پروین غلامحسینی

Sentences can be structurally divided into three main categories: declarative, interrogative, and imperative. Each of these structures possesses unique syntactic features that relate to different roles and meanings within a discursive context. The primary purpose of a question is to seek information; however, interrogative sentences are sometimes used instead of other sentence types, especially declarative ones, for greater impact. In this research, the interrogative sentences from the novel The House of the Idrisis are extracted and examined for their frequency, secondary purposes, and classification. Examining the types and frequency of secondary purposes in interrogative sentences can reveal stylistic values, particularly in understanding the thoughts, ideas, and personal perspective of poets and writers. Understanding secondary purposes and their types in a writer's works can serve as a valuable guide to the sociolinguistic aspects as well as the culture and society of their time. Alizadeh sometimes conveys her criticisms, beliefs, and attitudes to the audience through interrogative sentences. The most frequent secondary purposes of the interrogative sentences in this novel include astonishment, disdain, contrast, condemnation, reproach, emphasis, inclusion of judgment, warning, negation and denial, contradiction, etc. It is worth mentioning that many components within this novel carry socio-political ideological weight, and are therefore examined with such consideration in mind.

“Taboo,” in its general sense, refers to all prohibited social behaviors, and in linguistics, it is interpreted as “prohibition in linguistic behaviors.” Due to the significant impact of this linguistic phenomenon, many sociolinguists have devoted studies to this area. Euphemisms are used to replace unpleasant concepts with more acceptable expressions. In order to reflect social status and maintain their credibility, most writers employ various euphemistic strategies to express different types of linguistic prohibitions. Using a descriptive-analytical method, we examine linguistic constraints in two selected contemporary novels: Island of Bewilderment and The Dog and the Long Winter. Findings indicate that in both novels, topics such as obscene words (profanity and insults), alcohol and drug use, romantic relationships, sexual matters, intimacy, kissing, and body parts undergo euphemistic transformations. Both authors attempt to express various linguistic prohibitions using techniques such as reduplication, omission, lexical borrowing, metaphor, semantic opposition, understatement, paradoxical negation, ambiguous words, and referential expressions.

Counter-discourses with religious, mythological and metaphorical motifs are among the most diverse counter-discourses in the novel Jazire sargardani. The novel Jazire sargardani by Daneshvar is one of the socio-political novels after the Islamic Revolution, in which the author was able to examine the social forces and intellectual developments of the revolution generation, taking into account the conditions of Iran in the 1950s, and give a realistic picture of Iran's social situation. In this novel, to express ideologies such as the ideology of freedom, westernization, conflict and class divide, seeking justice, etc., the scholar has been influenced by Quranic verses, hadiths, national stories-mythologies and metaphorical antidotes. Investigating the types and methods of deepening and intellectual, semantic and cultural development of counter-discourses and their structure is essential for better understanding of the narratives; Therefore, in this research, the reflection of religious, mythological and epic counter-discourses in the novel Jazire sargardani has been investigated with a descriptive-analytical method. The emerging data show that in some cases, the author has used pods to emphasize or justify discourses or to convince and persuade his audience. For example, to oppose Westernization, while some characters consider following the West and imitating it as the only way out of problems, using Quranic verses reminds Iranian Islamic culture, or to express the concept of seeking justice from the story of Bahram Khorramdin and the epic. Ashura has benefited. By this method, he strengthens and supports critical discourses.

