پریچهره یغمایی

One of the possible reasons for the decrease in cognitive abilities and spatial memory in offspring is the decrease in leptin receptor gene expression in the hippocampus. In the present study, pregnant NMRI rats were divieded into four groups of eight: 1- male control group: male offspring of mothers who did not receive electric shock during pregnancy 2- Female control group: female offspring of mothers who did not receive electric shock during pregnancy 3- Male stress group: female offspring of mothers who received electric shock during pregnancy, and 4- female stress group: female offspring of mothers who received electric shock during pregnancy. To evaluate the effect of stress on intrinsic anxiety, the open field device was used, and for induced anxiety, an elevated plus maze was used. Leptin plasma concentration and leptin receptor gene expression in the hippocampus were measured. The results showed that plantar electric shock stress in the first half of pregnancy can reduce leptin plasma levels in offspring. The incidence of anxiety-like behaviors in male and female offspring of mothers who received shocks increased significantly (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). Also, the studies showed that male and female offspring of stressed mothers traveled more time and distance to reach the target chamber in the Barnes Maze (memory test). Prenatal stress will reduce the plasma concentration of leptin and hippocampal leptin in male and female offspring. Leptin receptor gene expression in the hippocampus of male and female offspring of stressed mothers was significantly lower than that of control group offspring. Exposure of pregnant mothers to electric shock led to a decrease in leptin hormone levels in offspring, which was associated with anxiety-like behaviors and impaired memory and spatial learning. Considering the existence of various types of environmental stress in today's life, leptin measurement and evaluation may play a decisive role in predicting the treatment of patients with anxiety and cognitive disorders.
.

Chronic wounds, including diabetic wounds, have poor healing, long-duration healing, and weak collagen deposition. Fabrication nanofiber scaffolds can have a higher surface-to-volume ratio for cell penetration and proliferation. Also, the addition of positively charged oxidized antibacterial agents can better penetration into the cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of collagen nanofibers along with zinc oxide Nano-particle and stem cells on diabetic wound. Collagen characterization was done using the FTIR test. Collagen/ZnO NP nanofibers were characterized by SEM, FTIR, swelling test, MTT, and cell adhesion techniques. The diameter of nanofibers was 05 ± 79 nm. Also, MTT and SEM images showed that cells on nanofibrous scaffolds combined with zinc oxide Nano-particle have better cell growth, proliferation, and adhesion. The results obtained from the animal and immunohistochemistry study also showed that the speed of wound healing and collagen production was better in the group with collagen, zinc oxide, and mesenchymal cells. Therefore, it can be said that the zinc oxide Nano-particle can be considered a new Nano-particle in electrospun fibers that increase cell viability and proliferation.

Male infertility is a complex multifactorial problem that affects approximately 7% of men and 15% of couples worldwide with multifactorial pathology such as environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors. In general, abnormal methylation of imprinted genes in sperm DNA is associated with poor semen parameters. In this study, the DNA methylation status of the imprinting Gene trap locus 2 (GTL2) gene at differentially methylated regions (DMRs) was assessed in the semen samples of infertile men. Sperm DNA was extracted from 30 infertile, and 15 healthy fertile men. Following the modification of DNA by sodium bisulfite treatment the methylation status of the GTL2 gene at MDRs was evaluated by qMS-PCR. A negative correlation between GTL2 methylation and sperm count (p = 0.020; p = -0.345) and sperm concentration (r = -0.361; p = 0.015) was observed in all patients. Taken together, the abnormal DNA methylation status of GTL2-DMRs may be an epigenetic diagnostic marker of male infertility. Further research is needed to pursue other mechanisms affecting methylation in semen samples and their impact on human infertility.

Diabetes is a main metabolic disorder in middle-aged and older people. Oxidative stress can interfere with insulin signaling and are directly relevant to the incidence of diabetes. The AKT signaling pathways plays a critical role in regulating glucose homeostasis and proliferation of β cells. P-cymene is an aromatic monotropene with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, the therapeutic effects of p-cymene on blood glucose and insulin levels, the antioxidant power of serum (FRAP assay) and the expression of AKT mRNAs in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were investigated.

