یعقوب اندایش

The aim of this study was to examine energy efficiency and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in Iran.The study was conducted between 1980 and 2021.The approach used in this research has been ARDL.The data from the research was obtained from the World Bank, and the software used in this research was the avivos software with version 12 to analyze the data obtained.The findings of the study have shown that: In the long term, the effect of energy efficiency on carbon dioxide emissions is positive and meaningful, and the impact of economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions is also positive and meaningful, as well as the results of the relationship of variables in the short term, and the results of its estimates have shown that variables adjust the imbalance error at a rate of 0.54 percent and tend towards the long term. Therefore, according to the results obtained, the hypotheses of the research have been approved.

Russia’s position in the world gas market and common membership of Russia with Iran have given importance to the analysis of Russia's gas production behavior in the world gas market. Russia’s position in the global gas market and its excessive capacity in gas production provide this country with the possibility that in the long term, its behavior in natural gas production is aligned and symmetrical with the gas production of other members of the gas exporting countries, shale gas production, world natural gas demand, world natural gas price and the crude oil world price doesn’t change in order to stabilize the symmetric and aligned market. In this paper, Russia's gas production behavior was investigated by using seasonal data from 2001 to 2021 and by nonlinear autoregressive distributed lags (NARDL) method. The results showed that during changes (increase & decrease) in the mentioned variables; as the most important variables affecting the formation of changes in the supply and demand of the world Gas, Russia's gas production behavior in the direction of aligned market stability will not change. And in the GECF, Russia shows a similar behavior to Saudi Arabia in the OPEC.

Today, environmental pollution is one of the basic problems in many countries, especially in developing countries that possess natural resources. Therefore, identifying factors affecting pollution in these countries has particular importance. In many studies, the Environmental Kuznets Curve has been used to investigate the factors affecting pollution. In this hypothesis, the emission of pollution is a function of per capita income as the level of development. This study, taking into account the framework of Kuznets theory and considering institutional factors and the shadow sector, seeks to find a suitable answer to the question of what effect the shadow economy has on environmental pollution in the group of selected countries of the Persian Gulf, along with institutional factors. In this study, the variables of rule of law, corruption control and political stability have been applied as institutional factors. Using the panel data technique in the framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve during the years 2009 to 2020, the results have shown that the shadow economy has a positive and significant effect on environmental pollution. Also, the results indicate that the effect of political stability and the rule of law on environmental pollution was negative and significant, while corruption control had a positive and significant effect on environmental pollution. In addition, the findings confirm the Kuznets hypothesis for the selected countries of the Persian GulfIn this research, the variables of rule of law, corruption control and political stability have been used as institutional factors. Using the panel data technique in the framework of the environmental Kuznets curve during the years 2009 to 2020, the results have shown that the shadow economy has a positive and significant effect on environmental pollution. Also, the results indicate that the effect of political stability and rule of law on environmental pollution was negative and significant, while corruption control had a positive and significant effect on environmental pollution. Also, the results confirm the Kuznets hypothesis for the selected countries of the Persian Gulf..

The analysis of the factors affecting Qatar's gas productive behavior is of particular importance due to its joint membership with Iran in the Gas Exporting Countries Forum and the gas field of South Pars-North Dome. In this research, initially, the Qatar's gas productive behavior against Iran's gas production from the gas field of South Pars and other variables affecting the supply and demand of global gas (the gas production of other members of this Forum, global gas demand, natural gas price, the global price of crude oil and shale gas production) was investigated using seasonal data from 2001 to 2021 and auto-regressive method with distributed lags (in the long term). Then, using the Game Theory and Nush Equilibrium, the optimal production strategy was extracted from the gas field of South Pars - North Dome (in the period under review) in order to compare with the Qatar's gas productive behavior against Iran's production from the South Pars gas field. The results showed that when there is a change (increase/decrease) in the mentioned variables, the Qatar's gas productive behavior does not always change in line with these variables; also, in the long term, with a one percent increase in Iran's gas production from the South Pars, Qatar's gas production has increased by more than one percent. Finally, the results showed that the optimal production strategy for Qatar from the gas field of South Pars-North Dome in the period under review has been an increase in production, which is in line with the behavior of this country against Iran's gas production from the gas field of South Pars in the long term.

