کیومرث فرحبخش

Schemas have an impact on the communication beliefs and conflict resolution patterns of couples and are formed from the contrast of mood and socio-cultural and educational stimuli. As a result, to understand them, it is necessary to pay attention to the cultural context and people's lived experience.

The purpose of this research is to identify dysfunctional and schema-oriented interactional patterns of couples based on the context of Iranian society and to present a conceptual model that was conducted using a qualitative method based on grounded theory.

The research population was couple therapists with a schema-oriented approach in Tehran, who were selected through targeted sampling of the accessible type. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 8 pairs of therapists and were analyzed in three stages of open, central and selective coding. To evaluate the validity of the findings of the interviews, the participants' reflection method and the review of non-participant experts were used.

The results of the research indicated two main categories and 14 main categories, which in the form of a paradigm model include2 main categories (insecurity and undifferentiatedness), causal conditions (family system, parents' parenting style, role models from parents, ineffective traditions and teachings, recommendation to mistrust, experiencing rejection and humiliation), contextual conditions (culture), mediating conditions (intra-individual factors, environmental factors), strategies (avoidance, submission, extreme compensation) and consequences (ineffective interactions) were organized.

The results of this research showed that it is necessary to pay attention to the cultural context and people's lived experience in order to better understand and resolve marital relationship conflicts. Identifying and understanding these ineffective and schema-oriented interactive patterns can help in designing more effective treatment and counseling programs for couples in Iranian society.

Administrative corruption prevention in Iran lacks models based on psychological research. This study aimed to design and validate the "administrative corruption prevention model based on psycho-contextual etiology and representation of the impacts of administrative corruption on citizens' lives".

In the first phase (identification of the perception of public employees about the psychological and contextual factors that prevent corruption), data were collected using phenomenological method and semi-structured interviews with 14 public employees working in public sector organizations in Tehran, who were selected using convenience sampling and considering saturation principle. In the second phase (identification of the citizens’ perception about the effects of corruption on their lives), data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 15 Tehran residents, who were recruited via convenience sampling and considering conceptual saturation. In the third phase (determining the dimensions and components of the model), using delphi method and surveying eight experts, who were selected via the purposive sampling, the model was assessed and modified.

The results of data analysis in the first phase led to formation of six main themes: cognitive characteristics, emotional patterns, personality characteristics, behavioral strategies, familial background, and organizational context. In the second phase, two main themes emerged: negative individual consequences and negative collective consequences. The third phase showed that the agreement of the expert panel with the whole model was 92.61% and with each component was 88% or higher, confirming the validity of the model. The model was finalized with five dimensions and 13 components. The dimensions are: ‘appropriate selection and appointment’, ‘individual and group counseling interventions’, ‘behavioral strategies training’, ‘organizational culture modification and promotion’, and ‘monitoring and feedback’.

A set of individual and contextual components have a potential role in self-control towards committing corruption. The presented model can be used and evaluated in designing and implementing preventive programs

This study examines strategies for addressing ethical challenges in counseling and psychotherapy from the perspective of counselors. The research methodology is qualitative, utilizing a phenomenological approach. The study's population consisted of counselors with at least five years of experience and a minimum educational qualification of a master's degree. The participants were selected using theoretical and purposive sampling methods. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 20 counselors from various specialties. The collected data were analyzed using Colaizzi's method. After analyzing the data, 47 sub-themes and 5 main themes were identified: (1) external supportive resources, (2) internal supportive resources, (3) internal controlling factors, (4) external controlling factors, and (5) conflict identification. The findings reveal strategies that counselors consider effective when facing ethical challenges, which can be utilized to address such challenges within this group.