Diabetes was induced using the injection of 55 mg/kg streptozotocin in male Wistar rats. Histological, biochemical, and real-time PCR analyses were done to study the effects of metformin (55 mg/kg) and p-cymene (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) on levels of glucose, insulin, oxidative stress status, and the expression of AKT mRNA.

Streptozotocin increased serum levels of glucose and decreased serum levels of insulin, the antioxidant power of serum, pancreas levels of AKT mRNA, and β island size. Administration of metformin or p-cymene improved the levels of glucose, insulin, AKT mRNA, β island size, and antioxidant power in an independent manner of dose.

These results suggest that p-cymene has hypoglycemic, hyperinsulinemia, and antioxidant properties. It can regulate Akt signaling pathway. Therefore, it may be suggested for the diabetes therapy alone or in combination with metformin.

Alzheimer's disease is the cause of neurological deterioration. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Nerolidol is an herbal compound with antioxidant properties. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in the survival and growth of neurons. The effect of nerolidol was investigated on BDNF gene expression and malondialdehyde (MDA) amount in Alzheimer's model of male Wistar rats induced by beta-amyloid. The number of 48 rats was divided into 8 groups including control, sham, Alzheimer's model, drug solvent, Alzheimer's and treatment with donepezil, Alzheimer's and treatment with 50 and 100 mg/kg nerolidol, and prevention group (treatment with nerolidol before induction of Alzheimer's). The expression changes of the BDNF gene was assayed by real-time PCR and the amount of malondialdehyde was assayed with a lipid peroxidation assay kit in hippocampus tissue with one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test. Alzheimer's induction decreased BDNF gene expression and increased MDA in Alzheimer's group compared to the control group (P<0.001). Donepezil and nerolidol in both doses of 50 and 100 in donepezil, nerolidol, and prevention groups reduced Alzheimer's symptoms by increasing BDNF gene expression and reducing MDA compared to Alzheimer's group (P<0.001). The data suggest the antioxidant properties of nerolidol, its effect in improving Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, and it can probably be effective in preventing Alzheimer's in susceptible people with a family history of Alzheimer's.

Infertility is one of the most common health problems in the world, affecting about 15% of couples. Abnormal DNA methylation in sperm can be affective in male infertility. 5 and 10-methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a vital enzyme for regulating DNA methylation patterns in sperm and the folate cycle, playing a crucial role in spermatogenesis processes. A Change in the expression level of this gene can lead to male infertility. This study aimed to investigate the level of methylation of the MTHFR gene in different methylated regions (DMRs) and the correlation between sperm DNA methylation patterns with semen quality parameters in fertile and infertile individuals. Semen samples were collected from 30 infertile men and 15 fertile men. After DNA treatment with sodium bisulfite, the methylation status of the MTHFR gene in DMRs was evaluated by qMSP method. There is a significant correlation between DMR methylation of the MTHFR gene in the infertile group compared to the fertile group (p = 0.036) and an increase was observed in infertile men. Additionally, a significant decrease in sperm parameters (sperm concentration, count, and morphology) was observed in the men of the infertile group. Also, there was a negative correlation between the methylation of DMRs of the MTHFR gene and semen parameters in patients. Hypermethylation of the MTHFR gene in DMRs in infertile individuals is associated with a decrease in sperm parameters.