Environmental pollution is one of the most important problems that most developing countries face today, which in addition to environmental problems has negative economic and social consequences. Studies show that the shadow economy and institutional factors can be influential factors on the quality of the environment in developing countries, and few studies have been conducted on the effect of these factors on environmental pollution at the same time. The shadow economy occupies a large part of the economy of developing countries, which can affect the quality of the environment, and institutional factors can affect the quality of the environment through different channels, such as controlling and influencing the shadow sector. Therefore, the current research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the effective factors of environmental pollution in oil developing countries. Using the panel data model and the generalized least squares method for the period of 2009-2020, the results have shown that the shadow economy and the rule of law directly increase pollution and the interaction effect of the rule of law and the shadow economy has led to a reduction in pollution; Therefore, it can be expected that by controlling the shadow sector, increasing the rule of law will lead to a reduction in pollution. Also, the results have shown that corruption control has directly reduced pollution and the interaction effect of rule of law and corruption control has led to a reduction in pollution. Therefore, controlling corruption and increasing the rule of law at the same time plays an important role in reducing pollution in oil countries. Also, the results confirm the hypothesis of Kuznets for the group of oil developing countries at the beginning of the development path.

Investigating the behavior of the main gas producers due to the increasing importance of this fossil fuel is one of the most significant issues of energy importing and exporting countries. The emergence of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum as the main player in the global gas market gives importance to the analysis of changes in the members’ behavior of this forum including Russia due to the extra capacity in production. In this article, the behavior of Russia in the Gas Exporting Countries  Forum is analyzed by using Markov Switching model and monthly data from 2008 to 2022.  The results showed that the pattern of Russia's behavior in the forum does not fluctuate between competitive and collusion regimes over time. so that Russia's behavior in the first regime has been non-competitive and based on the pattern of "partial market sharing" and the Second regime it's behavior  has been non-competitive  based on the pattern of " Market Sharing and Price Making ".   And Russia's behavior in both regimes has been non-competitive. On tne other hand the results showed that Russia's average stay length in the first regime is 18/19 months and in the second one is 27/15 months.

South Pars_North, The existence of the Dome gas field and the common membership of Qatar with Iran have given importance to analyzing Qatar's asymmetric behavior productively in the world gas market. Qatar's position in the world gas market and its excessive capacity in gas production provide an opportunity for an increase and decrease in the production of natural gas with changes in variables such as other members of the gas exporting countries production, shale gas production, world natural gas demand, world natural gas price, and the crude oil world price don't change to stabilize a systematic and aligned market. This paper investigated Qatar gas productive behavior using seasonal data from 2001 to 2021 and the autoregressive distributing (ARDL) method. The results showed that during changes (increase and decrease) in the mentioned variables, as the most important variables affecting the formation of changes in the supply and demand of world gas, Qatar Gas's productive behavior in the direction of aligned market stability will not change. And in the global gas market, Qatar shows similar behavior to Saudi Arabia in the worldwide oil market. Also, empirical results showed that in the long term, there is a significant relationship between Iran and Qatar gas production. By increasing Iran's natural gas production by one percent, Qatar's natural gas production will increase by less than one percent

One of the significant challenges in regional development is examining the role of local governments and their relationship with large local companies in income distribution. This challenge is particularly pertinent when large companies have national objectives, and most of their production capacity is capital-intensive and knowledge-intensive, but their operational area is locally focused on the user. The present research aimed to explore the role of the government and large local companies in income distribution. Khuzestan Province was chosen due to its unique characteristics in this regard. The study covered the period from 2006 to 2020, analyzing seasonal data using the generalized method of moments (GMM). The findings indicate that the government’s current and construction expenditures in the province have a negative and significant effect on the urban Gini coefficient. In contrast, the value-added variable of large industrial companies in the province has a positive and significant effect on the urban Gini coefficient. The results suggest that careful planning and coordination between large companies and provincial managers should be sought by adopting policies such as increasing local employment and training local workforce, thereby reducing dissatisfaction and income inequality in the province.

In this article, it has been tried to investigate and analyze enterprise input_output model, the relationship between the main products of Khuzestan Steel Company with the internal departments of this company and also with the national economy on both the supply and demand sides and in the form of Backward and Forward linkage for the year 1400 by using the enterprise data model. Therefore, by compiling the enterprise input_output table of Khuzestan Steel Company, the production multiplier and the backward and forward linkages of the four products of slabs, billets and blooms, Pelletizing and sponge iron were calculated in the company and the national economy.The results of this research show that backward and forward linkage of Khuzestan Steel Company with the national economy is 3.21 and 1.41 units, respectively. Among the company's production activities, the highest link was related to the pelletizing product with 1.0 units and , the lowest link was related to the slab product with 0.55 units. pelletizing and sponge iron have the highest and lowest previous linkages (0.02 and 0.78 units) with the national economy, respectively. At the national level, rebar receives a large share of its demand from the products of the Khuzestan Steel Company, and ironstone is considered the most important consumable of these 4 products of the company.