Transgenerational guilt or transmitted guilt from parents is a significant factor contributing to negative and ineffective parenting styles, leading to numerous negative consequences in an individual's personal and family life. Addressing this phenomenon and providing appropriate solutions is therefore imperative. The primary objective of this study was to investigate parenting styles that minimize the development of guilt in children. This qualitative study employed thematic analysis. Participants included 13 teenagers and young adults residing in Tehran, selected based on specific inclusion criteria. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the Braun and Clarke thematic analysis approach. A thematic analysis of the interview data revealed four primary themes: parents' balanced sense of responsibility and role, the creation of a secure and emotionally supportive communicative environment, encouragement of growth and autonomy, and fostering self-esteem and respect for the child. These findings can enhance our understanding of guilt-free parenting practices, paving the way for further research and the development of educational programs aimed at improving parental psychological well-being.

In the counseling process, counselors are forced to understand ethically on various issues, and there are many challenges in this path, and some of them are influential. For this reason, this research examines the experiences of counselors on ethical perception and its challenges. The methodology of this research was qualitative and with a phenomenological approach. The studied community was formed by consultants who had at least 5 years of experience. Among them, a sample of 20 people was selected by purposeful sampling, the sampling process took until saturation was reached. The data collection method was a semi-structured interview. The analysis of the collected data was carried out using the Collaizi method. After analyzing the data, 36 sub-themes and 5 main themes were obtained (characteristics, moral-professional development, value and belief system, sensitivity to cultural issues, awareness of system shortcomings). The results of the research findings, in addition to creating insight and awareness about the challenges of counselors in moral perception, can be used for planning to solve the problems and issues of this group, clients and beneficiary organizations.

Remarriage is more vulnerable to divorce than first marriage. The present study aimed to answer the question: What are the components of unstable remarriage?
 
This qualitative research was based on the systematic grounded theory of Strauss and Corbin (2011). The study population included all couples who had experienced remarriage and lived in Kerman city. Using both purposive and theoretical sampling, 12 individuals willing to cooperate with the researcher were selected. These individuals were interviewed using a semi-structured format. Data analysis was conducted using the methods of Strauss and Corbin (1990) and MAXQDA software.
 
After coding, a total of 87 semantic codes, 24 secondary themes, and 12 main themes were extracted. Causal conditions included not resolving issues from the previous marriage, lack of planning for remarriage, expedient marriages, and the creation of an outsider/insider position. Strategies involved inappropriate coping mechanisms during times of stress and marital disputes. Intervening conditions included a lack of understanding of the challenges related to the life cycle, inflexibility in facing marital challenges, inability to manage time as a couple, difficulty in sharing intimacy and expressing feelings, and financial problems. Background conditions involved the disruption of marital security due to lack of approval from the original family. Consequences included decreased investment in the relationship and loss of self.
 
The findings indicate that remarriage requires proper planning, preparation, and effective coping strategies. Neglecting these factors can lead to unfortunate consequences for the marriage.

The aim of the current research was to investigate the basic components of school counseling activities in upstream documents. Qualitative approach and thematic analysis method were used. The research community Consists of  national documents inclusive of Document on the fundamental Transformation of education and the National curriculum. After analyzing the texts of the upstream documents, out of  primary concepts identified in the upstream documents, which were in line with the components of school counseling programs,  subcategories were extracted and subcategories based on common meanings and goals in  main categories. were categorized and finally the main categories were arranged and structured into  core categories which are; The orientation of the program, planning, provision of services, training, maintenance and evaluation of trainers, beliefs about training and trainers and systematic promotion of training. In the upstream documents, special attention is given to school counseling programs and targeting, fair and comprehensive coverage of services, attention to developmental stages, systemic view, the need for participation and promotion of school staff and families, and evaluation are emphasized

Understanding the concept of well-being from the perspective of the elderly and identifying its important factors can play a significant role in increasing the quality and satisfaction of the elderly. In this study, the descriptive phenomenology method was used to collect data and the Collaizi method was used to analyze the data in the qualitative part. The number of participants was based on the theoretical saturation of twenty elderly men and women living in Tehran province. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. The obtained data were analyzed to explain the well-being factors in old age. Five themes were extracted from the findings in the qualitative section, which include vitality, health and dynamism, personal growth and richness, interpersonal relationships, strength. which has something in common with some components of Ryff's well-being, and in some cases it is more comprehensive than Ryff's well-being components, suitable for increasing the well-being of Iranian elderly. The results of this research can be used by many psychologists, counselors and experts in the field of geriatrics in the field of how to advise and educate the elderly in order to increase the well-being of the elderly.

