پیروز حناچی

The spatial structure of Tehran has evolved and changed over time under various spatial, temporal, and other factors. To gain a proper understanding of how changes in the spatial structure and new development plans, such as pedestrian-oriented development plans, have affected the historical area of the city, it is necessary to have knowledge of the past and the evolution of its spatial structure. This will enable us to examine the factors that have influenced spatial developments. This study aims to investigate the transformations of the spatial structure throughout different historical periods using the Space Syntax method, based on the analysis of the changes in the degree of integrity. Determining the degree of integrity at the neighborhood and supra-neighborhood scales of the streets located in the historical area plays a significant role in their valuation and prioritization for accepting pedestrian-oriented development plans. This study considers the implementation of such plans to be effective in integrating and connecting the historical structure of the city, while also recognizing the importance of the formation of these specific streets before their transformation into pedestrian axes in enhancing their pedestrian accessibility. Accordingly, the authors have classified the streets located in the historical area of the city. This research falls under the category of applied studies in terms of nature and purpose, and employs an interpretive-historical strategy to reconstruct the spatial transformations of Tehran's urban structure, followed by simulation and content analysis to evaluate the data. The findings suggest that pedestrianization of 17 Shahrivar Street, as a case study, not only fails to help preserve the value of integrity and coherence of the city's historical center, but also weakens the accessibility and connectivity indices at the neighborhood and supra-neighborhood scales.

Problem and necessity: In order to create sustainable buildings, systems have been developed to evaluate the performance of buildings, separated by use. Due to the prevalence of Islam and Shia religion in Iran, one of the most used buildings are religious-pilgrimage buildings, the number of which is significant and influential in terms of sustainability. However, until now, these buildings have not been reviewed from the point of view of achieving sustainable development goals, and criteria for this review have not been defined. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to provide special criteria for evaluating a sustainable pilgrimage building and then upgrade and improve these holy places based on these criteria. The purpose of the research: The aim of the current research is to design a model to evaluate pilgrimage buildings in achieving the goals of sustainable development in the building sector in Iran. research method The research is in the stage of collecting information by survey method. In order to increase the validity of the questionnaire, the initial questionnaires were designed and approved by studying similar questionnaires in researches and consulting professors and a number of elite board membersof Delphi method. Then, a number of questionnaires were distributed among each part of the statistical population and all identified ambiguities were resolved and the final questionnaire was distributed. The consistency rate of less than 0.1 of the questionnaires confirmed the reliability of the questionnaires. In the step of data analysis, Delphi method and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used. Research result and suggestion: The results of Delphi analysis were the introduction of a model consisting of 10 headings and 94 criteria. According to the results of the AHP method, among the criteria introduced to achieve a sustainable pilgrimage building in Iran, the first three priorities are: "sustainable management and processes", "technical and functional quality" and "water". Based on these results, an evaluation system and a special weighting system for sustainable pilgrimage buildings in Iran were proposed. The suggestions of the research are preparation of special management annexes, self-sufficient design of energy and water and sewage infrastructures and more serious pursuit of water consumption optimization.

It has been nearly fifty years since the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) proposed the idea of registering valuable cultural monuments. This idea is still considered an effective policy in many countries because of the notable effect of a registered monument on the surrounding communities in terms of sustainable economic development. One of the motivations for the world inscription of heritage could be the development of the tourism economy. In this regard, the UNESCO logo is used as a commercial brand and marketing tool. Also, in order to increase the number of visitors, the monument is directly promoted. Tourists should receive more offers from the resources that have become a product in that territory. These resources should indicate the uniqueness of the destination and lead to attracting more visitors. UNESCO is an institution that facilitates the creation or stabilization of tourist market destinations through the world heritage brand and the permission to use it. Therefore, it is necessary to study the principal factors of such expenses by tourists to guide the private sector and those who are responsible for the establishment of tourism policies.In the present study, the effect of the world inscription on the number of domestic and foreign tourists in the historical context of Yazd has been investigated. A comparative method and difference-in-difference (DiD) strategy have been used to control the intervening variables. For this purpose, the historic context of another city, Hamadan, was chosen as a comparable competitor. Also, tourist data of the two cities, considered as control (Hamadan) and treatment (Yazd) have been collected from 2009 to 2019. Then, a linear regression model has been used to analyze the collected data of the two cities before and after the world heritage inscription. The main idea in this method is that if two cases showed a similar trend for some years, and at a certain time, a specific event or policy has been implemented only in one case and the trend starts to change, this variation can be attributed to the effects of that event or policy. However, this conclusion can be drawn only by assuming the stability of all other conditions for both cases.According to the results, the inscription of Yazd historic context as a world heritage has been an effective measure to increase the number of domestic and foreign tourists. It can be concluded that the World Heritage Inscription of a city can provide the required coordination between different factors at both the governance and local community levels to improve tourism conditions. At the same time, World Heritage can create a brand that is decisive for hesitant tourists in choosing a destination. In conclusion, it should be also mentioned that the cases which create the synergy between heritage conservation, community development and tourism on their agenda lead to economic growth.This article was derived from the PhD thesis entitled Fundamentals of cultural heritage economy, submitted to the doctorate program of "Restoration and Conservation of Historic Buildings and Fabric", the University of Tehran.