Marine tourism attracts a lot of tourists every year for the countries that have access to the sea and have been able to use this opportunity and potential, and has led to the development of these areas. In Iran, the northern and southern provinces also have this potential. The northern provinces have been able to make more progress in the field of tourism due to the different climatic conditions, the existence of green and forested areas and the access of a large population. In the south of the country, Kish Island is a successful example in attracting sea tourists. 85% of the length of the coast is in the south of the country, the southern provinces have not been able to use this potential. One of these provinces is Khuzestan, which has better access than the other southern coastal provinces, but has not been able to use it well. This study aims to investigate the position of Khuzestan among the southern coastal provinces in tourism with emphasis on marine tourism, from various indicators, sub-indicators and components to compare the potentials and capacities used in these provinces and using the method TOPSIS benefits.The results show that Khuzestan is in the second place after Hormozgan province and then Bushehr and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces are located. Khuzestan ranks first in the access and non-marine tourism attraction , second in the infrastructure index and number of marine tourists and fourth in the marine tourism attraction index among the four southern coastal provinces.

Achieving economic prosperity is one of the most important economic issues of the last two centuries. Trade is also the engine of growth and development of any country. And it can effect economic well-being. In the 1990s, the result of the countrys trade change relationship has undergone serious (decreasing) changes, and on the other hand, economic welfare has also decreased. Therefore, in this study, the effect of the result of trade exchange relationship on economic welfare in Iran has been investigated using a combined index of economic welfare and autoregressive method with distributive interruptions during the period 1364-1398. In order to measure the effect of sanctions on the economic welfare of the country through this channel. The result show that there is a direct relationship between the outcome of trade exchange and the combined index of economic welfare. That is in the 1990s the reduction of the result has reduced the countrys wconomic welfare exchange relationship. In the long run GDP, national savings and the result of the trade relationship effect on the combined index of economic welfare, respectively, with a coefficient of 0.007, 0.003, and 0.009. According to the error correction sentence coefficient in each period, about %82 of the imbalance created in the dependent variable is adjusted and eliminated from its long-term equilibrium values in a period.

the development of education in Iran has not led to the development and increase of economic growth. In contrast, Singapore has been able to achieve high economic growth and development based on the development of education. The purpose of this study is to compare Iran and Singapore in the links between education and the whole economy and economic sectors. To examine the links between education and economic sectors and to determine its position among other sectors, the backward, forward and the total linkage are used and is examined in the framework of the Special Vector Approach. For this purpose, the Input-Output of 1390 Iran and 2011 Singapore, which have 31 sectors, has been used.The results show that the education backward linkage in Singapore is 45% higher than in Iran. On the other hand, the education forward linkage for Singapore is 135% higher than Iran, and educational services in Singapore are more supply-oriented than demand-oriented. Also, the total education linkage for Singapore is 86% higher than Iran and it shows the high impact of the education sector in Singapore compared to Iran. In terms of ranking linkages, the education sector has a relatively low ranking among the economic sectors in Iran. Thus, among 31 economic activities, this sector is ranked 28th in the backward linkage, 30th in the forward linkage and 31st in the total linkage. For Singapore, on the other hand, it ranks 30th in the backward linkage, 3th in the forward linkage and 18th in the total linkage.

This study measures the impact of foreign tourism revenue on sectoral output growth and identifying its channels of economic impacts. For this purpose output multipliers and structural path analysis approaches in the social accounting matrix framework are employed. The most advantage of the structural path analysis is that provides a detailed technique of decomposing output multipliers and identifying a full network of path of economic influence from the origin sector to its ultimate destination. For this purpose main data bases are: the 2011 SAM of Parliament Research Center of Iran and the foreign inbound tourism revenue in 2017 in the absence of tourism satellite accounts in Iran.Results show foreign tourism revenue (28.2 thousands billion rials) has led to increased output of all economic sectors (62.1thousands billion rials), and total output multiplier is 2.31 unit, in which other services, wholesale and retail, and hotel sectors have received 13.71, 13.66, and 12.66 percent of the total output effects, respectively. The decomposition of output multiplier and structural path analysis results revealed that food, restaurant, road, rail and air transportation have the most direct paths and vice versa for the other related tourism sectors. Moreover, wholesale and retail, agriculture, road transportation, and other services play a significant role in influencing foreign tourists' incomes on the Iranian economy.