Alzheimer's is the most important cause of neurological deterioration among elderly people, which is accompanied by the formation of amyloid plaques in the hippocampus region of the brain. One of the most important factors causing and progressing the disease is inflammation and oxidative stress. Nerolidol with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties is one of the secondary metabolites in some plants. CREB is one of the gene transcription factors that play a significant role in hippocampal neurons. The present study aimed to study the effect of nerolidol on the expression changes of the CREB-1 gene and superoxide dismutase enzyme in Alzheimer's model induced by beta-amyloid in male Wistar rats. The number of 48 male Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups including control, sham, Alzheimer's model, drug solvent, Alzheimer's with donepezil, Alzheimer's with nerolidol dose 50 and 100 mg/kg and protective group (treatment with nerolidol before induction of Alzheimer's). Biochemical analysis of the hippocampus, Real-Time PCR, and statistical analysis of data were performed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test. Alzheimer's disease decreased CREB-1 gene expression and superoxide dismutase enzyme levels in the hippocampus. Donepezil and nerolidol, especially in the 100 dose and protective group, reduced Alzheimer's symptoms by increasing CREB-1 gene expression and superoxide dismutase enzyme levels. These findings indicate the antioxidant properties of nerolidol. Therefore, nerolidol may be effective in improving Alzheimer's disease and the damage caused by it, and it can probably be effective in preventing Alzheimer's in susceptible people with a family history of Alzheimer's.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disease in women of reproductive age. The cause of PCOS is still unknown, however, studies have shown that insulin resistance plays a role in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. In addition to insulin resistance, it has been shown that some women with PCOS have changes in the function of beta cells. Eugenol is a substance with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of eugenol on pancreatic tissue in female Wistar rats with PCOS. In this experimental study, 30 Wistar rats weighing 200±20 grams were used. To induce polycystic ovary syndrome, estradiol valerate at a dose of 4 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally for 28 days. Animals were divided into 5 groups. The control group and PCOS received normal food, the sham group received solvant, and two treatment groups with intraperitoneal injection of eugenol with doses of 12 and 24 mg/kg. Then, the pancreas of the animals was examined histologically after being fixed, prepared and stained by the H&E method. Pancreas tissue studies showed an increase in inflammatory cells, an increase in necrotic cells and an increase in destroyed islets in the PCOS group. Administration of eugenol improved the histological characteristics of the pancreas. Treatment with eugenol with doses of 12 or 24 mg/kg significantly reduced the number of inflammatory cells, necrotic cells and destroyed islets (p≤0.05). The findings showed that eugenol can be effective in improving PCOS disease and reducing its harmful effects.

Hepatic insulin resistance is associated with NAFLD and it is a major factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance causes lipolysis in adipose tissue and disturbance in the regulation of lipid metabolism causes fat accumulation in the liver. In this study, the biological activities of Berberine and Sitagliptin to improve insulin resistance and lipid profile in Sprague-Dawley rats with type 2 diabetes was investigated. groups include 1: control (physiological serum as an alloxan solvent); 2: model (fatty liver + Alloxan); 3: Sitagliptin (fatty liver + Alloxan and Sitagliptin 10 mg/kg); 4: Berberine (fatty liver + Alloxan and Berberine 150mg/kg); 5: Berberine/Sitagliptin (fatty liver + Alloxan and Sitagliptin 5 mg/kg and Berberine 75 mg/kg). At the end of the treatment period, under anesthesia, Blood sampling done from the heart and lipid profile, glucose and insulin measured. The amount of triglyceride (p < 0.01), cholesterol (p < 0.05), LDL (p < 0.01), FFA (p < 0.05), fasting glucose (p < 0.05) and insulin (p < 0.01) in the coadministration group decreased compared to the model group and HDL increased, which was not significant. Berberine and Sitagliptin, especially when administered together, have a favorable effect on lipid metabolism and insulin resistance and can be considered as an effective treatment regimen for hyperlipidemia and fatty liver.

Amyloid fibrils are string-like aggregates that form due to the disruption of natural structure and misfolding of various types of peptides and proteins. These amyloid aggregates are associated with some neurodegenerative and systemic diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of Trans-chalcone on insulin fibrillation (as a model protein). In this study, insulin was incubated for 24 hours in the presence and absence of Trans-chalcone under amyloid formation conditions. The formed fibrils were analyzed using various techniques including Congo red absorption spectral changes by spectroscopy, electron microscopy images by TEM, and fluorescent staining of amyloid aggregates by fluorescent microscopy. Then, possible interactions between Trans-chalcone and insulin were analyzed using molecular docking method by AutoDock software. The results showed a significant reduction in amyloid fibril formation in the additive-containing sample compared to the control sample. This study provides evidence that Trans-chalcone has an inhibitory effect on insulin fibrillation and could be a potential therapeutic agent for amyloid-related diseases.