The concept of "integrity" was introduced as one of the conditions for registering cultural sites in the UNESCO World Heritage List. In historic living cities which are dynamic and subject to change, the application of such selective concepts is very complex, and the ambiguity of its related dimensions requires further research. In other words, the dimensions and factors of integrity can be used as important tools in urban heritage planning and policy-making. The extent and diversity of indicators for integrity and their different values require that they be used based on their role and function. Therefore, this research was conducted with the assumption of the non-equal weight of the criteria, sub-criteria, and urban heritage integration indicators, to comprehend and evaluate them. To achieve this aim, first, urban heritage integrity factors were categorized based on theoretical studies. Then, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) model was used with the assumption of interrelationships between the research sub-criteria, and the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) technique was employed to reflect the mutual relationships between the sub-criteria. The type of research is exploratory, using the descriptive-analytical method. The results of the evaluation of indicators using the network analysis model indicate that, "preserving valid evidence and examples from one or more specific periods", "the relationship between the current situation and past function", "the relationship between the current situation and the original design", "economic use of heritage assets and heritage function", "considering the needs and participation of the local community in preserving the area" had the highest weight and, consequently, the greatest impact on the indicators for urban heritage integrity.

Authenticity and integrity are key concepts in communicatingthe values and better understanding of an artifact/site. The ambiguity in the definition of these concepts regardingarchitectural heritage has posed challenges to their effective application. Throughout history, the concepts of authenticity and integrity were not major concerns for builders, as the materials, and more importantly, techniques remainedlargely unchanged for centuries; while today, they are essential criteria for the conservation and reuse of historical monuments.The concepts of authenticity and integrityare closely related to each other, butslightly different. There is more transparency about the authenticity of architectural heritage in expertanalyses and international documents, while there is a kind of gap in the precise definition of integrity. The present study explores the role and relation of authenticity and integrity and their application in the process of architectural heritage conservation. Using a qualitative method and a strategy of content analysis and logical reasoning,initially,international documents and expert analyses are reviewed and the two concepts are defined and their criteria introducedwithin the context of architectural heritage. After summarizing the findings, in the second stage, the relationship of authenticity and integrity is examined from various perspectives, and several approaches are presented fortheir implementation. Given the unique characteristics of any architectural heritage property, the assessment of authenticity and integrity is proposedwithin a comprehensive framework of seven design factors: materials, construction techniques, context, function, traditions and intangible aspects, and the spirit of place.

In the protection of places with cultural significance, the identification and assessment procedure is the basic phase and generally the first step. Considering the specific characteristics of Modern and contemporary heritage, a framework for this procedure is necessary. The purpose of this research is to propose a framework based on the activities, documents and research done in this field in the global context.

This research is based on the descriptive-analytical method with library-study and logical reasoning in the three areas of registration, identification and assessment of modern works.

In this study, while reviewing the activities and researches, the criteria of the world heritage guidelines effective on the registration of modern heritage, the historical thematic identification frameworks of this heritage and a method for assessment the buildings of the era have been introduced. At the end, based on these cases, a model and framework of the assessment process of modern architectural heritage is proposed. Also, it’s usage has been investigated in a domain of Iranian heritage works.

A framework for the assessment process of the modern architectural heritage provides the possibility of clarifying and facilitating the registration, identification and assessment of these works. Such a framework, taking into account the nature of Modern and contemporary heritage and its commonalities in the global context, has the possibility of being formulated as a general framework. To use in a national or regional context, it is necessary to adapt it considering the historical, cultural and social characteristics of the context.

