فهرست مطالب پروانه عادل زاده

Critical fiction is one of the most obvious fields in which social issues and problems are well represented. In some social periods, writers could not easily express their opinions due to the political suffocation of the society, they used indirect methods of expression such as critical allegories to express their opinions, thoughts and criticisms. Since the examination of critical parables is necessary to show thoughts and criticisms of the political, social and historical situation of the society in order to enlighten the audience, the purpose of the research is to examine the actions and critical allegorical behaviors in the story of "Ganeh Ganehai Zard" with a political approach and social influences in order to enlighten the audience. In this article, we intend to mention some examples based on political, historical and social allegory from the text of the story and examine the social harm caused by it and answer the question that; What is the effect of critical allegorical actions and behaviors with a political, social and historical approach in the story of "Ganeh Ganehai Zard" in the direction of enlightening the audience? The data collection method of this research was done in a library manner and has a descriptive-analytical approach. The results of the research show that the author has portrayed the political and social effects of dictatorial, dictatorial and colonial actions and behaviors and the resulting social harms to enlighten the audience with critical parables.

"Reciprocal behavior analysis" is a collection of modern psychotherapeutic theories in response to people who are searching for subtle and incomprehensible facts regarding the nature of "interpersonal" exchanges. The present article is based on the ideas of "Eric Byrne". Psychiatrist who owns a school and prominent theorist according to the behavior analysis system and based on how to change internal states under the title "parent, adult, child" which are known as the sides of the pyramid of data and basic mental payments. He has discussed the components of behavioral exchange and confrontation in the works of "Shahriar Mandanipour". Examining the interactions of the characters and estimating the performance of the emotional states of "parent, adult, child" shows how the information of the conscious and unconscious mind is transferred, and it is important that the highest frequency in "intra-individual" and "inter-individual" relationships is specific to the field. is "parent" and the two components "adult" and "child" have a lower frequency compared to the dominant component. The present research is analytical-descriptive and in response to the question, what are the psychological components of exchange and confrontation in the fictional works of Shahriar Mandanipour? It examines the characters of the mentioned works based on the theory of "Eric Burn" behavior analysis. In the contemporary period, the conceptual connection of many sciences, including literature and psychological science, shows the link between the literary framework of the novel and the interactions of the characters with the new theories and indicators of contemporary psychiatry. After extraction, the data of this research was analyzed in accordance with the theory of "Bern" behavior analysis, what was obtained in the present interdisciplinary research and based on the analysis of relationships based on the behavior analysis system, commonality, thematic fit and the integration of infrastructures. novel with The new psychological components of contemporary schools are important, and it is important that in behavioral exchanges, the state of "parent" was recognized as the starting point, and the highest frequency was identified in the analysis of relationships in the form of "parent-child".

According to theory of Eric Berne, any person involves specific behavioral patterns that depict his ego states. However, a person might depict different behavioral pattern under various ego states that are contrary to his previous behaviors. This viewpoint led to proposition of Ego state. Eric Berne, the founder of Transactional Analysis divides ego states into parent, adult and child. Based on this theory, parent is one of the personality states of a person that humans obtain it from their parents or power paradigm. Parent appears as the kind supportive parent and controlled parent. In the kind supportive parent state, the person has characteristics such as supportive, generous and intimate. In the state of the controlled parent, the person is selfish, punisher and tyrant. By descriptive and analytical method and by reference to the Beihaghi History and Eric Berne’s viewpoints and interdisciplinary approach, this research investigates the three components such as personality, types of parents and their exemplars in the personality of Amir Masoud Ghaznavi. The results show how Masoud Ghaznavi acts in different states and depicts the ego state of parent in his actions and what are the mental states of these behaviors. It is inferred that Masoud Ghaznavi has removed the state of adult and shows the state of tyrant parent and depicts the approaches such as power, threat, intimidation and tyranny.

 The goals of psychology in the past have been to focus on diseases and their treatment methods; However, about two decades ago, a branch of psychology called positive psychology with the aim of emphasizing six moral virtues such as wisdom, courage, justice, moderation, love and kindness, transcendence, leadership, etc. was taken into consideration. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the virtues and abilities of the characters of Khosrow and Shirin Nizami based on the theory of positive psychology.