Adapting to the divorce of parents is one of the challenges that the children of divorce face, the absence of which can cause adverse consequences for the children of divorce and the society. The current research was conducted with the aim of qualitatively studying the process of children's adaptation to parents' divorce, in 1401 using the grounded theory method. The participants of the research are children of divorced girls living in Tehran who were between 20 and 30 years old and at least 5 years have passed since their parents' divorce. The findings from the semi-structured interview with 12 participants were based on the principle of theoretical saturation, and the findings were analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin method. Analyzing the data obtained from the interview in the field of qualitative study of the process of children's adaptation to parental divorce, led to the identification of 11 core codes of "resilience", "support networks", "favorable economic situation", "quality of parenting", "acceptance of divorce by parents","getting away from stressful situations","environmental and peripheral factors", "effective coping", "maintaining dynamism", "cognitive reframing", "growth after trauma" and "active self-care" were selected. The results of this research, while increasing insight into the process of adapting to parental divorce, provide sufficient ground for developing educational and practical programs with the aim of increasing adaptation to parental divorce and can greatly reduce the harm caused by parental divorce.

AbstractThis study was conducted to develop a pattern of academic probation based on lived experiences of students and research texts related to the subject. This study is a qualitative research using phenomenology method and purposive sampling. Twelve semi-structured interviews were carried out with 10 female and 2 male students who were placed on academic probation. The interviews were recorded and transcribed and then, the data were analyzed using the Colizzii analysis method. Also, 25 related research texts were selected through purposive sampling and analyzed using content analysis. In general, 6 themes of individual, family, educational, economic and social factors,and non-adaptive coping strategies with 25 sub-themes were obtained from the analysis.The conceptual pattern of academic probation was developed by organizing themes and sub-themes emerged from the data, in the form of causes (causaltive ,interferring and background), strategies/reactions and consequences. Considering to the pattern of academic probation, it seems that in the case of persisting the conditions and non-interference, the problem of students' failure to study successfully would continue and even intensify. To help such students to come out of this cycle, multidimensional interventions, including psychological counseling, are suggested.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the communication actions of successful marriages.

This study was conducted in a qualitative manner based on grounded theory.  Society: The research includes successful couples based on their own admission, examining the achievements of their joint lives and implementing the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1993), the short form of which was validated by Alidousti et al  successful and satisfied were selected. In total, (10 couples) were studied in Ahvaz city in 1401 by purposeful sampling until the theoretical saturation of the data. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview using Strauss and Corbin's method of constant comparison analysis.

The analysis of the findings showed that communication actions in successful marriages have four main components including, main family functions, suitable marriage formation factors; Effective communication skills and character formation in childhood.

A successful marriage is related to the family structure of people. Therefore, experts can use the concepts extracted in this research to identify and examine the communication characteristics of successful families, which is a guide in couples therapy and pre-marital counseling.

Divorce within families has various and often detrimental effects on adolescents, and lack of understanding adolescents' psychosocial experience regarding their parents' divorce is considered an obstacle in employing effective intervention methods. Therefore, the aim of this present study was to investigate and identify the components of adolescents' lived experiences after their parents' divorce in Iran.

This qualitative exploratory study was conducted using Colaizzi's theory in collecting, conducting, and analyzing the data. To this end, 24 adolescents aged 12 to 18 from Yazd city, who had experienced their parents' divorce, were identified through purposive sampling method, and their information was collected through semi-structured interviews in 2022. It is worth mentioning that all data were recorded, and the sampling continued until data saturation was achieved.

