وهاب قلیچ

Global environmental changes have become a significant challenge for humanity, highlighting the need for robust support for environmental projects across all dimensions, including financial and economic. Integrating ethics and human and social values with environmental concerns in economic activities creates a new approach for sectors such as banking, manufacturing, industry, and insurance, reshaping their operations in response to these challenges. It is necessary to put aside the purely market-oriented approaches focused on the rapid development of financial markets at any cost, so that other policies with greater health can replace them. Meanwhile, the concept called "green banking" is one of the most important examples of this support. This kind of banking, as an important part of ethical banking, plays a special role in protecting the environment. With a comprehensive explanation of green banking and by using theoretical studies and international experiences and obtaining opinions from relevant experts and experts, this research identified the factors affecting the trend of the country's banking network towards green banking by using the Delphi method, questionnaire analysis and Friedman's test.

The current research is completely practical in terms of its purpose and qualitative and descriptive-analytical in terms of implementation method. First, by using the Delphi method, the factors affecting the tendency of the banking to implement green banking are identified, and then the relevant data is collected using a questionnaire. In the following, the known factors are ranked and prioritized with Friedman's test. The statistical population of this research was all managers and banking experts in Tehran. In the Delphi method, a standard statistical sample typically ranges from 10 to 30 questionnaires, with 28 initially considered for this research. After follow-up, 23 questionnaires were completed and included in the analysis. Additionally, 142 questionnaires were prepared and collected for Friedman's test implementation. At this stage, a Likert scale was used for the research questions, scored by managers, branch heads, and banking experts. A combined method has been used in the collection of research statistical data. At first, the concepts of green banking and ethical banking have been explained by using the library method and conducting free theoretical and field studies. In the following, with the Delphi technique and obtaining the opinions of relevant experts and experts, the most important factors affecting the tendency of the banking network to implement green banking have been calculated. In the following, the remaining important factors have been added to the set of factors with the method of intellectual generation.

Based on the results of the research, four main economic, structural, managerial and social criteria were identified in order to influence this tendency. In the sub-criteria section, the high inflation rate, the relative cheapness of energy prices and the presence of profitable parallel markets along with green deposits are mentioned as the most important reasons for the low tendency towards green banking. Also, the laws and regulations and the legal system, the recruitment system, the promotion and encouragement of bank managers and employees, the central bank's supervisory system, the senior managers' attitudes towards environmental issues, corporate governance, the bank's internal supervision, the attention to green banking in the selection and decision Customers, society's attitude towards environmental issues and the culture of demand among the most important sub-criteria affecting the trend of the Iranian banking towards green banking have been evaluated and introduced.

This research tried to identify and analyze the factors affecting the tendency of Iranian banking network towards green banking with a more comprehensive explanation of green banking and by using theoretical studies and international experiences and obtaining opinions from relevant experts and experts. Based on the research results, four main structural, economic, managerial and social factors influencing this trend were identified. Surveys showed that in the first place, economic factors were more effective than other factors in the trend of the banking towards green banking. Among the study factors categories, structural, managerial and social factors have the most influence on the trend of the country's banking network towards green banking. It is suggested that for the greater desire and tendency of the banking to implement and realize green banking, it is necessary to improve the economic components with the aim of more stabilization, inflation control, strengthening of supervisory dimensions and balance sheet reform of the banking network. Also, reforming the legal system in the supervision and support of green bankers, reforming the incentive and recruitment system, strengthening the attitude of senior bank managers and the general public to the necessity of protecting the environment, as well as reviewing the frameworks and processes of corporate governance in banks with a green perspective to encourage Iranian banking, is necessary towards green banking. In the meantime, undoubtedly the role of the central bank as the supervisory body and upstream regulatory body in reforming the general structures of the banking system and improving the management situation of the public sector of the banking network can be useful and effective in increasing the tendency of banks to establish green banking and comply with its criteria.

Today, the importance of fintechs in the financial field is not hidden from anyone. The importance of this matter is to the extent that a wide range of recent studies have been conducted on the performance of fintechs and their relationship with the banking sector at the international literature. In Iran, there are more than 50 fintech companies that have entered into various sectors of the banks' business model. Therefore, they can affect the financial stability of the Iranian banks. In this article, using data of fintechs and financial statement of banks during 1991-2021 and ARDL and Quantile methodology, the effect of fintechs in the short and long term on the financial stability of banks has been investigated according to the type of ownership, the size of the banks, and the degree of financial stability. In this article, fintechs are divided into two groups: competing fintechs and non-competing fintechs. Fintech lifetime has been used as a measure of fintech performance. The z-score has been used as a measure of financial stability of banks. The results of the accuracy of the model indicate the normality of the distribution of residual sentences, the absence of serial correlation, the existence of homogeneity variance and the existence of long-term relationship. The results of the survey show a significant relationship between fintechs and financial stability of banks. So in long term, both competing and non-competing fintechs have a negative effect on the financial stability of banks. But in the short term, non-competing fintechs have a positive relationship and competing fintechs have a negative relationship with the financial stability of banks. Also, examining the effect of fintechs according to the type of ownership and size indicates the negative effect of fintechs based on the type of ownership and size, and examining the effect of fintechs according to the degree of financial stability indicates the negative effect of fintechs on banks with low financial stability.