Diabetes is a type of metabolic disease and one of the most common endocrine diseases. Oxidative stress and inflammation play an important role in the development and progression of diabetes. mTOR signaling pathway play an important role in glucose homeostasis and proliferation of pancreatic beta cells. In the present study, the therapeutic effects of p-cymene on oxidative stress markers and expression of the mTOR gene in diabetic male Wistar rats were investigated.

Diabetes was induced by injecting 55 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin. Biochemical analyses of pancreatic tissue and real-time PCR were done to investigate the effects of metformin (55 mg/kg body weight) and p-cymene (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight) on the activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes and mTOR gene expression.

Streptozotocin decreased catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes and decreased the expression of the mTOR gene in pancreatic tissue. Treatment with metformin or p-cymene improved the activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes and the expression of the mTOR gene in a dose-independent manner.

Results indicate that p-cymene has antioxidant properties and can regulate the mTOR signaling pathway. Therefore, p-cymene may be effective for the treatment of diabetes alone or in combination with metformin.

Alzheimer's disease is a type of brain dysfunction in which the patient's mental abilities, including memory gradually decline. The formation of neurofibrillary tangles inside neurons caused by hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins is a major cause of dementia-related diseases such as Alzheimer's. The aim of this study was to study tau protein in the brain and tau gene expression in both the serum level and brain tissue of Wistar Alzheimer's rats treated with probiotic strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium purified from yogurt. In this study, 30 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 6): The control group, the group of Alzheimer's-induced rats, the Sham group, and the two experimental groups in which the Alzheimer's-induced rats received the probiotic strains Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Bifidobacterium longum at a dose of 2.5 × 109 CFU for one month, respectively. Tau gene expression and protein were analyzed by Real Time PCR and histopathology, respectively. The results of this study showed that both strains, especially Bifidobacterium longum, were able to reduce Tau gene expression in brain tissue and blood serum compared to Alzheimer's group. Also, both strains, especially Bifidibacterium longum, exhibited capability in inhibiting Tau neurofibrillary tangles. It seems that the probiotic strains Limosilactobacillu sreuetri and Bifidobacterium longum can be good candidates for reducing the Tau gene expression as well as Tau neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease.

The skin is one of the largest organs of the body and acts as a protective barrier against external harmful factors including microorganisms. It can be damaged and sometimes if the damage is too much, the hypoderm is also involved, so more time is needed for restoration. The purpose of this research is to investigate cedar plant on skin wound healing in NMRI laboratory mice. 24 mice with a weight of approximately 25-35 grams were bought and after wounding the skin on days 3, 6, 12, 21 they were treated with ointment prepared from cedar and oserin. Mice were randomly divided into three groups: sham, experimental 1, experimental 2. These groups were treated with oserin and Cedar ointment with a dose of 2 mg and 4 mg respectively. Wounds were measured after 3 weeks and their tissue was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Biochemical indices of SOD, MDA and TAC were also investigated. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 22 software and Tukey's test. The wound size in Cedar 1 and 2 groups had a significant decrease compared to oserin (p < 0.05). The concentration of MDA in cedar groups 1 and 2 had a significant decrease compared to oserin (p < 0.05). In addition, the activity of SOD and TAC were significantly increased in cedar groups 1 and 2 compared to oserin (p < 0.05). Also, there was a significant increase in the thickness of epidermis and dermis in cedar 1 and 2 compared to oserin (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in the number of fibroblasts and blood vessels in cedar 1 and 2 compared to oserin (p < 0.05). According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that cedar extract was effective in wound healing by increasing SOD, TAC and decreasing MDA.