In a world where change is both permanent and inevitable, it is very important to adapt heritage buildings to today’s functions within the context of conservation methods in order to ensure their continuity. Buildings that are considered to be part of cultural heritage often undergo functional and physical changes over time with regards to their status and appearance. In case these buildings become unable to meet their original use over time, or in cases their relevant function becomes inappropriate in the current situation, it becomes necessary to make spatial changes within their structure. Towards revitalizing and generating sustainable values of these buildings, many heritage buildings of cultural and historic significance are being adapted and reused rather than being demolished. To ensure the conservation of cultural properties, cultural heritages, and their historical, cultural, and aesthetic values, as well as to ensure the continuity of the cultural link between the past and the future, it is important to consider their potential new uses and functions. Today, the adaptive reuse is considered as one of the main strategies for conserving architectural heritage in theoretical and practical discussions of conservation. This process generally refers to conservation of heritage buildings without transforming them for new uses and more appropriate functions, while keeping their original structure, character, and identity for future generations. Adaptive reuse is an important aspect of preservation and conservation, and involves the reintegration of a historical structure into daily life through a new function. Using buildings outside of their original intended purpose, and benefiting from these buildings by providing them with new functions through which they can service society, contributes to the interaction between individuals, the buildings and society. Adaptive reuse can provide the added benefit of regenerating an area in a sustainable manner. However, it is also necessary to find the proper balance between the preservation of a cultural property and the change of its functions. There is always a need for learning from past experiences, evaluating the mistakes and successes after adaptation and reuse; and due to the significance of a comprehensive view and an integrated approach in assessing reuse projects, it is necessary to identify comprehensive indices with relative weight and importance. Hence, with a mixed methodological approach, this paper tries to achieve a full understanding of adaptive reuse indices by reviewing literature review and international documents in this field and then provides the evaluation model for adaptive reuse of heritage houses in Tehran. Therefore, 19 indicators derived from adaptive reuse are divided by F’ANP to the forming dimensions and then their relative significance is determined through the network analysis process. The results of this study demonstrate that 4 criteria of "enhancing economic structure", "socio-cultural development", "physical sustainability", and "environmental considerations" have had the greatest impact on adaptive reuse of Tehran heritage buildings and the regional characteristics index is of the highest significance in assessment. Following these indices, the environmental considerations, physical potential for functional change, creating employment opportunities, conservation measures, tourism development, and cultural preservation are the subsequent priorities.

Historical architecture as an embodiment of human & architectural space interaction throughout history has the values that distinguish it from other spaces. On the other hand, the survival of the architecture at the time depends on its change; of course, a change that preserves its values. The values and criteria of conservation and change have so far been defined by experts and in accordance with the scientific agreements resulting from global documents and opinions. Considering that the historical aspect of space is considered as the quality of the environment, and this quality is understood by lay people as the main stakeholders and maintained by them in the changes, the expression of values and standards for conservation and change of the space by people is more important than experts. Therefore, the main aim of the paper is to express the values of the historical architecture in lay people attitude, as well as describe the policies and criteria of conservation and change in their attitude. In this regard, this paper with a qualitative approach, uses conventionat and summative content analysis method. The form of in-depth interviews and user-dependent method has been chosen. interviewees include 24 people from the historical core of Yazd, which has numerous historical architecture. Findings show many differences between people's and experts' attitudes on historical architecture values, conservation and change policies and criteria. Their main source of differences between people's and experts' attitudes is the difference between the concept of current value and the motivation to conserve historical architecture in time.

Cultural economics considers heritage as a form of cultural capital which generates public revenue and creates economic cycle. However, in our country, this issue has been neglected so far and its consequence is the increasing burden of conservation practices for the government and the passivity of the local community to historical monuments. The purpose of this article is to identify potential factors of cultural heritage in improving local economies. After reviewing international documents and well-known theories in this field using the interpretive-qualitative approach and content analysis, five factors are introduced: urban regeneration, investment opportunities, creative and cultural industries, tourism, and job creation. Each of these factors has components that show the strategies of utilizing cultural heritage for sustainable economic development. The introduced factors would be adjusted to any built heritage and its surrounding areas according to the fundamental principles of conservation. This research shows that the sensitive integration of cultural heritage in development strategies and actions is a suitable way for the multifarious utilization of heritage. In this way, the conservation of cultural heritage is not considered an elitist act, but rather a leading contributor to and a driver of sustainable economic development. The proposed framework will be beneficial for policymakers and stakeholders in the cultural heritage arena.