Critical discourse analysis is an approach that examines language as a form of social function and emphasizes on the reproduction of social and political power through text and dialogue. Discourse analysis or speech analysis refers to studies that analyze written, spoken or sign language. Fiction is considered the most serious format in terms of mixing with human, cultural and social dimensions. Therefore, it can be claimed that the capacity of the story in terms of proportionality with the discourse analysis is to the extent that the stories can be considered as the container of the discourse of the author’s time and the mirror of his society. One of the important components in critical discourse is Norman Fairclough's model. Using his components, one can find features in the text that are ignored by normal reading. Due to its unique nature and close links with society and social and political events, the novel "Jazirey-e sargardani" has a lot of significance with the method of discourse analysis and the discovery of its special stylistic elements; By pondering and re-reading it, one can understand the important events and the political currents of Iran and the biggest issues in the minds of the novel's characters. In this research, the interaction and intertextual communication of the discourses of the novel "Jazirey-e sargardani" by Daneshvar, with political-social issues, effective linguistic and paralinguistic features and logical relationships between words are investigated. According to the investigation, these results were obtained: that all the rhetorical and grammatical techniques, including the types of semantic layers, metaphors and their dynamic use, the choice of vocabulary appropriate to the characters, the process of modeling and metaphorical explanation, the selection of the third person point of view, the use of adverbs as (one of the most important linguistic profiles that show the extent and intensity of worldview) and... all serve the author's purpose i.e. to express the historical realities, the contemporary cultural, intellectual and social conditions of Iran and the spiritual and psychological concerns of his personal life.

In literary studies, metaphor is considered as the basic element of creativity and a characteristic expression of the author's artistic individuality. Metaphor can be used by writers in various social contexts to support the basic propositions and beliefs of a specific ideology or point of view. Every social context contains a dominant ideology and several subordinate ideologies. In the battle between these ideologies in social contexts, metaphors play an important role. Fauconnier and Turner (1995) raised a new issue in cognitive linguistics and metaphor by showing that all metaphors are not made from matching the source and target domains, as proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). According to Fauconnier and Turner (1999), mental spaces are small conceptual domains that are created in a person's mind while speaking or thinking. Contemporary novels, including Shahrnūsh Pārsipur’s The Dog and the Long Winter (Sag va Zemestan Boland) are more appropriate and opt to be viewed from this theoretical point, due to their metaphorical language and the proximity of their language to the metaphorical pole; they are free from the limitations governing some formal types of literature such as classical poetry and technical prose. The current research is a theoretical in the sense that it is library-based and the data is investigate via the descriptive-analytical method. To this end, Pārsipur’s novel was carefully studied, and its metaphors were thoroughly extracted. Then, all the metaphors were described and analyzed in order to determine the conceptual domain used in the construction of their mental spaces. The findings revealed that the conceptual domains used in the metaphors of The Dog and the Long Winter play a role in the construction of the mental spaces proposed in the theory of Fauconnier and Turner. The metaphors were classified in terms of eight group as follows:  ontological metaphors (phenomenal or material), characterizing metaphors, directional metaphors for positive and negative entities, structural metaphors (the conceptual domain of objects, body parts, and the concept of life, natural phenomena and animals). In general, it can be said that, in all constructed metaphors, the use of conceptual domains in the construction of metaphors and conveying specific meanings to the audience has been done intentional.

Critical discourse analysis is an approach that examines language as a form of social function and emphasizes the reproduction of social and political power through text and dialogue. One of the types of discourse analysis is critical discourse, which tries to systematically explore the unknown relationships between texts, events, discourse practices and structures, the relationships of cultural and social processes at a wide level. In this research, the discourses related to the ideology of "freedom" in the novel "Dog and Long Winter" have been investigated with the descriptive-analytical method and by referring to Fairclough's critical model, the level of influence and the set of tricks used by the author to express his ideological goals are determined. The purpose of the author of this research is to discover the natural implied propositions that have an ideological meaning and are used in the discourses related to the hegemony of freedom in the novel "Long Dog and Winter". Perhaps a large number of these assumptions (for example, the use of metaphors, symbols, or the selection of words specific to female writers, etc.) have become completely natural, and people are generally unaware of their existence; The emerging data show that all the elements of the novel - including "title selection", "repetition", a large number of negative words against positive words, the gray theme of the novel, metaphors, the author's perspective, the context of the situation, etc. coherent, they contribute to the presentation of the ideological concept of "freedom".

