کامران شریفی

In the course of history, photos have been published that have found a place beyond an regular photo. These photos have become a part of a heritage and memory of the people of a land or the whole world. This has caused artists and authors to be inspired by them and create other works such as films, sculptures, poems, performances, etc. This reception and adaptation shows that the importance of these photos is such that others have become interested in them to create a work similar to or derived from it. Parody, travesty, and transposition are used more among the hypertext that are based on photos. Pastiche, charge and forgery are less used in the hypertext of the photo.The myth-photograhs can be placed in the position of producing ideology and become the initiator or continuation of a cultural or political movement. Also, by expanding in other symbolic systems, they cause the growth and multiplication of their meaning as well as the expansion of that medium. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and according to the hypertexyualité approach. The result has shown that five factors are effective in the popularity and reproduction of photos and can make them legendary: Propaganda of power institutions: these institutions are able to make a photo famous and use it repeatedly by reproducing and distributing it widely. The photo of raising the flag on Iwo Jima is the most famous example of this. This photo has many different hypertexts and examples can be found in at least five of Gennett's six. Public favor and opposition to the ruling power: It is possible that a photo has gained importance against the usual process and government propaganda, as well as with regard to the general public, and this causes many popular or popular hypertexts to be made based on it. Like Che Guevara's photo. - Dependence on occasions: occasions and commemorations make a certain photo appear more important at a certain time and become the subject of reproduction and adaptation. The same photo may receive less attention at one time, but at another time it becomes especially important. For example, Omar Khavar's photo is more popular than ever at the same time as the anniversary of the Halabja tragedy. Photo in the position of starting and reminding an event: there are photos that, due to the specific narrative of a memorable issue, have caused the participants in the anniversary ceremony of that event to repeat actions similar to the original photo and This makes photographers try to create a photo similar to the original photo. The photo of Victory Day in Times Square is one of the famous examples for this section. The importance of the photo is based on the effects of the paratext: the audience's information is based on observing the elements in the photo and also receiving marginal explanations about it. These explanations can be true or false. The paratext of the photo presents marginal narratives and refers to things that exist outside of the photo itself. The photo of the child and the vulture by Kevin Carter is the most famous photo that has such a feature. Because when everyone sees it, they remember that the photographer of that photo committed suicide. It can also be said that the photographer and his tools do not have much effect on the production of the myth-photograph. Because the spread of a photo among people is influenced by factors after photography. The myth-photograph is created after the photography and with attention to communication and advertising. It should be noted that in a certain period, a photo may be popular and reproduced. But after the excitement and excitement subsides, that photo will usually be forgotten. Alan Kurdi's photo is a good example for this category of photos. The question of this research is how a photo could go beyond an advertising media and become a role model? "Myth-photograph" is a term that was developed in this research and also managed to achieve a specific definition of the concept and the effective factors in its production. A Myth-photograph is a photo that has been adapted by other artists due to its many reproductions as well as its pre-textual properties, creating a hyppetexyualité. Such a photo can remain in people's minds for a long time due to its features such as the narrative in itself and how it is reproduced on the audience level.

The fundamental theory of research is based on obtaining new knowledge according to observable phenomena or facts. The goals of an original research are description, prediction, explanation and application to answer the fundamental research quest and finding an applied procedure to solve a typical problem. With the expansion of Universities and research institutes, the codification and explanation of conceptual models, criteria, standards, benchmarks and rules are instrumental, in order to conduction and collaboration of all the research activities, according to the visions and missions, leading to enactment and endorsement of regulations and style sheets determining the manner and behavior of researchers and the Universities. Choosing an inappropriate conceptual model, invariably causes deviated research activities by Universities and research institutes, which reshapes the research to a decorative matter, hampering the acquisition of valid applied knowledge, but might serve the researcher’s career interests, as well as climbing the academic, social, and even political ladders. The pressure for increasing the number of publications, as the main evaluation criteria in a pathologic competitive atmosphere, caused extensive deviations in the research behavior of Universities and research institutes. The evaluation of the originality of research activities and the outcomes (publications, technologies, new procedures and problem-solving abilities) from the decorative, marginal and mainly focused on increasing publishing article numbers, would be accomplished by considering how research articles follow the logic of scientific discovery criteria.