Liver ischemia-reperfusion injury is a major complication in many clinical problems such as liver resection, liver transplantation, and trauma. p-coumaric acid from the polyphenol group obtained from cinnamic acid derivatives can reduce oxidative stress, infarction and nerve damage in the brain after ischemia-reperfusion. The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the protective effect of p-coumaric acid on the level of TNF-α and bilirubin due to lesions caused by liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. In this study, out of 40 rats in 5 groups of 8 (sham group, control group (NC), induction of ischemia-reperfusion (IR-CO), pretreatment group with p-coumaric acid (PC) and group of p-coumaric acid with induction of ischemia-reperfusion. (PC-IR) was used. The sham and ischemia-reperfusion induction groups received 7% DMSO (2 ml/kg), the control group received 2 ml/kg of normal saline, and the pretreatment group with p-coumaric acid. and p-coumaric acid by inducing ischemia-reperfusion, they received p-coumaric acid (100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days. Then sham, NC and PC groups underwent laparotomy. PC-IR and IR-CO groups in addition to laparotomy They were subjected to 45 minutes of ischemia and 60 minutes of reperfusion. Blood samples were taken for the biochemical analysis of liver enzymes, bilirubin and TNF-α. The results showed that ischemia-reperfusion injury causes liver function disorders by increasing the level of bilirubin and TNF-α. Also, p-coumaric acid has decreased the serum level of bilirubin and TNF-α in the liver tissue. Picoumaric acid has decreased the level of bilirubin and inflammatory factor TNF-α. p-coumaric acid with anti-inflammatory properties is a very strong agent against oxidative damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion in liver tissue.

Alzheimer's is the most common neurodegenerative disease of the elderly. Oxidative stress and inflammation play an important role in Alzheimer's disease. The risk of Alzheimer's disease is high in diabetic people, and insulin resistance occurs in the brain of Alzheimer's patients. Accumulation of amyloid plaques leads to angiogenesis and increased permeability of the vessels. Today, medicinal plants are receiving attention due to fewer side effects than chemical drugs. In the present study, the protective effect of Artemisia herbal product (artemisinin) along with endometrial stem cells containing the antiangiogenesis gene (thrombospondins-1 or TSP-1) was investigated in Alzheimer's disease induced by streptozotocin in a diabetic male rat laboratory model. 3 days after the induction of Alzheimer's and diabetes using streptozotocin, the animals received stem cells intranasally and then received artemisinin for one month (50 mg/kg). Initial and final weight, blood sugar, and interleukin-6 serum levels were measured, and brain amyloid plaques were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The results showed that the induction of Alzheimer's and diabetes led to a significant decrease in body weight and an increase in blood sugar, interleukin-6, and brain amyloid plaques. Treatment with artemisinin and stem cells, separately and simultaneously, improved these parameters. The findings of this research showed that human endometrial stem cells that contain the TSP-1 gene can be used as a potential source of stem cells along with natural antioxidants artemisinin to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disorder that relevant to insulin resistance and oxidative stress. In this study, a low-fructose diet combined with α-lipoic acid was used to evaluate its effect on insulin resistance and some parameters of NAFLD due to high fat diet in the Sprague-Dawley rats. Male rats were divided into five group (n=8). Lip group orally treated with the HFD plus lipoic acid (60g/kg) and Fru+Lip group orally treated with the HFD plus fructose (1g/kg) combined with lipoic acid (60g/kg) once per day via gavage for six weeks. After six weeks, serum lipid profile, glucose, Adiponectin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), TNF-α and also lipid profile and MDA in liver was evaluate. PGC-1α gene expression was examined in adipose tissue by Real-time PCR method. Liver tissue staining with H&E was performed to evaluate hepatic steatosis. In HF group, serum glucose, insulin resistance, serum and liver lipid profile, TNF-α and hepatic MDA significantly increased compared to the NC group (P<0/05) and hepatic steatosis was observed. In Fru group, serum glucose, insulin resistance, serum and liver lipid profile, TNF-α and hepatic MDA significantly decreased compared to the HF group (P<0/05). In addition, in Fru+Lip group, these parametrs significantly decreased compared to the Fru group (P<0/05). The results of this study showed that a low-fructose diet combined with α-lipoic acid has higher improvement effect on some parametrs of NAFLD compared to the low-fructose diet alone.