As cultural heritage, industrial buildings are prone to various changes and transformations to the extent that they are practically susceptible to complete destruction. Accordingly, such spaces which should be considered lively places have unfortunately turned into the symbols of urban disorder. Furthermore, an industrial heritage covers social, economic, and cultural values. Therefore, dealing with them has its specific significance which makes it necessary to take a particular approach for dealing with each of them regarding their specific condition and values. As the first cement factory in Iran, Shahr-e Rey cement factory is not only a valuable construction in terms of its architecture and antiquity, but it is also a symbol of valuable transformation emerging in Pahlavi I architecture. Besides, considering it as an industrial building adds even more significant value to this structure. In the past couple of years, because the factory has been shut down and it does not have an industrial use any more, the factory has been forgotten and has been transformed into a desserted location. As such, this paper adopted qualitative research methods as a basis for data collection and analysis, which primarily involved the use of content analysis along with field observations and interviews with stakeholders and indigenous residents. By reviewing and analyzing international conventions and documents, and expert opinions, the present study, therefore, strived to find out how to conserve the value of the industrial heritage. The necessity of transmitting working and activity morale as well as the industrial style belonging to the cement factory of Shahr-e-Rey increases the importance of maintaining the building. Thus, injecting dynamism, liveliness and vigor into the mentioned construction and preserving its character simultaneously is possible through an emphasis on conservation of particular values and adaptive reuse of the cement factory.

An Example of sustainable conservation is energy management in the reuse of the architectural heritage. Reuse of historical building by an energy efficient approach is found to play a prominent role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and as consequence, yields a dynamic balance between natural and human environments. However, the main challenge is defining the measures improving the energy efficiency, while the reliable performance and controlled destructive interventions are achieved simultaneously. Thinking about how to conservation and reuse historic buildings and how to control climate change makes energy efficiency improvements an inevitable necessity. While an extensive research has been devoted on this topic in the developed countries, the current study is among the first steps in Iran. In this research, it is aimed at obtaining a systematic process and framework of measures conserving the historic buildings and optimizing the energy consumption. In addition to reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and climate change control, the anticipated measures for improving the energy efficiency will lead a sustainable conservation of architectural heritage. Accordingly, in this research, a thorough review and detailed analysis was performed on the processes and measures reported in the literature. In this article, library research method is utilized for data collection and the data are analyzed qualitatively with content analysis strategy. As it is shown in this study, the first steps toward improving the energy efficiency in historic buildings are non-intervention measure, including: A) Increasing user awareness and modifying user energy behavior, which is a qualitative and time-consuming measure. B) Implementing measures benefiting from the principles of climate-compatible architecture; Such as adapting the physical quality, spatial quality, quality of architectural elements and components in the historical buildings at the time of reuse, with the climatic principles used by traditional architects at the time of the construction of the historical buildings. According to the assessments, in the case of required intervention measures in historic buildings, the flowchart of measures to improve energy efficiency should be in the form of a recurring flow, making it possible to review a variety of measures with minimum intervention measures priority. The intervention measures are implemented in the second step which include: A) At first, minimal intervention measures will be taken in the building envelop. Such as: Airtightness windows, installing curtains and awnings and shading to reduce solar gains, Solar Window Films to reduce solar gain and, if the results of the evaluations are not appropriate, in the next step, the envelope is optimized by thermal insulation of the walls, ceiling and floor. B) Evaluation and optimization of the lighting system, which may be limited to minor modifications of the lighting system in the current situation or require the installation or replacement of lighting systems and special lighting with intervention measures. C) If the measures are perceived insufficient by the assessment, it is necessary to conduct the last part of the intervention measures which is dedicated to the installation or optimization of cooling, heating and air conditioning systems compatible with historical buildings.