In literary studies, metaphor is considered to be the basic element of creativity and a characteristic expression of the author's artistic individuality. Metaphor can be used by writers in various social contexts to support the basic statements and beliefs of a specific ideology or point of view. Fauconnier and Turner raised a new issue in the field of cognitive linguistics and metaphor. They proposed that mental spaces are small conceptual packages that are created in the human mind when speaking or thinking and, therefore, form the basis of understanding. In Persian poetry, Parvin E'tesami's poems have a greater suitability and capacity for the application of this theory because of their metaphorical language and because they are free from the limitations governing some formal types of ancient literature. Therefore, all the metaphors of Parvin E'tesami's poems were analyzed to lay bare the metaphors which constructed the mental spaces. Findings indicate that the conceptual domains of Parvin's metaphors are divided into six groups: ontological metaphors (phenomenal or material), characterizing metaphors, directional metaphors for positive and negative emotions, and structural metaphors (abstract phenomena, body parts, the concept of life, natural phenomena). In general, it can be said that in case of all constructed metaphors, the use of conceptual areas in the construction of metaphors to convey specific meanings to the audience has been done in a targeted manner.

Influenced by European literature, constitutionalist intellectuals began to critique past literature in a revolutionary way; moreover, in order to establish "literary democracy," they called for literature that would serve to awaken people and bring about political change. Confrontation with Europe is the main cultural issue in the constitutional period. The attitude of the traditional Iranian society towards the European civilization caused the intellectual awakening of the intellectuals and the adoption of a new attitude towards politics and culture. Fascination with Western civilization and uncritical treatment of its effects made the humiliation of Iran's cultural heritage seem like a kind of modernism. With the arrival of Western culture in Iran, some believed that moving towards Western models could elevate Iranian society and return it to its former greatness. Imitating the West, they made reforms (Westernization) because they believed the prosperity of Iranian society could result from a comprehensive imitation of the West, so they tried to follow the example of the West in form/content (Westernization). But the third group, by emphasizing the system of indigenous values, Islamic-Iranian culture, etc., found a principled solution to achieve progress. In this study, we have tried to identify the discourse of "westernization" in the novel "Dog and Long Winter" by Shahrnush Parsipur, with political, social and ideological issues, and to explain the production of each discourse. Also, the complex structure of textual production, linguistic features and metalanguage effective in creating this work have been examined based on the method of Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis.

Citizen is the English and French translation of the English word Citizen. This word has entered our country from Western culture. Today's Persian culture is the first culture that defines a citizen: someone who is from a city or country and enjoys the rights that belong to it. After the outbreak of the Cold War, jurists began to create different generations of rights: the first generation is civil and political rights. Civil rights include the right to life, the prohibition of torture, personal security, the right to arbitrary detention, the right to a fair trial, the right to a legal personality, the right to freedom of movement, the right to reside, the right to freedom of expression and opinion. Among the political rights, the right to vote, the right to participate in the public administration of thecountry, the right to be elected and to achieve political positions. The second generation includes economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to work, the right to form a union, the right to education and the right to social security, which are also enshrined in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The third generation is the fraternal rights that include the right to development, the right to peace, and the right to a healthy environment. Looking at the constitution, it can be concluded that these rights are equal for all human beings around the world. If most of these citizenship rights (independence, defense of the land, observance of justice, human freedom from the captivity of poverty and destitution) can be found in the perspective of Imam Khomeini and most of the poems of contemporary poets. In this study, by presenting a definition of citizenship and its status, the rights of citizenship from the perspective of Imam Khomeini and the level of belief and commitment of contemporary poets to these rights are examined)

Lamentation" is a type of poetry written in mourning for relatives, friends, kings, ministers, elders of the people, religious scholars and the description of the Imams of the Infallibles (peace be upon them). In the mourning, they express and remember Manaqib, the virtues and virtues of the person in the past, respect his dignity and position, and make his loss appear as a great loss. The laments of contemporary poets are full of empathy and express the empathy of various social classes of properties and the common people in the occurrence of tragic events such as illness, imprisonment, death of religious leaders and the death of loved ones and relatives. The poets try to present poetic themes and images, mention religious beliefs, rituals and social customs and folk beliefs during mourning in order to express their outward and inward feelings and emotions and the people of the time. This article examines the element of "regret and sorrow" and its various aspects in the poems of several Nimai poets - Qaisar Aminpour, Fereydoun Moshiri and Hamid Mossadegh - and with the mention of examples, an analysis is made