Alzheimer's disease is a type of brain dysfunction that gradually weakens the patient's mental abilities. Numerous studies have shown that inflammatory mechanisms also play a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In this regard, targeting TNF-α using its inhibitors can be an effective therapeutic strategy in controlling and treating such diseases. The purpose of this study was a comparison study of TNF-α levels in blood serum and brain tissue in Wistar Alzheimer ҆s rats treated with probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacter strains by ELISA. The number of amyloid plaques was also counted. For this purpose, 30 adults male Wistar rats were randomly distributed to 5 groups as follows (n = 6): The control group included animals receiving normal water; the Alzheimer's group who underwent surgery and became Alzheimer 's-induced by injection of beta-amyloid; Sham group who underwent surgery and was injected with water (beta-amyloid solvent); two experimental groups who underwent Alzheimer's surgery with beta-amyloid injection and each group received probiotic strains Limosilactobacillus reuteri  and Bifidobacterium longum separately at a dose of 2.5 × 109 CFU at 0.5 CC by gavage for one month. The results demonstrated that both strains, especially Bifidobacterium longum, were able to significantly (p < 0.001) reduce the amount of TNF-α in brain tissue and blood serum compared to the Alzheimer's group. Also, both strains, especially strain Bifidobacterium longum, showed notable capability of inhibiting amyloid plaques. Therefore, it seems that two probiotic strains Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Bifidobacterium longum can be good candidates to reduce the level of TNF-α in both blood serum and brain tissue and also the number of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's-induced rats.
.

Wound healing is one of the important problems in medicine. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of Ferula gummosa extract on skin wound healing in NMRI mice. 24 NMRI mice with skin ulcers, were treated with Ferula gummosa ointment on days 3, 6,12, and 21, and randomly divided into three eucerin groups (daily recipient eucerin ointment), the experimental group1(daily treatment with Ferula gummosa ointment at a dose of 2 mg) and the experimental group 2 (daily treatment with Ferula gummosa ointment at a dose of 4 mg and the ulcers were measured with a calliper and the biochemical indexes of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in tissue, were measured. Then, tissue sections were prepared from the wound and evaluated histopathologically by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software and the Tukey test at a significance level of p < 0.05 and the histograms were drawn in excel. wound size in the Ferula gummosa groups compared to the Eucerin group showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05). The concentration of MDA in groups the Ferula gummosa significantly decreased time-dependent compared with the eucerin group (p < 0.05). SOD activity and TAC concentration also showed a significant increase in time-dependent in groups Ferula gummosa compared to the eucerin group (p < 0.05). Based on histopathological findings, epidermal and dermal thickness increased significantly in groups Barijeh compared to eucerin group (p < 0.05), and the number of fibroblasts and blood vessels in the two groups of Barijeh in a time-dependent manner compared to the Eucerin group showed a significant increase (p < 0.05). According to the results, it was shown that Ferula gummosa is effective in wound healing and repair by increasing SOD and TAC activity and decreasing MDA concentration, as well as histopathological results. Therefore, the findings of this study showed a new perspective on this herbal medicine for us wound healing.
.