 This research, using the content analysis method, has explained the virtues and abilities of the characters in the story of Khosrow and Shirin.

 Khosrow and Shirin is one of the systems of Khamsa Nizami, and the people of this system have virtues and capabilities that knowing these virtues and capabilities can have a significant impact on the analysis of the characters of this story.

 In this story, the relationship of mutual love is tangible. Although Khosrow enters this romantic relationship from the beginning with a selfish view, he achieves the virtues of courage, love, transcendence, etc. by emphasizing the abilities of courage, kindness, understanding beauty, etc., and we see the evolution in his character. Shirin also achieves all virtues by strengthening abilities such as self-control, humility, and forgiveness.
 
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The poem of Lili and Majnoon is especially important among Persian lyrical stories. It is important to examine it based on various types of criticism. One of the important types of criticism is sociological and theory-oriented criticism. Lukács, Pierre Bourdieu and Theodor Adorno have examined. The problem is the analysis of the lyrical content of the work based on mentalities, objectivity, social transformations, collective characteristics, theories of action, cultural differentiation and four capitals. The research method is descriptive-analytical, in this way, what and why are the sociological effects of lyrical literature, the lyrical characteristics and cultural geography of the said work separately and compared with each other, the nature of the lyrical literature born of this work, the type of vitality and The basis of the homogenous and contrasting lyrical actions of the characters in the stories, the cultural watershed, the cultural distinctions of the real society and the inner society of the story, re-examination and new findings were obtained, the findings show: the phenomena of the story are not monotonous to the objectivity, worldview, poet's mentalities. and the ideology of the social groups of the era of the emergence of the system that have shown themselves in the form of stories are related.

Cognitive linguistics considers linguistic knowledge as dependent on thought and cognition and introduces conceptual metaphor as a tool for how to think and linguistic behaviors. By examining it, similarities and differences of cultures can be obtained. Orientational metaphor is a form of conceptual metaphor in which abstract concepts are oriented in language. In directional metaphor, a whole system of concepts is organized in relation to another system, and since they are related to spatial directions such as up, down, inside, and outside, they are called directional metaphors. These metaphors are rooted in the physical and cultural experience of humans, and despite the fact that the polar opposites of high, low, and its components are considered physical in nature, the directional metaphors based on them are made, and they can be different from culture to culture. Accordingly, in the present study, this metaphor has been studied and compared in two novels “Shohar-e Ahoo Khanoom” by Afghani and “Never Let Me Go” by Ishiguro through the descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, research data were extracted with 36 orientational conceptual metaphors (16 cases of Afghani and 20 cases of Ishiguro) and their differences and similarities in the fields of the source domain and their mapping were investigated. The results showed that the similarities between the conceptual metaphors based on human understanding of the category of direction in the two languages are greater than the differences. In general, it shows that the two authors pay the same attention to this metaphor. By regarding the little metaphorical differences in the two languages, we conclude that although both authors have used a single cultural model to produce a metaphor of orientation, cultural and geographical differences produce different mapping.

Fear is one of the emotions that human beings have experienced throughout history, It has the same characteristics in almost all nations. With Conceptual metaphor, differences and similarities of cultures can be achived in statement and how. The present examines and compares this metaphor in the work of Afghani and Ishiguro, with method descriptive_ analytical and research data extracted within the framework of Lakoff and Gohnson with 57 case Fear conceptual metaphors in works of two author (29 case of Afghani and 28 case in Ishiguro works). The results show similarities between them and difference is less. Similarities were found in the origins of Living foundation , color of foundation hostility , sea, stagnation and inactivity, cold, death and matter.And the source domains fire, disease, weapons ,gambling and enemy were found in the Afghani works, but not in the Ishiguro. instead the source domain of the plant came in the Ishiguro and there are no Afghani works, that are different in the mapping name according to the sources. The main similarity of both is in the use of metaphors, which confirms the similarity by a difference of one percent.The ontological metaphor is in the Afghani works with 15 case and 26/31 percent and in the Ishiguro works with 14 case and 24/56 percent. In the structural metaphor, the mapping names of both are equal to 14 case with 24/56 percent. This slight difference also confirm the influence of culture and environment on the construction of fear metaphors.