In Persian literature, less poetry can be found that his poetry has influenced Sa'di as much from the Qur'an and narrations; from the very beginning of the Boostan, he presents his unique mastery to the word of Allah and the Hadith. Like other Parsiigian speakers and writers, And various uses of the Quran and Hadith. Sometimes a part of the verse or hadith sometimes has its meaning and meaning, sometimes with a word and a reference to a word. In fact, the main pattern and structure of Sa'di is in his writings of the Qur'an. In his philosophy of ethics, he has installed the Quran al-Ain. He used the verses in praising the Lord, teaching ethical-Islamic points of view, and applying practical results in life. The basis of Sa'di's influence on the Qur'an is not directly applicable; it is based on the teachings of the Qur'an in creating the atmosphere of poetry and tales. The type of sentence, vocabulary, and tendency to the distance and even the words of his sentences has a Quranic approach.

Symbol is a figure of speech. The specific features of the symbol of ambiguity, uncertainty, and it is non-annotated and indirect, symbolism and socialization is the main characteristic of the poetry of resistance. The most important topics are reflected in his works ideas of freedom and law-abiding, fight tyranny, patriotism, waking people up and energizing nationalist sentiment and the homeland, promoting individual liberties and social criticism of turmoil and educate people about their rights, and political reforms through fundamental change was awake.Today, color is the most important element in the development of creative work and productivity. One important element is the element of color imagery, one of the important elements of symbolic language and symbolic expression of the resistance poets. Therefore, this research seeks to compare and compare the colors and colors in the poems of Shahriar and Seyed Mohammad Reza Kordestani. Key words: Literature resistance, color, icon, Shahriar, Seyed Mohammad Reza Kurdistani

A large part of the culture and culture of any nation, Oral Literature, or Folk Lore; this type of literature included habits, traditions, myths, stories, beliefs, rituals, The songs, traditions and proverbs are very widespread, which was mainly considered in the present era, especially after the acquaintance of Iranians with Western literature and literature. These uses in Persian prose and especially in the literary genre of fiction and novels were more than poetry. Jalal al-Ahmad is a contemporary writer and writer who has used many popular literature in his works. After Jamalzadeh and Sadiq Hedayat this al-Ahmad has used this type in the language of the story; since Al-Ahmad He lived in a mass of people and was in fact one of them; his stories and works are full of folk literature. In general, the folkloric elements used in al-Ahmad's stories can be divided into five main categories - proverbial, proverbial terms (Such as dialects), storytelling parables, popular vocabulary and syntax. This article seeks to study the position of this type of literary works in the works of Jalal al-Ahmad and presenting some of the proverbs and rulings contained in his works and explaining and explaining them the aspects of public literature or parts of it in contemporary stories, and in particular The work of Al-Ahmad, and the importance of this type of application in establishing the relationship with the reader and the general acceptability of his work.

Interdisciplinary topics and write research papers about their research interests in recent years has been a discussion, reflection science of psychology in literary works and adapt it to modern psychological theories in literature, ethics and psychology lies tips "Shoon" by Simin Daneshvar new chapter in the history of Iran is considered fiction. The author of the novel socio-political events and consequences of the occupation of Iran by the British is beautifully written; Prhrkt scholars in this story and the story with poetic prose, self-image and artistic developments in the Gulf region during World War II. That research in the field of stress factors (stressors) characters in the novel Shoon scholar and ways to deal with these factors be examined. is. The figures of the novel Shoon often aunt (sister of Joseph) appeal to the Imams (Imam Reza and Imam Hussein) and refugees to Karbala chooses option to solve the problems ahead.

Nostalgia (Nostalgia), memorable or monuments or withhold mapping can be summarized in a feeling of bitter and sweet things, people and situations in the past, defined. The Oxford English dictionary, the nostalgia of being away that long from home is a form of nostalgia, is defined. The word nostalgia nostalgia made of two Greek words. nostos means to return home and algia means "pain" is. In this study the etymology and definition of this word - according to theories to explain similarities and differences between different manifestations of political nostalgia in shahriyar,bahar and Mirzadeh will be discussed, the various manifestations of mental problem (nostalgia away from home as nostalgia, exile, prison, nostalgia for the legendary Iranian poet, a difficult political atmosphere, killing people and destroying the city, recalling the glorious history of the past) analyzed and investigated.