Iran has the good solar energy absorption potentials because of its situation on world warm belt . This situation creates a good opportunity for using of solar power plants. This research early introduces the important criterions in three sections: economic, climate & security such as Income and expenses, air temperature, cloudy sky index, air pollution index , wind speed index, sunlight hour’s index, sunlight angle index etc. Then by questionnaire tools and expert interviews and exploring statistical data from structural equation modeling, exploratory factor analysis & confirmatory factor analysis was prioritized the main factors. In the following, it uses AHP model for calculating of the weight of criteria and sub-criteria. Then the resulting weights are integrated with the weights obtained from structural equation modeling and the final weight was calculated. In the following, based on the main geographical directions of the country (N, S, E, W, C) and the subsidiary geographical directions of the country (NE, NW, SE, SW) , a province was selected as a sample. The result of the research shows between 9 geographical directions of Iran, respectively SW , Center and SE of geographical directions of the country are the best locations for commissioning of solar power plants .

Supervision of banks during financial life of banks shows that changes in the performance of banks can affect the economy. Disclosure of bank information is one of the ways that policymakers, investors, and depositors in the banking sector can monitor the good performance of banks. In this regard, reputable international organizations such as the Basel Committee, and the Economic Development and Cooperation Organization, have expressed a framework for corporate governance and information disclosure. In Iran, the framework of disclosure of bank information has also been stated. The review of theoretical literature indicates the existence of an optimal level of information disclosure according to economic and environmental factors. Considering the importance of the topic, in this article, the relationship between information disclosure and profitability of banks in the short and long term has been investigated by using the ARDL model in the period of 2001-2021. The results show that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between information disclosure and banks' profitability so with the increase in information disclosure, the level of banks' profitability improves first and then decreases from the optimal level. Also, there is a U-shaped relationship between information disclosure and banks' profitability according to the level of economic growth, so first with the increase of disclosure and economic growth of banks, the profitability of banks decreases, and after the minimum point of banks' profitability, with the increase of economic growth and disclosure, profitability Banks increase. On the other hand, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between information disclosure and banks' profitability according to the level of inflation. So, it is suggested to bank supervisors to pay attention to macroeconomic conditions in the requirement to information disclose. So according to the level of economic growth and the level of inflation, they determine the amount of information disclosure.

Linked banking is one of the methods of providing microfinance, which aims to expand the reach of target groups to microfinance services with the aim of financial linkage between official financial organizations (commercial and government banks) and local financial groups. The purpose of this research is the pathology of the implementation of link banking in the Iranian banking system. For this purpose, this research using library research method, field studies, interviews with experts, managers and experts of the banking industry and using the SWOT factor analysis method in 1401, the weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats of using linked banking has been extracted in Iran and then, related strategies were formulated and analyzed by ranking and weighting indicators and prioritizing strategies. The results of the research indicate that the best strategy for implementing linked banking in Iran is an aggressive strategy; it means that the proposed strategies in this dimension are proposed with the aim of using the strengths to exploit the opportunities. According to the results of the research, it is suggested that more connections should be established between microfinance institutions and academic and research centers so that by coordinating the necessary experience transfer, users of microcredits can produce goods and services in line with the needs of the market.

The unpleasant effect of Fiat money creation in disruption of economic equilibrium and class division creation is one of the main subjects of expert circles. Therefore, some researchers suggest “Theory of Gold Standard” instead of credit money. The book “An Introduction to The Theory of Gold Standard: The Monetary System of the New Islamic Civilization” is the most important book in explanation of this theory in Iranian publications. This article deals with the theoretical approach and it reviews the theory of the Gold Standard. The article shows the authors’ valuable concern about the monetary and banking system`s challenges and the unpleasant effects of Fiat money creation. Finally, the book cannot answer ambiguity and main questions scientifically and convincingly. Perhaps simultaneous using of Gold with credit money (no complete removal of credit money) is the more reasonable suggestion for the Iranian monetary system.

In recent decades, micro-financing institution has been proposed in many countries as a suitable solution for increasing entrepreneurship and job creation and improving the welfare of poor and moderate households. Due to the deficiency of microfinance instruments appropriate for low and average income groups of the society in the Iranian banking system, the targeted provision of these services has failed to achieve its goals. Hence, it is necessary to design new methods for financing these social groups, so that while efficient, they keep in line with the goals and functions of Iranian banking. This paper has designed and presented a new model for microfinance in the Iranian banking system by using a descriptive- exploratory method and experts' points of view. The proposed model is based on attracting deposits through special contract of mandate and payment of facilities using Qarz al-Hasan and Murabaha contracts with the aim of financing the weak and middle classes of the society.