In many developed countries, the change in attitudes towards planning types has been used to achieve the desired outcomes. One of the new attitudes toward the idea of planning is the futuristic approach which today is employed in both urban and housing planning as an essential issue. Present study in terms of functional survey, is based on library documentation and in terms of modality is based on analytical-descriptive method. The purpose of the research is to identify the factors affecting housing planning of metropolitan of Tehran in order to improve the process of achieving desirable results in the future of planning. Thus, 26 effective factors were extracted from valid sources and designs. By questionnaires and interviews with experts (30 experts in relation to housing planning), the significance and value of each factor was determined, and eventually 18 factors were identified as the most important ones among four categories of social, economic, physical and environmental issues. Afterwards, they were evaluated by experts using Delphi questionnaire. Finally, the average of them as final value was evaluated by using structural analysis and Mic Mac software. Research findings show that factors such as land, vertical development, housing quality and strength, water resources, natural disasters and access are the most important factors and for each of them policies and strategies were suggested

Some heritage buildings lose their original function over time for a variety of reasons and thus require a change of use in order to survive. Nowadays, because of its benefits to buildings and society, adaptive reuse of heritage buildings is considered a sustainable strategy for preserving their values. This strategy can also make heritage buildings accessible and usable and improve their surrounding areas both directly, through the impact of the project on the environmental quality, and indirectly, through acting as a catalyst for urban development. However, the flexibility of adaptive reuse approaches necessitates the identification of criteria that, while preserving the values ​​and cultural status of heritage buildings, can meet contemporary demands through introducing new uses. This study aims to develop a conceptual framework for adaptive reuse of heritage buildings in order to identify and define adaptive reuse criteria. Therefore, first, the evolution of adaptive reuse theories and policies is examined. Then, the existing international documents in this field (starting from the 1970s) are reviewed and classified. Finally, expert views on adaptive reuse are analyzed. In total, nineteen criteria for reaching the maximum potential of heritage sites are identified using the interpretive-qualitative approach, logical argumentation strategy, and content analysis technique. An integrated assessment of all these criteria could help promote the sustainability of built environments and bring extensive economic, social, cultural, physical, and environmental benefits, meeting both preservation and sustainability goals.

Dynamic cultural World Heritage Sites, as irreplaceable resources with tangible and intangible dimensions, have been shaped by a result of the processes of sociocultural production and experiences in the temporal and spatial context and are going through a series of changes over time. The main purpose of this research is assessing the state of conservation of dynamic cultural World Heritage Sites, which is one of the most fundamental issues in the World Heritage monitoring process.

This study elaborates on applied-developed research methods, using an analytical descriptive method in two sections. The theoretical section is based on the logical reasoning method and technique of content analysis and logical inference; and the practical section is based on the survey method and analytic hierarchy process technique.

Achieving the effective assessment for the state of conservation of dynamic cultural World Heritage Site is based on two substantial criteria: 1) “securing and conveying cultural significance of the heritage site” with the sub-criteria of “integrity” and “authenticity”; 2) “heritage site experience” with the sub-criteria of “perception of cultural significance” and “experience of authenticity”.

The results show that the “sense of place attachment” indicator is the most important factor in assessing the state of conservation. And periodic use of this proposed model in the monitoring process provides a coherent platform for measuring the efficiency of the study heritage site management system. The developed framework might be used by Tehran Beautification Organization and Tehran Municipality in culturally-rich sites of Tehran.

Since modifying the outdoor condition has an impact on the indoor conditions, the objective of the present research is to study the central courtyard as a passive solar strategy to create microclimate on a scale of an urban block in Tehran climate. By creating microclimate in the vicinity of the building, its thermal performance could be thus enhanced. In addition to comparing temperature in the courtyard with that of the outside the building, this research also studied the influence of water and plants in forming microclimate.

Analysis method is composed of investigating case studies, field measurements and simulation.

According to the measurements conducted in four directions of the courtyard under study and comparing them with the temperature in the lateral street and the mean temperature recorded in Mehrabad Weather Station in the same time frame, the mean temperature of the courtyard was 4.52 °C less than that of the street and 4.01 °C less than that of Mehrabad Weather Station. Comparing results obtained from cold seasons show that temperature of the courtyard was 0.9 °C more than that of the outer space and 1.4 °C more than that recorded in Mehrabad Weather Station. Consequently, Memar Bashi Theological Seminary courtyard has functioned as a microclimate.

with an approximate difference of 0.3°C, simulation results confirm the microclimate function of Memar Bashi Theological Seminary courtyard. Comparisons between the influence of water and plants have also indicated that in the hot seasons, plant coverage could decrease the temperature by 0.9 °C more than what water does.