Hypoxia during pregnancy causes disturbances in the development and functioning of the brain of the fetus. Exercise during pregnancy reduces oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and is effective in improving memory. This study was conducted on pregnant Wistar rats to determine the effect of exercise during pregnancy of obese mothers to reduce neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. In this study, normal and obese pregnant Wistar rats were classified into six groups. Some groups were subjected to exercise during pregnancy. Eight days after delivery, three groups of infants were subjected to hypoxia-ischemia induction by surgery and their right common carotid artery was blocked. Then, they were exposed to 8% oxygen for 90 minutes. Seven days after hypoxia-ischemia induction, neurobehavioral experiments were performed. Babies were killed at the end of the study (on the 15th day after birth) and after removing brain tissue from the skull, interleukin-6, brain edema, infarct volume, and apoptosis factors were measured. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test. Based on the results, newborn rats from obese mothers who exercised had better neurobehavioral function and BCL2 gene expression than rats born from obese mothers who did not exercise during pregnancy (p = 0.000) and Infarct volume, edema level, BAX and interleukin-6 gene expression were significantly lower (p = 0.000). Therefore, maternal exercise during pregnancy showed beneficial effects against hypoxia-ischemia damage in rat neonates.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinopathy disorders in women and is one of the most important factors that lead to infertility. Thymol has many antimicrobial and antifungal effects. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of thymol in the treatment of rats suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This experimental study was conducted on female Wistar rats and the animals were divided into three groups: control, control (sham), and experimental. In order to induce PCOS, estradiol-valerate in the amount of 40 mg/4 ml was injected intramuscularly in 2 control and experimental groups for 25 days. Then, for 4 weeks, the control group and the experimental group were given grape seed oil, thymol in the amount of received 12 mg/kg in the amount of 1 cc through gavage. Finally, the animals were anesthetized by ether, the ovaries were removed for histological examination, and the blood serum was separated to examine the blood parameters. The findings of this study indicate that in the group The recipient of thymol increased the number of primary follicles (p < 0.01), developing and corpus luteum (p < 0.05), grafts (p < 0.001) and reduced cysts (p < 0.001) compared to the group. A control was observed. In the examination of blood parameters, it was found that in the group receiving thymol, there was a decrease in LH hormone (p < 0.01) and an increase in FSH hormone (p < 0.01). It was observed with the control group. The results of the research showed that probably the composition of thymol can be effective in the treatment of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome, although this case requires more studies.

Alzheimer's disease is the most important cause of dementia in human societies and the elderly population. One of the most important symptoms of this disease is amyloid plaques in the hippocampus. Inflammation and oxidative stress play an important role in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Nerolidol is one of the many metabolites of plants and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nerolidol on beta amyloid-induced model of Alzheimer's in rats. 48 male Wistar rats randomly divided into 8 groups including control, sham, streptozotocin induced model of Alzheimer's, Alzheimer's and drug solvent, Alzheimer's and treatment with donepezil, Alzheimer's and treatment with nrolidol dose 50, Alzheimer's and treatment with nrolidol dose 100 and protection groups (pre-treatment with nerolidol before Alzheimer's induction). Rats weight, catalase activity, and amount of amyloid plaque were measured. Histological studies were performed by fluorescent staining. Streptozotocin increased amyloid plaques, and decreased rat's weight and catalase activity. Donepezil and nerolidol, especially at doses of 100 and in the protective group, reduced the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease through weight gain, increased catalase activity, and decreased amyloid plaques. These findings show that nerolidol can be effective in improving Alzheimer's disease and its damage, and may possibly be effective in preventing Alzheimer's in people with a family history of Alzheimer's.

Irisin is a myokine secreted mostly by muscles after exercise, and its secretion level changes in metabolic disorders. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of metformin on changes in the levels of plasma irisin, blood glucose and insulin resistance in male Sprague-Dawley rats receiving a high-fat emulsion diet. Twenty-four rats were divided into a normal control group (n = 8) and a high-fat diet group (n = 16). Then, high-fat diet group was divided into two subgroups, including high-fat diet control group (n = 8) and metformin group (n = 8). The normal control group received a standard diet. The high-fat diet control group received a high-fat emulsion diet containing corn oil by gavage on a daily basis for six weeks, and the metformin group received a high-fat emulsion diet with metformin (250 mg/kg/daily). At the end of the six-week period, factors such as glucose, insulin, irisin, Adiponectin, insulin resistance, liver enzymes, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), serum lipid profile, lipid profile and lipid peroxidation in liver were measured and PGC-1α gene expression were examined in adipose tissue by Real-time PCR method. Liver histological tests with hematoxylin-eosin staining were performed to evaluate fat accumulation in liver tissue. Blood glucose level, insulin resistance, adiponectin, serum irisin level and liver lipid profile in the group receiving high-fat diet compared to the normal control group increased significantly (P <0. 05). Treatment with metformin caused a significant decrease in the level of these parameters compared to the high-fat diet group (P <0. 05) and an increase in the expression of PGC-1α gene in adipose tissue was observed in this group. As insulin resistance increased in rats receiving the high-fat diet, serum irisin level also increased, and with improving blood glucose and insulin resistance by metformin, serum irisin level was decreased. These results suggested that the elevated irisin levels may be a compensatory response to insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. Hence, irisin could be considered as a potential target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that results in neuronal death and memory loss as it progresses. Following the progression of this disease, the production of free radicals and inflammatory factors occurs and it is now increasingly widespread, especially among the elderly. Studies show that Bornyl acetate, as a monoterpene, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, the present study aims at assessing the effects of Bornyl acetate on AD male Wistar rats. Aβ1-42 was injected into the hippocampus of male rats bilaterally to create the Alzheimer's model. The therapeutic as well as the preventive effects of Bornyl acetate at a dosage (50, 20 mg/kg) were also investigated. Moreover, biochemical enzymes, SOD and MDA, shuttle box behavioral test, histological studies and hematoxylin & eosin and thioflavin-S staining were used to evaluate neurogenesis and amyloid plaques and the effects of short-term restraint stress on AD rats as well as the effects of the compound in vitro. Biochemical factors, histological images and behavioral test of the AD group were significantly different from the control groups and AD group showed a significant decline in learning and memory indices compared with the control group. Also, receiving a Bornyl acetate caused a significant increase in neurogenesis and a significant decrease in plaque density as well as significant changes in biochemical indices and behavioral tests. In addition, Bornyl acetate + restraint stress (R) group elevated learning speed and improved memory compared with the AD group. Notably, the above combination reduced amyloid fibrils in vitro. It seems that this compound can improve memory disorders and complications according to the results of the present study and previous reports suggest the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Bornyl acetate.