Economic stability is one of the most important subjects in macro economy which widely depends on government policies such as financing budget deficit, whereas government budget is an instrument for access to higher economic growth and price stability. If governments tend to achieve these goals, they should take into consideration how to allocate the annual budget. The question which should be answered is whether governments can increase budget deficit to achieve these goals. Before answering this question, two preliminary questions should be answered. Which sources will the deficit provide? and in what economic sectors will the deficit be spend? Experiences in oil-rich developing countries such as Iran show that in many years, the biggest part of budget deficit financing has been through oil revenues, but in recent years, oil-rich developing countries have tried to increase the share of debt securities in financing budget deficit. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the effects of different methods of budget deficit financing on inflation and economic growth in Iran using VARX model and expanding window estimation method. The results show that the effects of budget deficit on economic growth depend directly on the method of budget deficit financing in a way that when the most part of financing is through exchange reserve account, the effects of budget deficit on economic growth is positive and its severity is increasing. When the most part of financing is through selling government corporations, the effect of budget deficit on economic growth is positive, however, its severity is decreasing. And when the most part of financing is through selling debt securities, the effect of budget deficit on economic growth will be positive. The policy advice of the paper is that if the government tends to decrease the share of oil revenue in financing budget deficit, the best alternative is to increase the share of debt securities. The last result of the paper is that when the most part of financing of budget deficit is through exchange reserve account, there is no significant effect of budget deficit on inflation, but when the two other methods of financing play the biggest role, budget deficit increases inflation.

The unpleasant effects of the Corona illness outbreak on world economies forced some economists to survey and analyze the effects of Corona illness on the economy. The book “Corona Economy: Resistance Economy in Corona Virus Age” is the first significant book in this subject with the purpose of salvation roads recognition for the Iranian economy with resistance economy review. Among the two criticism axes of structure and content, the paper concludes this book as the aggregation of some viewpoints of economic experts, despite many advantages such as innovative and fluent text, it has some defects. The important defects are disconnection in present flow, snap in publishing before determining the Corona effects dimensions, incorrect format, insufficient usage from global studies, and finally lack of comprehensiveness in analysis and solutions. Therefore, it seems the book cannot reach its goals. The paper suggests correction notes to improve and complete its structure and content.

The realization of a resistance economy depends on the strengthening of economic institutions, including the banking industry. The banking industry can take an important step in contributing to the emergence of a resilient economy in the country by strengthening its structure through channels such as competitiveness, good governance and resource management. The main question of this research is about the country's banking industry has been able to increase the level of inter-bank competitiveness and thus its structural resistance by strengthening corporate governance. The present study, by analyzing the competitive situation in 18 banks of Iran during the period 1385-1397 using the panel data method and using the Lerner index and Van Leuvensteijn approach, rejected this hypothesis and it shows that in the period under review, this industry has a low ability to strengthen competitiveness and decentralization. This result indicates the failure to achieve the goals of strengthening the banking industry through the channel of strengthening the competitive environment. Therefore, improving the competitive environment is recommended by facilitating regulations and guidelines and trying to reduce grammatical policies and increase competitive incentives.

Shariah governance is an Islamic corporate governance system that is designed to ensure that Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) activities comply with Shariah rules. Shariah supervision is one of the most important components of the Shariah governance system that is carried out by the Shariah board. The purpose of this paper is to examine the perceptions of academicians and financial markets practitioners on Shariah governance practices in six areas, namely, general framework of Shariah governance, regulatory framework, the role of Shariah board, mechanisms of Shariah governance system, operational procedures and functions of the Shariah board. This study is a survey in which data is collected by sending questionnaires and then analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of 171 collected questionnaires in 2020 indicate that the large majority of the respondents considered the Shariah governance practices in the Iranian financial markets as important and in this regard, there is no significant difference between the views of academicians and financial markets practitioners. The results also indicate that the respondents have considered different priorities for the Shariah governance practices and in their view the functions of the Shariah board, the competence of the Shariah board and the general framework of the Shariah governance are more important.