Today, pollution has become one of the main challenges for governing countries. So that countries, in addition to set the related policies and practices within its borders, they looking for solutions to this problem in the international organization. To achieve a persistent growth with environmental protection in a developing country like Iran needs to pay more attention to energy intensity and the greenhouse gas emission. This study aimed to determine the investment priorities subject to minimizing the carbon dioxide emissions and maximizing economic growth. In this order, output multipliers of each sector, and direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions of each sector production process, are calculated by using domestic social accounting matrix in 1390. The results show although foods, agriculture, construction, metal products have high output multipliers, emit lower carbon dioxide.

Considering its biological situation, each country has a specific carrying capacities to absorb pollutants. Increased production, population, and direct and indirect fossil energy consumption have increased emissions such as carbon dioxide, resulting in destructive effects on the environment such as imbalanced greenhouse gases, global warming, climate changes, and endangering of humans’ and other creatures’ lives. The extent and dimension of the mentioned effects can vary depending on the consumption modus and technique practiced by households and industries. Ecological carbon footprint is a criterion to measure the humans’ impact on carbon emissions. In an attempt to measure the carbon footprint of households, this research seeks to answer the following questions: How much is the carbon footprint of urban and rural household deciles? What deciles create higher carbon footprints? What is the share of households in the country’s total carbon footprint? How big is the carbon footprint per capita in each decile? For this purpose, the Social Accounting Matrix of the year 2011 is used. The empirical results indicate that in 2011, the total net direct and indirect carbon footprint in Iran was 517 million tons, in which the household consumption accounts for 64% and the remaining 36% belongs to the government’s final consumption, export and others. Moreover, carbon footprint of urban households is more than the rural ones and it is elevated in higher income deciles. Carbon footprint of the tenth urban decile is 11 times greater than the first one. For rural deciles, this ratio is 9. Furthermore, carbon footprint of the tenth urban decile is 4 times greater than that of the tenth rural one. An Iranian’s household carbon footprint per capita was found to be about 4429 kg in 2012. Carbon foot print per capita in the first urban decile, the tenth urban decile, first rural decile, and the tenth rural decile is 1,124, 17,134, 965 and 9,803 kg, respectively. The results indicate that people with higher incomes have a greater carbon footprint.

In recent decades, releasing more carbon emissions resulting from energy consumption, more damaging effects on the environment is set up.Some of the Industries and manufacturing sectors share some sectors more than others, and from one country to another countries may vary. Some countries have started the carbon war by transfer of polluting industries to other countries. However, each country according to its biological status has a capacity to absorb pollutants. If carbon footprint is higher than the absorb capacity potential harmful effects on the environment is entered. In this paper, economic sectors carbon footprint trade balance by using Social Accounting Matrix 1390 is studied. Results indicate that in 1390, the negative trade balance of the country's carbon footprint is 4.5 tonnes. That is only 8-thousandth of the total economic sectors's carbon footprint. Sector of oil, natural gas distribution, manufacture of chemicals and chemical products, transport have a highest positive carbon footprint trade balance and food products, manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers, manufacture of basic metals have the most negative The carbon trade balance.

Each country according to its biological situation, has a determined capacity of utilization of water resources. That this capacity can be calculated by ecological capacity. How to use water in the households and the productin sectors, can be provide different environmental devastating empacts. In this paper, with emphasis on the important role of water in human life and environment, we studied the effects of intermediate consumption of water by economic sectors on the water footprint in iranian economy. For this purpose, we used social accounting matrix version 2011. The results indicate that, total water footprint of domestic and imported economic sectors was 390 billion cubic meters,that respectively, 88 and 12per cent of this amount is allocated to domestic and import sectors. Also, production in the sectors of wheat, cows and buffaloes, sheep, goats and other live animals except poultry, other crops, food production had the most domestic and imported water footprint that these sectors have allocated 66 percent of total economic sectors water footprint.also, in this field, subsectors of services ranked last.