Persian contemporary literature is unique in the history of Iranian literature cosidering its deep social and political views and the diversity of its anthropological approach. The writers and poets of this era along with the other members of society  criticesed the ugly aspects of society, and literature, which had been unable to criticise due to social hierachies prior to that time, was acting like a weapon to gain freedom as an efficient tool to express political and social criticisim. M. Reza Shafi Kadkani is an eminent contemporary poet and has mixed Nimaii poem with a social commitment and critical view. Critical theory has become more scientific and concentrated with the advent of Frankfurt school. The present study aims to analyse the poems of Shafi Kadkani based on the theory of Critical aesthetics of Frankfurt School. The approach, taken by Shafii, toward the quality of the link between art and society, is critical. According to Frankfurt school, this approach is quite observable in the genuine modern art. In accorandance  with this appraoch, the modern art, needles to be inferiorized to depict the social realities and trapped in the extremist entertainment,  denies the status qua indirectly. Based on the results, in the poems of Shafii , the interrelation of critical art to society appears in the best possible way. Criticisim utilizing certain ways such as naturalism, symbolism, certain critical contexts and ..etc is salient in his art. In addition to these critical concepts in his poems, it has given an ability to criticize his poems politically as well as socially.

Myth and its role in forming the intellectual foundation of human societies and its relationship with art and literature is not hidden from anyone. Literature is one of the factors in the life of nations and their immortality. The reflection of these ancient myths and beliefs of the tribes can be seen in the works of writers and poets. Abu Turab Khosravi is one of the contemporary Iranian writers whose interest in myths and sacred texts and mystical literature and mythological and mystical themes can be clearly seen in his three works. Khosravi's works have the themes of a surah with the characteristics of a postmodern novel. Concepts such as existence, word and writing, immortality, death, love, anthropology are the basic themes of his writings. This study aims to analyze the mythological themes of three novels by Abutorab Khosravi; That is, it examines "Asfar Kataban", "Rood Ravi" and "Malkan Azad". The method is descriptive-analytical and the results show that Abu Turab Khosravi creates his novels with an anthropological approach from two sources of myth and mysticism. Using the principles of elementary mythology, mystical literature and religious mythology, he has created his three works with the approach of describing the evolution of the universe and understanding the nature of man and the devil. His goals and aspirations are in the direction of human transcendence and immortality; The throwing of man into timelessness and holy times is the first and beyond history.

The short story "The Lady of the Garden" from the book Seven Captains, written by Shahriar Mandanipour, is a patriarchal narrative about women and the society in which the story takes place. In an eerie atmosphere and inspired by Sadegh Hedayat's book The Blind Owl (Boof-e koor), the author expresses his views about his society and homeland by using symbols and mythological elements. Using descriptive analytic method and based on a mythological view, the present article tries to answer these questions: Which mythological themes and narratives did the author use for making the story better understood? Are these themes woven into the warp and woof of the story, or, are they only present in a symbolic way? In order to explain the death of beauty and the lack of progress, the lack of change and failure to achieve goals in his homeland, Mandanipour talks about the myth of the journey to the underworld, and the death of the plant god. He mentions the symbols of the agricultural – well era, flower, etc.; he believes that a demon is the reason for destruction and creates a confrontation between the goddess of agriculture and the god of the Aryans. Referring to the theme of "repetition of myths in the sacred time", the author believes that the hero always tries to make a great change and ultimately does not achieve this goal, because people do not interpret truth, beauty and change as the hero does