This study examines the impact of the facility structure for bank profitability in Iran, using panel data over the period 2005-2019. The method used in this study is Panel ARDL.In order to achieve this objective, of all the private banking institutions, we have chosen 9 banks that allocate their banking facilities in the form of Islamic contracts. Given that Installment sale and civil partnership, respectively, with 29/71% and 37/44% of total loans accounted for the largest share of banking facilities.Thus, in this study, in order to study the profitability of the banks, the variables above were considered as representatives of the sector of facilities. Also, the profitability criteria used include return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA) and net interest margin (NIM).The results of this study show that there is a positive and significant relationship between civil partnership and ROA in the short and long term, and between Installment sale and profitability measures ROA and ROE there is a negative relationship.According to the results, it is suggested that balancing the various types of contracts in the granting of facilities by the banking system. Also, given the lower profitability of exchange contracts for banks, an independent section under the supervision of the central bank is created to determine the rate of profit to encourage people to use the facilities above.

In the last two decades, the microfinance industry has grown exponentially both in terms of the number and types of customers and service providers and in terms of methods and processes, with the goal of empowering the poorest people. Today, conventional microfinance is mainly based on a loan agreement with interest. Considering the prohibition of Riba in Islamic economics, it is necessary to use the Islamic contracts for microfinancing. Profit-making contracts, including Mubadala (exchange) and Musharakah (participation) because of their specific characteristics, can be used in this regard. However, the question to be asked here is which of the various types of these contracts are more appropriate for the development of Islamic microfinance activities? To answer this question first needs identifying the criteria for desirable contracts in microcredit system. In this paper, first we study the most important criteria and then we use them to ranking profit-making contracts according to applicability in Islamic microfinance system using fuzzy TOPSIS as one of the MCDM techniques. According to results there are 9 important criteria for this issue in microcredit system. Also the results show that, Murabaha, Jua'ala and Ijara are the most sutibale contracts for microcredit, respectively.

The banking system is executed by many beneficiaries such as depositors, borrowers, banking services customers, stockholders, banking staff and managers and etc. The beneficiaries’ rights observation of banking that usually is known as Corporate Governance in banking, has constructive effects on economic. The main goal of the research is the survey of beneficiaries’ rights observation in depositing operation of Riba-free banking system by corporate governance view and the analysis of some its solutions. The results of the research in Content Analysis method, show in depositing operation, the depositors have rights such as ontime and full determing and paying audited profit, correct doing advocacy and fulfillment of contract obligations by bank. Also the research explains some samples of violation of the rights and corporate governance debilitation. It seems using of “special wakalah” contract, depositing operation monitoring and banking network specialization can decline the challenges of the depositing operation of Riba-free banking system.

Today, the development and progress of societies is tied to the results of scientific research, on the one hand, research is a field for examining and discovering the challenges and problems of the legislative and executive system, and on the other hand, it is an opportunity to search, design and explain effective solutions and solutions to the challenges. In the meantime, Islamic banking and finance researches have always been the subject of economic research in the country according to the needs and requirements of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main question of this study is whether there is a significant relationship between the topic and the process of Islamic banking and finance researches with related issues and challenges of Iran economy. The results of the study, which used the case study of the journal of Islamic Economics as a representative of publications in this field, showed that the topics related to "equipping and allocating banking resources" were the most and the topics related to "banking and Islamic Finance education and research" have the least subject in Islamic banking and financial research. Researchers have also, over time, shifted from "basic and supervisory" topics to "practical and operational" topics. Also, based on Logit regression model, it was found that Islamic banking and finance researchers have undertaken research in view of the practical challenges of Iranian economy and there is a significant relationship between research conducted in this field and related issues and challenges of Iran economy.

The term investment deposits are one of the important modes of mobilization of resources in the Iranian banking system that are eligible for a certain provisional profit. According to the bank’s agency in this term of deposits, the appliance of Provisional Profit and its periodic payment to depositors before calculating of actual profit at the end of the fiscal year, are for incentives of customer’s improvement. Regardless of these advantages, there are some questions about Provisional Profit. One of the most important questions is that "can bank guarantee Provisional Profit for depositors in investment deposits?". By using the descriptive-analytical methodology and jurisprudential survey of agreeing and opposite views, this paper shows the current provisional profit assurance via bank encounter with some obstacles, but there are some legitimate solutions. According to the Plan of I.R. Iran Banking, this research offers a corrective suggestion for the plan finally.

One of the most important concerns of businesses is to reach the financing paths that are becoming more serious about newly established firms and startups. Venture Capital (VC) is an idea to fund these types of businesses that are being used in global economies today. Considering that the conventional method of this category of investments is not in accordance with the Shari'a standards, Islamic countries have been considering using the Islamic risk investment model in the form of various legal contracts, including cooperative contracts. This research, using a library study method and a mathematical approach, while explaining the risky Islamic model of investment, attempts to explain the strategy of exit to investors in the form of a diminishing partnership. The results of this study indicate that in the exit strategy, the time it takes for the entrepreneur to fully utilize the economic project depends on the three factors of the investor's capital, the entrepreneur's capital and the expected profit in each period. The explanation of the direction of these dependencies in two fixed and variable returns in economic projects is another result of this study.