The Historic fabrics of cities have particular importance with evidences of the life style of people and cultural and social values. Exhaustion and destruction caused by natural and human factors leads to the creation of empty fields in historical fabrics. In fact, with the exhaustion of historical textures and lack of living needs, the original inhabitants of these tissues are forced to migrate and provide further damage. This necessitates the design of a new structure in these fields in order to restore their formal and functional character. Undoubtedly, the construction of new buildings is one of the essential factors for meeting the needs of residents and improving their living standards. They can include new necessary modern functions or infrastructures to support the life of inhabitants of historic quarters. But if the appropriate approach is not adopted in this field, irreparable damage will be inflicted on the body of the historical texture and historical image of the city. Therefore, designing and constructing new buildings, in the light of the design principles, can contribute preserve the values of the historic urban areas. It can be an opportunity for development and physical and functional revitalization of historical texture. New buildings constructed in historical fabrics, are called ‘Infill’ and in this sense that they are constructed within the existing fabric and emerge in empty fields, certain principles must be respected in the design to avoid damages to fabric authenticity and values of adjacent buildings. Design new collections with a view to driving the development of these contexts will help to restore their social and economic dynamics. These complexes are called driver development buildings. This paper aims to propose and principles and strategies which leads to models of design of new buildings in the historical fabrics so that the buildings can contribute to a more dynamic historical context, causing their physical and functional renewal and are actually driving development. Of course, these instructions are not constant in all cases, but they are comprehensive and can be adapted to the specifics of the field and can be used in a variety of situations. The purpose is to explore how good design in historic fabric is achieved. There is not one correct answer or approach of course, but there are ways of thinking and working which increase the likelihood of success. In this regard, firstly, the definitions related to the topic, and ways to encourage development are expressed and then, with the introduction of general methods and rules for infill design, guidelines for designing a new structure and driving the development of historical fabric are expressed and finally factors that need to be considered in order to achieve this goal are presented in the diagram. The desired outcome is the high quality design of new buildings and spaces in historic fabrics by considering these guidelines.

In modern life, the house is the place to feel secure and comfortable; however, the degree to which comfort and security are provided varies for different types of houses. The first-hand experience of Iranian traditional houses and the memories of older generations who lived in those houses explain why so many architects study these houses to look for components of quality in their designs. In the first part of this article, the authors investigate the factors that changed traditional residential architecture throughout the last century in Iran. Next, the modern architectural and planning principles which shaped the modern part of the city, also known as “the town with no alleys,” after the earthquake of 1961 are studied. The research method includes both library and field studies carried out to collect examples of housing typology in the city of Lar. The results of the study show that housing design was significantly affected by political, social, cultural, and economic transformations during the 20th century in Iran. Although they were mainly domestic, global causes also affected the Iranian lifestyle and led to the emergence of new housing models in the last century.  Governmental interventions in urban renewal and mass housing projects have been the most influential factor of the changing urban form. As shown in the typology of houses of the past hundred years in Lar, the creativity and living experiences of previous residents and the genius of architects regarding seismic design are completely ignored in recent models.

Since modifying the outdoor condition has an impact on the indoor conditions, the objective of the present research is how to create the microclimate in the vicinity of the urban block. So this study shows that if the arrangement of the location of the buildings and yards in an urban block is changed in the form of central courtyard, the microclimate will be achieved. At the end the proposed urban block will be compared with actual urban block.

analysis method is simulation method with Envi-Met software.

according to the simulation results in central courtyard and three sided courtyard in urban block under study and comparing them with the temperature in the lateral street in the same time frame, the temperature of the courtyard in hottest time of the day was 4.1 °C less than that of the street and three sided courtyard was 3.02 °C less than the street. Moreover, comparing the results of the one sided yard in actual urban block showed that approximately the temperature of the yard was as the same as the street.

This study concluded that the central courtyard and the three sided courtyard in proposed urban block can act as a microclimatic modifier. Future research can improve the microclimatic role of the proposed urban block with water and plants.

The transition from Pre-industrialization to industrialization in the late nineteenth century and after that post-industrial period in the late 1980s caused the most significant changes in urban design. As environmental awareness intensified, industrial complexes lost their livelihood in the inner cities and left abandoned spaces. At the same time, the remains of the industrial era were considered valuable and preserved as the “industrial heritage”. Therefore, what initially seemed to be a threat, turn into an opportunity. Industrial building features are opportunities for change. Industrial heritage reuse, while preserving the heritage and socio-cultural values will result in economic and environmental sustainability. In particular, the adaptive reuse of industrial heritage leads to advantages in terms of efficiency, embodied energy and also consistency with sustainability, which the present article seeks to highlight. For this aim, qualitative and descriptive research based on logical argumentation has been done with the method of reviewing related books, articles, documents and charters. According to the result, improvement intervention to increase the energy efficiency in the first step and then adaptive reuse due to the adaptability of industrial buildings lead to the reuse of the embodied energy and reducing the carbon emissions.