The "interaction behavior analysis" system is a theory of contemporary psychological schools in response to how the mind works, why we decide to do something, and how we stop something from being done. The present article, based on Eric Byrne's theories and how the inner states of "parent,adult,child"change,examines the components of "mental empowerment" in"Traveling". What is reflected in the exchanges and interactions of the"winners and losers" of the "traveling" characters is the power of "mental empowerment"on each side of the pyramid. According to the component analysis, the "parent" mode has a higher frequency than the "adult and child" and determines the power of the "parent"to negotiate and exchange mental and behavioral exchanges between individuals. The present study is an analytical-descriptive method and in response to the question "What are the components of psychological analysis as a result of"Traveling"by"Mahshid Amirshahi"?"Has studied the characters of the novel based on the psychological theory of behavior analysis by Eric Byrne. In the contemporary period, the conceptual connection of many sciences such as literature and psychology reveals the connection between the literary framework of the novel and fiction with new psychological theories and perceptions. It has a wider scope and the "parent" mode plays the most important role in data processing and decision-making process.The result of examining the components is the poor performance of "adults"and "children"against "parent"decisions, and that "parent" decisions are not based on the quality and appropriateness of solutions, but on the basis of institutionalized information and high data capacity in the field.

Most of the stories of Kalileh and Demneh are allegorical and in the language of animals. Probably the main reason for the use of animal characters is its political, educational content. Animals, in allegorical texts by playing an allegorical and symbolic role, in addition to causing the diversity and attractiveness of anecdotes and stories, poets and writers benefit from the approach of their allegorical role, more to achieve political, educational, moral and especially social ethics goals. They are looking. The stories of Kalileh and Demneh often reflect the pyramid of power and the advancement of moral teachings in society (India, Iran, and the Islamic world); It shows that by analyzing the text, the structure of political and educational status and its effect on individual and social behaviors can be discovered and studied. This issue has been addressed in Kalileh and Demneh. An attempt has been made to evaluate the content of several stories in terms of political dimension, education by considering managerial aspects, such as decision making, planning, organization and organizational behavior in a society or social institution. And the symbolic characters of the anecdotes are introduced by the role they play in the stories.

Each person has a set of specific behavioral patterns that represent his mental state, but since the same person in a different mental state shows other behavioral patterns that are often inconsistent with his previous behavior, this led to the emergence of "Theory of My States" by Eric Burn. The founder of mutual behavior analysis divides "My Situations" into three parts: parent, adult, and child. According to Eric Burn's theory, "parent" is one of the three states of human personality that is learned from parents, or patterns of power. This research analyzes the "parental" behaviors of Amir Masoud of Ghaznavi with a descriptive-analytical method and by referring to the history of Beyhaqi and the theories of Eric Burn. He makes decisions from his autocratic "parent" mode and creates approaches such as asserting power, threats and intimidation and tyranny.

conceptual metaphor theory derived  from  cognitive linguistics, that is  a conceptual tool for discovering the meaning of the text in the field of emotions, that plays an important role in understanding abstract concepts., The present study with descriptive-analytical method examines One of the applications of conceptual metaphor in the domain of shame in works ‘Shohare Ahw Khanoom’ and ‘Baftehhaye Ranj’.Afghani. Shame  is one of the emotions that human biengs have always experienced throughout history, and by examining its conceptual Metaphor, the difference and similarity of cultures in its expression can be obtained. In two Afghani works, 57 case of shame was found, which is often consistent with the universal metaphors of shame presented by Kovecses. Based on the source domain, 12 mapping names with orientational, liveliness, naturalism, fluidism and anthropology processes are mentioned in the metaphor of two stories. Of the types of conceptual metaphors, 10 case are orientational metaphor, 3 case antological metaphor and  44 case structural metaphor. the source domain were extracted, ‘’fire’’  which  is the most frequently used source domain. The result showed a causal relationship between most  of the shame mapping  names, which somehow related to a focal metaphor.

One of the it̛s uses is to study emotions.The conceptual metaphor is one of the most important points of view of cognitive linguistics.which played a important role in understanding abstract one of it̛s uses is to study emotions. accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine and compare conceptual metaphors of sadness and happiness in the works of contemporary writers is called Afghani and Ishiguru (Nobel prize winner in 2017).to carry out the research process, 114 case of the works of the two above mentioned authors were first extracted in all of them, the metaphorical concept of the area of sadness and happiness was used. From this series, 67 cases were associated with sadness, and 47 cases were associated with happiness metaphors. then the sadness and happiness of metaphors are grouped according to the model of kovecses,. After analyzing the data , attempts have been made to determine the most frequent metaphorical mapping and sourse domains.