Analysis of the lived experiences of the participants revealed 9 main thematic units out of a total of 126 meaningful units. Subsequently, through integration and linking of the concepts, 3 main themes of positive emotional experiences (calmness and positive adjustment to divorce), negative emotional experiences (anger, fear, guilt, and helplessness), and negative behavioral experiences (changes in family structure and support networks, and personal problems) were inferred, and their related components and concepts were interpreted separately.

After parental divorce, adolescents encounter various positive and negative emotional experiences as well as different negative behavioral experiences. Lack of awareness and timely treatment of these experiences can lead to more severe problems in their mental-social health. . Therefore, it is suggested that therapists interpret life experiences of these people more deeply and provide therapeutic interventions based on the themes obtained from the current research.

The family environment before and after the parents' divorce is considered as an important factor in the children's adjustment. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the role of parents in children's adaptation to divorce. This present qualitative research was carried out using thematic analysis method. The studied population in this research was equal to the research participants who were selected from among young girls living in Tehran in 1401 who were between 20 and 30 years old and at least 5 years had passed since the divorce of their parents. Participants were selected based on purposive sampling from among individuals who met the criteria. The sampling process continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, and ultimately 12 participants were selected through Bell Adjustment Inventoty and studied through interviews. The data obtained were analyzed using the Brown & Clark's led to the identification of 3 main themes and 16 sub-themes. The main themes include "playing an effective parenting role after divorce", "changing parents' attitudes towards divorce" and "providing a tension-free environment after divorce". Based on this, the results of the present study can provide awareness and insight to concerned parents about their roles in the adjustment of their young daughters to divorce.

The results of demographic studies indicate a decrease in the desire of couples to have children. This phenomenon leads to population decline, which causes irreparable damage to the future of the country. For this reason, the purpose of this research is to develop a pattern of childbearing motivation based on the lived experiences of families with at least one child . The research method is in the category of qualitative research and is descriptive phenomenology. The participants in this research include 32 couples who were selected by purposeful sampling from families with one or more than two children in Marivan city in 1400. To collect research data, semi-structured interview method was used and for data analysis, Claizey's 7-step method was used. The results of the research showed that the pattern of childbearing motivation includes the values, attitude, need, reinforcement and competence of the couple. According to the results, it can be said that by intervening and changing these factors, the couple's motivation to have children will change.

Understanding the concept of well-being from the perspective of the elderly and identifying its important factors can play a significant role in increasing the quality and satisfaction of the elderly. The purpose of the current research was "to design and validate a model for promoting the well-being of the elderly based on lived experiences and to examine its effectiveness on the psychological well-being of the elderly". 

In this study, the descriptive phenomenology method was used to collect data and the Claysey method was used to analyze the data in the qualitative part. The number of participants was based on theoretical saturation of twenty elderly men and women living in Tehran province. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. The obtained data were analyzed to explain the well-being factors in old age. The program obtained from the qualitative phase to improve the well-being of the elderly was taught to six elderly volunteers based on the AB single-case plan, and the results were evaluated through the RIF well-being questionnaire. Quantitative data analysis was done during the methods of stable change index, visual analysis and clinical significance using the recovery percentage formula and non-overlapping methods to determine the effectiveness of the program.

Five themes were extracted from the findings in the qualitative section, which include vitality, health and dynamism, Personal growth and enrichment, interpersonal relationships, and strength. Data analysis showed that the welfare program obtained for four volunteers of this program is effective. It should be noted that in single-subject designs, when the researcher can talk about the possibility of a functional relationship between the dependent variable and the intervention, this relationship is repeated for at least three participants.

The results of this research can be used by many psychologists, counselors and experts in the field of geriatrics in the field of how to advise and educate the elderly in order to increase the well-being of the elderly. In addition, the officials and trustees of the elderly can expand the welfare in the elderly society by implementing the elderly welfare program, which will reduce the adverse effects of aging among them and make them more cheerful and energetic.