Inequality distribution of income causes many problems in economic, social and political fields in a society. Governments regulate the redistribution of income through fiscal policy, such as taxes, subsidies and grants. Since taxes have a more fundamental role than other economic measures in adjusting the distribution of income and wealth in a society, this study attempts to present a prioritization for the taxation in economic sectors in order to reduce income inequalities. Therefore, using the 2001 Social Accounting Matrix approach and IO-SAM and MATS software, the consequences of increase in tax rates were examined for each economic sector. Moreover, the total effects were divided into direct and indirect effects. The results indicate that increasing tax rates in sections like motor vehicles, air transport services, fuel, posts, telecommunications and support services increases the cost of living index less for low-income households, so they can pay more taxes in these sectors. On the other hand, due to the high consumption of low-income households of the electricity, kerosene, flour, animal and vegetable oils, meat, dairy products, road transportation services, and tea, the cost of living index would increase if the tax rate increases in such sectors. Therefore, it is better that these sectors pay fewer taxes than others.

The energy subsidy has a remarkable share of GDP (about 10 percent) in Iranian economy, and its reducing affects inflation which its estimation can help policymakers to make the best decision. Thus, this study employs the social accounting matrix in order to study about the inflation effected by increasing the prices of energy. The importance of this method is that we can estimate the exceptional and psychological effects of inflation by regarding the families life cost indicators as much as price indicators in different product sectors. The estimated inflation which is resulted by adjusted prices will be 36.8 percent. Since the amount of energy subsidies and their effects has become a critical problem in Iranian economy, Iranian government, like other countries, must prepare an improved, complete and systematic program regarding financial limitation, a suitable social security system and the improvement of energy consumption function in production and transportation sectors.

Appropriate policy making about drugs has a particular importance; and accurate economical planning in designing and organizing of this issue is an obvious necessity. This study was aimed to analyze the effects of drug subsidies omission on price index on economical sectors and households expenditures.

The method of this study is based on social accounting matrices technique and structural path analyzing approach. The study society is all economical sectors and households in Iran. Data are collected using social accounting matrices of Iran 1380, and analyzed by I-08 SAM and MATS software.

From 147 groups of commodities and services, the price index of human health services, hospital services, hen and chicken, other birds, and veterinary services had the most increases with %7.3, %7, %6.5 and %4.1; and for other commodity groups the maximum increase found 3.8%. The increase in expenditure index of urban residents is from %1.7 to %2.2; and for rural residents %1.8 to %2.7.

The drug sector subsidies omission has increased the price index for all sectors and expenditure index households. The best approach to these effects is to do preventive actions by gradual decreasing of drug subsidies, and moving toward making drug subsidies purpose based in health sector and particularly drug sub-sector.

In recent decades, ICT development and its application in different economic and social domains cause the traditional methods and models to be emended to include the effects of e-Commerce developments. The reason to start this reconsideration is that e-Commerce increases productivity and decreases the prices of goods and services.The objective of the paper is to examine the effects e-Commerce development on output and prices. To this end, the input-output tables of USA, Japan and Korea is considered while e-Commerce sector is included.The simulation results show that e-Commerce penetration causes the output increases in metal and non metal, wholesale, plastic and chemical materials, transportation, foods and agricultural sectors relatively more than other sectors while it causes the prices increases in plastic and chemical materials, metal and non metal, electronic devices, construction, food and financial services sectors relatively more than other sectors.

Tax and Taxation play a critical role in economics and has two distinct functions:(1) It is an income source for government; and (2) It is a lever to acquire social justice in societies. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the quantitative effects of taxation on Production Price Index (PPI) and economic sectors relative Advantage. For this purpose, Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) and Structural Path Analysis (SPA) are practically used. We have applied two distinct approaches in this paper: Multiplier Model that help us to get general results; and SPA and Multiplier Decomposition that explain general results in details.To put these approach in action IRI (1375) SAM is used. Results show that, in one hand, production price index in related agriculture and services sector affect the taxation increasingly, and in other hand, an increasing in service and agriculture sectors impact the price index in other economic sectors.

In this paper we analyze quantitatively the interrelationship between three major sectors of the Iranian economy, viz. agriculture, industry and services. We apply two approaches of Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), Namely; conventional multiplier and decomposed multiplier based on structural path analysis. The former illustrates the global effect of one account on the other without revealing the complexities of the socio-economic production processes. The latter depicts different paths as well as loops, circuits and network that have been generated in each path, thereby providing a wide scope to socio–economic analysis. In our study, we have used the Iran's 1996 SAM. The overall results suggest that in order to increase production, mere economic policies are not sufficient and therefore, supplementary socio –economic policies are required.