پیام بهزادی

 Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the three pathogens that has become a global disease control and treatment problem due to its resistance to common antibiotics. For this reason, it is crucial to study the genes that cause antibiotic resistance in it. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic frequency of tetracycline resistance in clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae in Tehran, Iran.

 In this study, 100 isolates of K. pneumoniae isolated from clinical samples (urine) during 2018-2019 were studied. In addition to microbial and biochemical phenotypic tests, genotypic tests were conducted to determine the frequency of antibiotic resistance genes tet (A, B, C, 39).

 Out of 100 isolates of K. pneumoniae, 49 isolates were resistant to tetracyclines. The results of multiplex PCR showed that 31 samples were positive for tetA gene, 8 isolates for tetB gene, 21 samples for tetC and, and 8 isolates for tet39. None of the isolates were positive for all four tetracycline genes.

 The results of this study showed that the isolates were positive for at least one gene and at most 2 tetracycline resistance genes. The tetA gene showed the highest frequency and the lowest frequency was demonstrated by tetB. The highest binary combination of genes was tetA-tetC, and the lowest was tetA-tet39.

Urolithiasis, with different types of stones, is known as a considerable concern regarding urinary tract. Indeed, urolithiasis is a multifactorial disease with a wide range of risk factors which predisposes patients to it. Because of the importance of urolithiasis around the world and the considerable costs for patients and public health and treatment centers associated with urolithiasis, we made an attempt to determine the most important risk factors in association with urolithiasis.

To prepare  the present systematic review, the English language papers with no limitation in publication date were searched in search engines like Google Scholar and databases, including PubMed, and websites, like ScienceDirect. In this regard, papers which covered the main aim of the study were selected for final analysis.

The prevalence, type, and composition of urinary system stones have different reasons and risk factors. The urinary tract stones are divided into microbial and non-microbial stones. Although urolithiasis is a multifactorial disease, nutrition, as the dominant risk factor, plays pivotal role in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of urolithiasis.

Men >60, <40, and 40-60 years old are more predisposed to urinary tract stones (both the microbial and non-microbial stones) compared with other age ranges. In contrast, the occurrence of microbial stones in women is higher than that of men because the rates of urinary tract infections are higher in female population. All in all, age, gender, catheterization, urinary tract disorders, geographic zone, climate, season, race, diet, physical activities, drug-induced stones, water and liquid application, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts’ normal flora, inheritance, occupation, and diseases such as gout and diabetes type II are identified as the most important factors of urolithiasis.

SARS-CoV-2 was identified in late 2019 as a respiratory disease agent called COVID-19. Several drug therapies have been studied to treat COVID-19, none of which have had a definite effect so far. In mild cases of the disease, treatment is careful to reduce the symptoms of the disease, and in severe cases, the patient must be hospitalized to receive different treatments. There are several medications available, many of which are still being evaluated, and there is still no definitive cure for COVID-19

In this study, an attempt is made to investigate various treatment methods, including the use of L-CapA-L-CapC Anticancer-L-Rib-fusion protein in the treatment of COVID-19 in terms of bioinformatics. In this study, the use of bacterial peptides antiviral drugs is emphasized to introduce appropriate treatment to control SARS-CoV-2

L-CapA-L-CapC Anticancer-L-Rib- fusion protein and Spike virus sequences were extracted using NCBI database. Then, using various software such as SWISS-MODEL and Expasy, the structural model of the protein and its quality were determined. The immunogenicity of L-CapA-L-CapC Anticancer-L-Rib fusion protein was also evaluated.

Based on the bioinformatics results, L-CapA-L-CapC Anticancer-L-Rib fusion protein has a dense and complex structure and in addition to its anti-cancer and anti-viral properties, it can be used in the treatment of COVID-19.