School counseling plays a vital role in training the future generation of the country. Thus, there is a need to create a framework and clarify the roles and functions of school counseling programs. To this end, the present study aimed to develop a professional school counseling model in Iran using the qualitative content analysis method. First, upstream documents (Fundamental Reform Document of Education (FRDE) and national curricula) and specialized school counseling texts were analyzed and the underlying themes were extracted. Afterward, the data from the interviews with school counseling experts (school counselors and experts) were analyzed. The analysis of the data revealed 180 subthemes, 59 main themes, and 21 core themes that were used to develop a school counseling model with four components: foundations, management, services, and accountability. The foundations of the model have two key aspects (belief and prospect). The belief component refers to fundamental beliefs of education and prospect reflects an image of the ideal future. Moreover, management involves three key aspects (planning, administration, and interactions). Planning specifies how the program is designed and executed. Administration addresses the needs and procedures used for implementing programs. Interactions refer to the position of programs and the systematic promotion of education. In addition, services encompass two key aspects (inclusiveness and strategy). Inclusiveness refers to the coverage of school counseling services and the strategy specifies the procedures for delivering school counseling services. Finally, accountability involves two key aspects (evaluation and promotion). Evaluation involves measuring school counseling services, factors promoting school counselors’ competencies, and the requirements for acquiring such competencies. The professional school counseling model tries to create a comprehensive and systematic framework for school counseling activities by using scientific and culture-based theories to contribute to developing academic, occupational, personal-social, and religious-ethical competencies of future generations.

The loss of a mother during adolescence has a profound impact on the adolescent. Recognizing the significance of this subject, the present study aimed to explore the lived experiences of young girls in the realm of adaptation after the death of their mothers during adolescence.

This research employed a qualitative approach and a phenomenological method. The research population comprised teenage girls and young women aged 20 to 30 who had lost their mothers during their teenage years. Participants were selected through virtual platforms, and data collection was carried out via semi-structured interviews.

After analyzing the data, 22 subthemes were identified and categorized into 6 main components. The results indicated that shifts in attitudes, acceptance of alternative support systems, purposeful efforts, and the cultivation of intimate relationships post-loss contribute to adaptation to life after such a significant loss. Ineffective coping methods encompass a spectrum ranging from diverting attention to avoiding the responsibilities of life. The latter state may lead to the suppression of perceived psychological pressure and the potential continuation of its effects.

The aim of this study was to predict academic procrastination academic self-efficacy and achievement motivation of sixth grade elementary students based on the personality traits of mothers during coronary education. The research is of the correlational type and the target population was all sixth-grade elementary students of Mubarake city of Isfahan along with their mothers, from which 216 (115 girls, 101 boys) were selected based on Cochran's formula in a multi-stage random manner as a sample. were chosen. In order to collect data from the Short Neo Form Personality Questionnaire (1985), for mothers and from Bernardo Weiner's Achievement Motivation Questionnaire (1990), Jinks and Morgan's Self-Employment Questionnaire (1999), and Shams Al-Ahrari's Academic Procrastination Questionnaire (1389). Data were analyzed using 22-spss software stepwise and hierarchical regression. The results show that among the dimensions of mothers 'personality, the effect of agreement and responsibility on procrastination of significant and inverse children (p <0.05) and the effect of mothers' extraversion and responsibility on academic self-efficacy of significant students And direct (p <0.05) and responsibility had a direct and significant relationship and neuroticism had an inverse relationship with achievement motivation (p <0.05), but regression results showed that mothers' personality traits did not have a significant effect on children's academic achievement motivation.. According to the obtained results, providing solutions to increase responsibility, agreement and extraversion, as well as reducing mothers 'neuroticism can help reduce procrastination and increase academic self-efficacy and students' motivation for progress in e-learning.