A thorough understanding of literary works depends on examining each of them from different angles. Since Beyhaqi's History contains messages in the fields of history, wisdom, and politics, it has often been studied and researched primarily from the perspective of social conditions and governmental and political currents. Which often have a separate identity from the history and politics of the dead.In this article, by meditating on the historical narrative, we seek to explore the process of identity and development of the author by exploring the words of Farklaf, and to look beyond the language of the author, the attitude that is the main foundation of his identity and development.Also, since Kelileh and Demneh's book contains messages in the field of history, wisdom and politics, first of all, it has been studied and researched often from the perspective of social situation and governmental and political currents, and with all its value, it is possible to Research has shown that concepts such as ethics, economic development, doctrinal and religious concepts, etc., have been overlooked.

The present study, examination and compares the contemporary view of metaphor against its new classification.The contemporary theory of metaphors which was systematic put forward by lakoff and Johnson, the study of metaphor transformed in to a conceptual metaphor that is at the core of cognitive linguistics that encompasses the purpose of human thought and experience. Most recently due to the lack of categorization of some mapping names, a new classification was introduced by Afrashi and Hesami (1392), who introduced the structural and ontological classes in to three new Categories: objective to subjective, subjective to subjective and objective to objectiveThe purpose of the present study is to review and criticality two conceptual metaphorical perspective and to express their similarities and differences with some evidence of Afghani and IshiGuro.The research method is descriptive - analytical.The finding of the study showed that although the application of lakoff and Johnson classification is the basis of much of the current research, in some cases it is not sufficiently responsive in classifying metaphors, Therefore the new classification is more efficient.

In this study, the character of Wahab in the novel "House of the Idrisians" has been investigated based on the theory of Jeffrey Young. The character of Wahab is analyzed based on the early maladaptive schemas and it is shown how the early maladaptive schemas affect Wahhab's perception of himself and others and how control Wahhab reaction to the environmental events. This article has tried to identify the most important causes of incompatible schemas in the character of the Wahhab and to determine which incompatibility schemas are more pronounced in Wahhab character. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the research data have been investigated using content analysis and documentary method. The results showed that the most important causes of the emergence of incompatibility schemas in Wahab are carelessness and neglect of her since his birAth, thus the most important emotional need, which includes the need for security, stability, love and acceptance, has not been satisfied in him. Among the five main schematic domains divided by Young, the second aspect" autonomy and impaired functioning" is more significant in the character of Wahhab and this aspect has emerged in the character of Wahab in the form of" dependency and undeveloped self, entangled and defeated".

Mulana Masnavi is one of the important books that due to its educational goals, has a greater share in rewriting and recreating works of ancient literature for children and adolescents. But sometimes we see that rewrites, in language and content, have weaknesses in terms of style compared to the original narrative and the appropriate language of the audience.

In this article, using the library method and comparative analysis of the content of the rewrites with the original story of Masnavi, the collection of rewritten books in the center of intellectual development of children and adolescents has been reviewed from a stylistic perspective in terms of language and content. . The statistical population of the research is a 12-volume collection of Masnavi anecdotes "from Neistan" for the use of age group "D" which was published in 2007 on the occasion of the eight hundredth anniversary of Rumi"s birth, for children and adolescents to get acquainted with Mulana, for use in cultural and artistic centers.

Choosing meaningless ancient words, quoting Masnavi verses instead of a part of narrative, ancient grammatical structure, slang words and terms at the linguistic level and not paying attention to Rumi"s educational content and inappropriate changes in the original content of anecdotes, from The main disadvantages of rewriting Masnavi are in these books.

Comparing the transcripts with the original anecdote, Mulana purpose and language appropriate to age group "D" shows that in some cases due to lack of understanding of the content, lack of attention to the appropriate language of the audience, change of content and lack of attention to Rumi"s message, linguistic and intellectual slips And have strayed from the goals of intellectual education, which is the main mission of the center.