Years before cinema, photography has been known as an influential art among the people. An art that is unique in recording events, moments and memories. With its content, technical, and instrumental features, this art was able to affect cinema, which was originally considered a social phenomenon, and cinema owes much in achieving artistic status and creating an independent language to this industry art. After getting the technical and artistic knowledge of photography, cinema is influenced by other arts and in order to attract the audience's attention, it needs storytelling. Hence it considered narration and the arrangement of elements in the frame. In its historical course and evolution, cinema has now been considered and used in the arts, including photography. Staged photography is one of these types of cinema exploitation that can be seen in various countries, including Iran. Gregory Crewdson is one of the world's leading photographers with high position in the world. Crewdson is Professor Adjunct in Graduate Photography at the Yale University School of Art and lives and works in New York. Gregory Crewdson was born in Brooklyn in 1962. Crewdson received a B.A. from the State University of New York at Purchase in 1985 and an M.F.A. in photography at Yale in 1988. He has exhibited widely in the United States and Europe and is represented by Gagosian Gallery in New York and White Cube in London. Crewdson is recognized for his elaborately staged scenes of small town American life. His photographs have dramatic and cinematic qualities, and he often has an extensive support crew on site for proper staging and lighting. Crewdson's work has been included in many public collections, most notably the Museum of Modern Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Brooklyn Museum, the Los Angeles County Museum, and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. A retrospective of his work from 1985–2005, was shown at major museums around Europe from 2005–08. Another exhibition of his work opened at the Kulturhuset Museum, Stockholm, in February 2011, followed by Sorte Diamant, Copenhagen and c/o Berlin, among others. Crewdson has received numerous awards including the Skowhegan Medal for Photography, the National Endowment for the Arts Visual Artists Fellowship and the Aaron Siskind Fellowship. The present study was applied and the perception of the importance of knowledge production is performed. The main problem of the research is the analysis of the staging characteristics and film narration in staged photography. It is a qualitative research method with a descriptive-analytical approach that with purposeful selection, three samples of Crewdson photographs have been investigated. The result shows that Crewdson acts like a film director in storytelling and staging the scene for his photographs, and the imaginary space generated by him is believable, natural, and real to the audience.

Our continually changing world has created new demands in society and has profoundly affected ecosystems, cultures, and professions. Ignoring the requirements and consequences of this ever-changing milieu could have devastating effects on all aspects of veterinary medicine. With the increasing global interconnections, several concepts have been created that should be addressed by the veterinary profession; otherwise, some instabilities will affect both the job and the society. In this article, these concepts will be critically analyzed and synthesized to portray an integrated perspective to address the necessities for the economic success of food animal practice, as well as describing the complicated role of veterinary medicine in the future. The first concept is the “evolving veterinary education”, introduced by OIE in 2009, to address the new requirements of competent veterinarians who are able to respond and adapt to modern trading and business requirements. The second concept is “One-Health”, which was introduced to address an integrated and all-inclusive perspective to health issues. All the specifications of this new concept are reflected in each letter of the word HEALTH (Humans, Ecosystems, Animals, Living Together, Harmoniously). The third concept is related to the “virtual water” theory, the total water consumed in the process of every activity, namely, the water footprint. It has been estimated that about 1000 and 15,500 liters of water are consumed in the process of production of a liter of milk and a kilogram of meat, respectively. Finally, the carbon footprint concept has been introduced to measure the total greenhouse gases emissions that enter into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide equivalent through individuals, events, organizations, services, places, products, and industries. The veterinary profession has a critical role and responsibility in the integration of the four abovementioned concepts.

Mastitis is the most common diseases in dairy cows and in many studies considered to be the most expensive disease at herd. In The present study 50 cows with clinical grade 2 mastitis and positive bacteriological culture tests were randomly assigned into two groups. In the control group, the treatment of cows was carried out in the usual way, ie, 250 mg ceftiofur sodium dissolved in 10cc distilled water was injected into the affected quarter. In the treatment group, the same solution was injected through a blue neonatal tube (no 8). Before treatment a milk sample was aseptically collected and bacterial culture was performed. There was no significant difference between the responses to treatment according to parity, treatment duration, milk production and somatic cell count (P>0.05). During the study, the isolates of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactia and other microorganisms were isolated. The frequency of isolating bacteria and response to treatment did not show any significant difference (P>0.05) Milk yield in different days 5 days before mastitis, during the intervention, and 7 days after treatment) were not significantly different. In conclusion, in the present study the therapeutic intervention using a neonatal feeding tube caused no significant improvement in mastitis.

Hepatic and renal contents of essential trace elements provide good clues to monitor the nutritional status of grazing animals. Liver and kidney samples were collected from 60 sheep and 60 goats slaughtered in Zarrinshahr abattoirs and analyzed for essential trace elements. Hepatic Fe concentrations were significantly higher in sheep than goats. There were also higher renal and hepatic Fe concentration in age group of 2-4 year Scompared with age groups of <2 and 4-6 years. The concentration of hepatic trace elements including Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni and Cr was significantly higher than renal ones. Concentration of Cu in the liver and kidney of the sheep from Zarrinshahr were lower than normal values and findings from other countries. Fe, Cr and Ni in the organs, however, were high and Zn and Co concentrations were in normal ranges. It is concluded that high concentrations of Fe, Cr and Ni in the liver and kidney of sheep and goats from Zarrinshaher area may be related to industrial operations and should be considered with regards to animal and human health, while potentially copper deficiency may be regarded as a potential burden to flock efficiency.