Marriage and family formation as the oldest institutions of human life have long been the focus of thinkers of social sciences, moral sciences, religious scholars, and other scientists. In this regard, identifying the effective factors in the formation or destruction of this foundation is of great importance. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the role of the main family in the unsuccessful marriage of children with a qualitative approach. The participants were 20 Iranian men and women (10 couples) who had the experience of cohabiting with their spouses using a targeted sampling method with the greatest diversity. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews by asking open questions about the research objectives. The data were analyzed using the traditional qualitative thematic analysis method. Based on the results, 5 main codes (factors of the formation of inappropriate marriage, main family functions, childhood experiences, mother's basic role for the child, and moral and personal characteristics) were extracted from the interviews. Examining the concepts related to a failed marriage and paying attention to the family structure and its wide-ranging effects are suggested for family-oriented centers and organizations.

This research was conducted with the aim of developing and validating the model of marital satisfaction in pandemics and investigating its effectiveness on psychological well-being being during the coronavirus pandemic.

In this research, a mixed research method was used (in the qualitative part, the systematic method of grounded theory and in the quantitative part, the semi-experimental method and single-subject method with AB design). The research participants in the qualitative part were 24 married women (12 with marital satisfaction and 12 without marital satisfaction) who were selected by following the necessary criteria and the purposive sampling method until data saturation was reached. The target population in the quantitative section was married women aged 25 to 55 with children aged 6 to 13 in Tehran, 3 of whom were selected by purposive sampling and participated in the intervention. The data collection tool in the qualitative part was a semi-structured interview, and in the quantitative part, The ENRICH Marital Satisfaction (EMS) Scale (1993) and Ryff Psychological Well-being (PWB) Questionnaire (1988). The data were analyzed in the qualitative part, using the Strauss and Corbin constant comparison analysis method (in three stages of open, axial and selective coding and in the quantitative part, based on visual analysis indicators.

Data analysis in the qualitative section led to the identification of 79 open codes and 26 axial codes and 4 selective codes including: “communication needs; Personality characteristics; social factors and behavioral strategies". After integrating the categories, the model of marital satisfaction during the coronavirus pandemic was developed and its content validity was confirmed. The results of the research in the quantitative part showed the effectiveness of the model-based intervention on psychological well-being.

Based on the results of the present research, the extracted model can be used to conduct counseling interventions in the fields of couple and family to facilitate adaptation to similar crises.

This study aimed to evaluate the concept of privacy from the perspective of couples. This was a qualitative study based on a descriptive phenomenological approach. The study population consisted of all couples living in Tehran in 2020 who were married for 1 to 10 years, some of whom were selected as the sample by using the purposive sampling method until data saturation (12 women and 6 men). The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and then they were analyzed by Colaizzi interpretive analysis method. After coding the views of participants about privacy, 4 main themes and 31 sub-themes were extracted. The four main themes included privacy conceptualization, factors affecting the privacy of couples, consequences of privacy with tight boundaries, and examples of privacy. The results showed that each person considers privacy for himself/herself, and privacy is generally a relative concept. Examples of privacy include factors such as family issues, mobile phones, communication with friends, clothing, work issues, and thoughts and emotions. Since marital relationships are inherently complicated, it is difficult to consider inflexible boundaries of privacy for couples. In addition, complete adherence to privacy with tight boundaries in a marital relationship can reduce spouses’ trust in each other as well as the stability of their relationship.

This study aimed to forcast the differentiation of pornography addiction based on feelings of shame and pathological narcissism in Tehran city in Iran. The research approach had a practical aim and correlational data collecting. The population of the study was all men above 18 in Tehran city in 2020-2021. Among them, 200 samples (100 people addicted to pornography and 100 people did not addict to pornography) were selected voluntarily via the internet. The research tools were Pornography Problem Consumption Scale (PPCS), Fear of Guilt and Shame (GASP) Scale, and Narcissism (MTNS) Scale. The discriminant analysis and SPSS-26 software was used for analyzing data. The results demonstrated that the ability to feel shame and pathological narcissism has a positive relation in predicting pornography addiction. They can predict the group membership of men with pornography addiction and without pornography addiction. Moreover, it can be concluded that with the increase of shame and pathological narcissism of people, their use of pornography increases. It can be advised to therapists and counselors who have clinicians exposed to pornography and, more generally, sexually addictive behaviors, pay special attention to the embarrassment and narcissism experienced and the personality type of these individuals.

