- Parking lot 4- Accesibility 5- Compatibility and proximity and 6- hierarchy and centralization. Azadi square with obtaining 0.961 score, has the highest rating between 186 positions. After that Sadeghieh and Jalal-al-ahmad squares are with 0.913 score. Markets of a day (Vali-asr and Atlas), with 0.091 score, are worst in comparison with others. The results implied that, most of the current problems in squares and markets are low area of lands, scarcity of parking lot and accessibility respectively.

This main motivation for supporting policy in agricultural sector can mentioned; economic development, support employment and investment, protect domestic production, reducing dependence on overseas for achieving suitable conditions life. This research calculated Producer Support Estimate (PSE) in agricultural sector base on three exchange rates (official exchange rate, currency market, real exchange rate) that exist in Iran. Also this index, calculated base on constant prices (1997) and current prices. According to the limitation of statistical some time series (Including statistics for road transportation costs); period of data (1995-2010) is used. Results have shown that the PSE calculated during this period has several fluctuations and doesn’t have regular uptrend or downtrend. So that, PSE base on official exchange rate at current prices in 1995-2001 has rising trend, but from 2001 to 2006 has decreased. Of course the PSE has increased significantly in 2004. The reason is that allocated the maximum budget payment by government. Then PSE had uptrend, so that most PSE during the period is owned 2008. This result nearly is true for all three of the exchange rate.

Ongoing study of environmental developments and its reflection on the managers is one of the important missions of marketing. Therefore the scrutiny of convertible industries market and finding appropriate solutions to improve the market position of this part is considerable. The aim of this study is to investigate the external market environment such as the competitive environment, economic environment, political environment, social - cultural environment and technological environment of the dairy conversion industry market in Hamedan province. The usable statistical methods in this study are the nonparametric statistic and the structural equations. There quire data in this research is collected by questionnaire in 2012. The results show that the factors of environmental, economic, political and technological are effective factors in Hamedan's dairy industries marketing. According to the results, some suggestions have been offered.

This paper discusses the organic agricultural sector from a socio-economical point of view and from a world and regional perspective. The organic food market has been a niche market in world for many decades. In the recent years ‘organic’ has become a growth، and in some countries، a mature food market due to ongoing governmental support، active marketing of national and international retail chains and constantly growing consumer demand. Organic now belongs to a specific lifestyle and to a finally acknowledged cultural model، which attracts human and financial resources on its own، producing profits and satisfying a steadily increasing market. This paper beginning with a description of the global organic food market analyses organic food marketing in respect to consumer segments and to the four marketing Ps (Product، Price، Place and Promotion). Despite these opportunities، technical، economic، structural and political constraints continue to hinder market development. The paper concluded that there is a need to establish appropriate mechanisms to improve information flows (a) among stakeholder groups; (b) between importing and exporting countries; and (c) among countries within the region itself.

In this study، the effective factors which is influenced purchasing decision for a particular consumer groups include non-user، accidental- user and permanent-user have been investigated with utilizing logit model. Identify social and economic factors that affect consumer behavior are research objectives and to do this we gather data and information required by field survey، questionnaire design، and simple random sampling، interview 303 among buyers of Mayadin Management of Tehran Municipality have been collected in Mrch 2012. The results of the regression estimates show that factors such as income، presents of child under 5 years، indicators of knowledge of product characteristics، labeling and quality have significant positive effect on the likelihood acceptance and buing decision to nitch products and the final analysis has been done on marginal effect. Furthermore، the significant level of 95% in other factors on the purchasing decision has not been proved.

Abstract In this study ARIMA and neural network auto-regressive methods for predicting retail product prices of tomatoes were Compared. The data were weekly that included the retail prices of tomatoes during 2009-2010 and gathered from Tehran fruits and vegetables organization. The results showed that non-linear neural network auto-regressive model, in predicting the retail price of tomatoes has a lower error and thus is more efficient than ARIMA.

The aim of this study, firstly, is to investigate and identify the factors leading to the adoption of high yielding wheat varieties grown by farmers. Secondly, it is to consider the impacts of neighborhood on farmers’ decisions about adoption of wheat varieties as spatial data. For this purpose, Spatial Probit Discrete Choice model and Bayesian method will be used to estimate the model by using MATLAB software. The data are collected by 214 farmers in central part of Qazvin city via Simple Random Sampling. The results of the models estimated by using Bayesian method shows that adoption of high yielding wheat varieties are affected by variables such as rural production cooperatives, farming experience, age, quantity of wheat production and Spatial Autoregressive Coefficient