The city of Rey was one of the most prominent and prosperous cities of the Islamic world during the early to middle centuries of the Islamic period. Several factors had influenced this prosperity and importance. The main objective of this research is to find out the specific factors, among others, which had affected the prosperity of roads and the relationship between roads, economics, and the spatial structure of Rey. For this, the reasons for the significance of the roads of Rey in the early centuries of Islam up to the Mongol invasion are identified from historical texts. Then, the development of the city from an architectural and urban perspective is examined through a comparative study of numerous historical texts as well as historical and archaeological studies of contemporary scholars. Based on the results, the mutual relationship between the road network and the spatial structure of the city is drawn in the given period. Based on the findings of this research, adequate security, ample water resources, as well as the centrality and importance of the city from a commercial and religious point of view had led to the constant presence of merchants and caravans in Rey. The beauty, cleanliness, and the existence of numerous caravansaries, baths, and high-quality markets, added to the welfare of travelers and merchants. In addition, a number of goods produced in Rey were largely popular and easily sold in the markets of other lands. These factors increased the affluence of the city and market stability due to numerous commercial exchanges besides the safety and welfare of travelers and merchants. In the end, the relationships between the natural and the spatial structure of the city and its roads are seen as reciprocal within a cycle.

The concept of townscape is based on visual significant and qualities of the historic towns. This issue is not singly related to some aspects of buildings as architecture style, age, and materials, but concerned with the nature and quality of architecture and space combination that is defined by these single buildings. The townscape is related to factors such as originality, amazement, attractiveness and harmony. Therefore, the themes have been raised up from townscape will relate to the three-dimensional visual impact of the historic buildings and towns. Thus, the concept of townscape should be seen as an art. The survey of townscape is related to the dynamic relationship between architectural features and their in-between spaces as well as people movements and its related issues. These important factors will define the scale and proportion and help to the appraisal of the significant, attributes and quality of townscape. The survival of urban spaces is completely depended on merging these elements together. On the other hand, the conservation as a concept beyond of restoration and maintenance has a multi-dimensional essence. The conservation is completely related to past but does not neglect present as well as future. The restoration of the buildings to their primary state or merely preserving its current condition is not the aim of conservation. In some cases, the preservation of monuments, groups of building and sites is necessary for the term of conservation; the values such as uniqueness of the internal or external architectural elements or importance of its historical background are the factors that make these situations. In some cases, the restoration of historic storefront can be part of conservation in its dynamic nature. The careful implementation of this approach can help to preserve townscape’s significance and improve quality of life. In this research, based on field studies and documentations, the explanations of the approaches and activities are provided in a way that makes interpretation and analysis of the text easier. The next step will be to conduct and report statistical results from stakeholders such as employers, executives, consultants, owner and beneficiary so that a planning framework can be developed. The findings of this research inform the formation of an initial scientific system that facilitates planning improvement of streetscapes that are in disharmony. Each streetscape is unique and requires a unique approach. Despite the challenges in making architectural changes in the cultural heritage buildings, it was intended to initiate discussion about this important matter.

Mashhad is a city with many historical neighborhoods which were once home to some valuable houses. However, change of lifestyle, development plans, migration and economic changes modified a great part of the valuable urban fabric. The introduction and recognition of houses in Mashhad as a historical city is both essential and important aside from the positive or negative effects of these changes. In this article, it is attempted to explore the possibility of typological categorization of Mashhad's historical houses. The concepts of "typology" and "housing" were examined and reviewed based on documents, upon which the residential history and architectural features of the residential fabric of the city’s historical core were studied. Furthermore, formal characteristics and orientations of residential units influenced by climatic conditions were considered, and a number of historical houses were examined based on their time of construction, their physical elements, and architectural components. The results of this study enable the distinction and categorization of historical houses based on their formal features, for example, the form of the entrance portal, vestibule, hallway, courtyard, and iwan, or the mode of interior and exterior facade decorations. The three residential types include two Qajar-era types (first-half and second-half) with an introvert architecture, and a third type of the Pahlavi I era with an extrovert architecture. These types are expressive of their time conditions and transformations of Iranian architectural paradigms under influence of Western architecture, as well as socio-cultural transformations in the Iranian society.