One of the most important causes of global population decline is the overgrowth of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease characterized by the extracellular accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in the hippocampus. Probiotics are microscopic organisms that are important for maintaining and improving human health. This study aims at assessing the effect of two probiotic strains, including Bifidobacterium longum and Limosilactobacillus reuteri on Aβ42 gene expression, the count of amyloid plaques, and neurogenesis in the brain of Alzheimer's disease rat models. First, two probiotic strains were isolated, purified and identified from traditional yogurt, and the rats were grouped as follows: thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. The control group underwent any surgery with no special treatment. The other groups underwent surgery and after being injected by Aβ42, they were divided into the sham group receiving water (probiotics solvent) and the two experimental groups receiving 2.5 x 109 CFU of Bifidobacterium longum and Limosilactobacillus reuteri strains. Finally, Aβ42 gene expression, the count of amyloid plaques, and neurogenesis were assessed in the brain of Alzheimer's disease rat models. In the brain of induced Alzheimer’s disease rats, neuron death occurred and the number of amyloid plaques increased significantly (p<0.001). Also, Aβ42 gene expression was increased in their brains. Meanwhile, treatment with both probiotic strains notably improved all of these symptoms. Therefore, the use of both Bifidobacterium longum and Limosilactobacillus reuteri probiotic strains seem to be effective in the recovery and treatment of Alzheimer's disease which certainly requires more investigations.

Diabetes is a serious public health problem in low- and middle-income countries. There is a strong association between hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and the development of diabetes. Therefore, screening and early diagnosis of this disease in people at high risk can be effective in preventing these complications. The main route of insulin signaling is to control lipid and glucose metabolism, and its imbalance leads to type 2 diabetes. P-Cymene is an aromatic monoterpene with a wide range of therapeutic properties including antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of p-Cymene at a dose of 50 mg / kg in preventing the symptoms of diabetes and serum factors.

30 male Wistar rats weighing approximately 250 g were randomly selected and divided into five groups: control, diabetic control (sham), metformin-treated diabetic (met), and non-diabetic treated. P-Cymene and diabetics treated with P-Cymene were divided.  One week after streptozotocin injection, treatment with P-Cymene at a dose of 50 mg / kg was performed by sunflower oil solvent for 28 days by gavage. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken from the hearts of rats and the parameters of glucose, insulin, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured.

The results showed that diabetes increased water and food intake as well as glucose levels and decreased insulin (P <0.001) and superoxide dismutase activity in rats and administration of P-Cymene extract improved the symptoms of diabetes and oxidative stress in Became diabetic rat.