We can contend that the most significant of­ people's nutrition is Protein which consuming the egg as a strategic product,especially,for Iranian people is one of the ways of providing.Given that,consuming healthy and high quality egg become more important.Identified egg has been as a identified good and also the label contains producer information,production area,date of production,date of expiration,ingredients information and so on and also has been as a healthy and high quality products.This study is attempting to proceed for using the above pattern by collecting data of time series,cross-sectional, conducting library study,field work and face to face interview and refering to relevant institutions and reputable sites and issues about agricultural economics.Marketing paths have been examined for identified egg after studying and evaluating and the marketing predominant path was specified.Then, venture to measure variables in two times was done via marginal marketing mark up model.The achieved consequences implied acceptance of one of the hypothesises of investigation and being effective of retail price in the whole marginal marketing about identified egg. Meanwhile, this variable was not denoted due to the variable significant level of freight. The suggestion of conferring the subcidy to suppliers of this good has been posed in this research due to the persuasion for increasing production and decreasing price. Rising public advertisement for encouragement consumer to produce healthy and high quality egg, correct and developped informing and consciousness,providing and using new ways of purchasement and sell for making sense of marginal marketing toward E-commerce approach from institutions and qualified and relevant organization and also providing the condition for credit buying via putting in facilities and credit to the recognized buyers,retailers and producers to spend this kind of credit toward more appropriate sell and also the guarantee for return on investment of producer.

This paper aims to study factors which cause consumers purchasing quality vegetables. Since consumers'' conception of product quality is an important element in each marketing strategy. The purpose of this study is to determine the effective factors and the way they affect the consumers'' purchase decision and willingness to pay above market price. By using contingent valuation method، individual''s preferences and tastes in monetary domain were extracted according to the change in the product quality. For this purpose،، the data were collected by interviewing with 446 consumers inside and outside market. Consumers preferencs were measured by two-step Heckman model in February 2012. The results showed that in relative to the market prices، the average amount of willingness to pay was 2220 Rls. per kilograms

Savojbolagh is one of the main poles greenhouse productions in Alborz Province. Strawberry is one of the main products is this area that with respect to harvest time and quality, the people have great utility. In this research the technical efficiency of the greenhouse units of strawberry production in Savojbolagh county has been studied and evaluated. In this study the data of 65 greenhouse units were gathered. The necessary information were about the characteristics of the greenhouse's manager, the operation quality of the greenhouse unit, the strawberry's buy or sell quality, the location of the greenhouse, the situation of the inputs consumed, the case of the staff and the situation of the products. In order to estimate the technical efficiency, first we estimated two production functions in the forms of Cobb-Douglass (the representative of the inflexible functions) and translog (the representative of the flexible functions). The average technical efficiency for Alborz Province's strawberry producers was estimated about 0.79. The minimum and maximum technical efficiency of producers were estimated respectively 0.54 and 0.967 that show the difference between the maximum and the minimum technical efficiency among the producers.

In this research the technical efficiency of the greenhouse units of strawberry production in Savojbolagh county has been studied and evaluated. In this study the data of 65 greenhouse units were gathered. The necessary information were about the characteristics of the greenhouse's manager, the operation quality of the greenhouse unit, the strawberry's  buy or sell quality, the location of the greenhouse, the situation of the inputs consumed, the case of the staff and the situation of the products. In order to estimate the technical efficiency, first we estimated two production functions in the forms of cobb-douglass (the representative of the inflexible functions) and translog (the representative of the flexible functions). The average technical efficiency for Alborz Province's strawberry producers was estimated about 0.79. The miminum and maximum technical efficiency of producers were estimated respectively 0.54 and 0.967 that show the difference between the maximum and the minimum technical efficiency among the producers.

In this study utilizing the time series data for the period from 1981 to 2006 and applying OLS procedure as well as Eviews software, supply and demand functions of writing and printing paper is estimated as single-equation regression models. In such situation, it is possible to identify the explanatory variables related to production and consumption of wood and paper and help factories to determine the production capacity with respect to domestic demand. In addition, if it is necessary, such finding will help government to allocate the necessary currency for imports of this product. The reason for using this procedure is based on the hypothesis that linear classical regression models can be used as estimators in unbiased condition and possesses the least variance (BLUE). The applied model uses the functional form as linear log-log model which permits the interpretation of estimated coefficient in terms of elasticities. The results of demand function with assumption of lack of serial autocorrelation between residual terms of different equations at 0.05 statistical levels indicate that intercept, newspaper price as a substitute commodity, literacy rate and production rate of wood and paper variables imposes positive effect and wood and paper price variable has slightly negative effect on its consumption. Since absolute price elasticity estimate is less than one, it shows that demand for wood and paper is inelastic. The war dummy variable is significant at 0.05 level that shows it influences the wood and paper consumption. The results of supply function with the similar assumption indicate that wood and paper price is newspaper price as a substitute commodity. Wood and paper consumption with the first lagged have positive effect and intercept, wood and paper imports and production cost with the first lagged have negative effect on its production. The war dummy variable imposes positive effect on wood and paper production at 0.05 level.