The way the spouse's emotional expression is responded to is one of the factors playing a role in the formation of marital intimacy. The current study intended to compare the behavioral responses to the spouse's emotional expression between women with high and low levels of emotional intimacy. A qualitative approach with a descriptive phenomenological design was applied to conduct this study. A sample of 20 married women in Tehran (2021) was selected using a purposive sampling method and considering the principle of saturation. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and were analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step method of phenomenological data analysis. Data analysis resulted in extracting six main themes from each group. The main themes extracted from the high emotional intimacy group include "encouragement, attending to emotions and accepting it", "companionship in the cognitive processing of emotion", "proactive responding", "timing in responding to spouse's emotion", "corrective actions" and "managing the environmental stimuli" and the main themes extracted from the low emotional intimacy group include "non-encouragement, not attending to emotions and not accepting it", "rationalization", "reactive emotional responding", "rush in response", "retaliatory actions" and "selective responding". The results indicate that there are some differences between the behavioral responses of the two groups in four dimensions flexibility, constructiveness, companionship, and agency.

Considering the importance of couples' relationships in the family, this study was conducted to develop a pattern of marital satisfaction during the corona period.

This qualitative study was conducted on the basis of data theory. In this stage, the researcher has identified the constructive components in marital satisfaction during the corona period and compared the two groups with marital satisfaction and marital dissatisfaction. Among them, 12 subjects with low marital satisfaction and 12 people who had good marital satisfaction were selected and interviewed. The codes were confirmed by 10 professors and finally comparisons were made between the two groups and a conceptual model was developed.

The results of this study showed that the main factors affecting marital satisfaction during the coronavirus outbreak include eight cases of love (empathy, affection, appreciation, sexual satisfaction, mutual understanding and caring about the wishes of the spouse), border management (fairness in the division of duties, management of family involvement and independence, creating the privacy of children and parents, providing emotional needs of parents and supporting and assisting parents), family work balance (flexibility in role ( taking responsibility for things, and prioritizing the family against working outside), secure attachment (trusting in your abilities, having a positive view of your spouse and balancing intimacy and personal independence), emotional maturity (keeping the child alive, flexibility and limiting the involvement of families), religious beliefs (belief in trust in God, transient and temporary suffering, cooperation in the service of charity and good service). Attending religious ceremonies in accordance with protocols, problem solving (contentment, dialogue, resolving misunderstandings, consulting and getting help from external sources of support) and time management (using cyberspace for personal affairs, two-person recreation between husband and wife, having leisure time for yourself and taking time for family fun).

Internal working model is the most essential concept in attachment theory that explain adult romantic behavior in marital relationships. This study aimed to compare internal working models between low conflict and high conflict couples in Tehran. The samples include 100 low conflict persons and 100 high conflict persons in marital relationships that were randomly selected. The research’s tools were Internal Working Model Questionary (IMWQ) that was made by researcher, and Marital Conflicts Questionary (MCQ). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), LSD incidental test, and discriminant analysis were used for analysis of the research’s data. The results showed that there is significant difference (p<0/01) between the profiles of internal working models’ components of low conflict and high conflict persons. Also the results indicated that each component of internal working model between low conflict and high conflict persons was significantly different (p<0/01). The discriminant analysis showed that it’s possible to predicate group membership of persons in successful and unsuccessful groups, with 99/5% probability. Then according to findings low conflict couples have secure memories, attitudes, needs, and strategies while high conflicts couples have unsecure memories, attitudes, needs, and strategies.