In Kelileh and Demeneh, in the Lion and beef clubs, characters such as Kelileh and Demeneh reveal political-organizational behaviors. In the political system, this story of law and order does not have a stable place, and it is based on the use of a force-based instrument. The will of the king and the ruling classes as a general rule is the criterion for evaluation and implementation, and changes according to the views and opinions of the governing body. The lack of a set of well-defined rules of conduct and lack of meritocracy in the selection of individuals provides grounds for spreading rumors and conspiracy against others. Political behavior is not always bad at the organization. Therefore, it must control and control the destructive political behaviors. Organizational-political behavior empowers people to understand the complexity and organizational issues of the organization. Whatever the manager or ruler knows more about the features and special events of the organization, his reaction and reaction will be better and more open. Power in the hands of different individuals in an organization seeking their own interests results in unusual political behaviors and people react differently to power bases. In general, one can say that certain political attitudes and culture have influenced the behavior and thought of fictional characters. In this research, the methodology of library-political behavior in relation to human organization has been discussed in terms of status, mistrust, rumor and pessimism.

In recent years, we have witnessed the introduction of the word social capital in discourses and scientific documents in various fields. Social capital is discussed as a factor for success in various areas of life with social health. The justification for this focus on social capital is based on the role it plays in the production and increase of human capital, and for this reason today it has a special place in the study and development of social indicators and development by reputable global organizations.

The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical. First, a complete study of the tales of One Thousand and One Nights from the version of Abdul Latif Tassoji has been done, and then the sources related to social capital from Pierre Bourdieu"s point of view have been explored.

"One Thousand and One Nights" is one of the books before the Achaemenid period, which in addition to literary and political issues is of special importance in terms of social and moral issues and in the field of social capital contains significant elements and components. Due to the development of new knowledge and theories in the field of social capital presented by experts, in this study, the intellectual level of Thousand and One Nights drawings from a new perspective and based on the theories of the twentieth century French sociologist, Pierre Bourdieu, is examined.

The results of this study indicate that the indicators of social capital used in these tales from the perspective of the three levels of micro, medium, and macro include religious beliefs, trust, hope, forgiveness and forgiveness, patience, cooperation and cooperation.

It is impossible to understand literary without considering its social context. The victory of the Islamic Revolution in the late 1970s provided a suitable opportunity to reflect the educational values and beliefs of Iran’s society in transition in the form of literary works. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is educational criticism of dominance of girls based on the views of two famous psychologists namely Adler and Horney through analysis of the content of an Iranian novel. Researchers have used the qualitative method using case study approach. The research population includes all the works of Adler and Horney selected through purposeful sampling method. The method of data collection and analysis were documentary and semiotic analysis respectively. The research findings showed that from a sociological point of view, the trend of female domination cannot be easily explained by Adler and Horney theories, while semiotic analysis indicates a complete agreement between the characteristics of domineering women and the views of these two psychologists. Horney attributes the dominance to the insecure atmosphere of the family, while Adler emphasizes the role of the inferiority complex. The research findings also indicated the continuation of the patriarchal educational system in the context of the society in which the story of the novel "My Share" takes place. The educational critique of the present work emphasizes the continuation of the process of female domination at both macro and micro levels; an issue that draws the attention of policymakers to "revising gender policies" and providing new training to the younger generation.

Psychology and literature add to each other's richness through interrelationships. Psychological theories help to understand literary characters, and the literature provides concrete examples to support the views of psychologists. Based on this thought, the aim of the present study is to analyze the hermeneutics of two Iranian novels “Showhar-e Ahoo  Khanom" (Ahoo  Khoum’s husband ) written by Mohammad Ali Afghani and " The Nocturnal Harmony of Wood Orchestra" by Reza Ghasemi based on Albert Bandura's theory of cognitive-social learning. The research method was a comparative type of qualitative content analysis and method of data collection was documentary. The research findings show that in both novels, the three key presuppositions of Bandura's theory, namely the interaction between people, environmental factors and key characters of the stories, are quite visible. The atmosphere of the stories also shows how observational learning is passed down from generation to generation. Another important finding is that the both novelists have shown that cognitive-social learning is impaired due to the conflict between tradition and modernism and has confused the characters of the stories. From an educational perspective, the present interpretation contributes to our understanding of the role of social change and the conflict between tradition and modernism in accelerating or disrupting the observational learning of the younger generation.