دکتر نرگس ارسلانی

Alzheimer disease is a progressive chronic disease that causes complete dependence of the patient and the need for round-the-clock care and creates challenges for caregivers and families that need to be investigated and recognized. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the care challenges of caregivers of older people with Alzheimer disease in 2022.

A narrative review study was conducted using the Persian keywords "caregiver and Alzheimer disease" and English keywords "Alzheimer disease, caregiver and carer" in PubMed, Embase, ProQuest, SID, and IranDoc from 2017 to 2022. Out of 4594 articles, 27 were evaluated and analyzed using the Gifford quality assessment criteria.

Following a review of the articles, it was determined that the most common caregiving issues faced by older Alzheimer patients were divided into two categories: 1) Individual challenges, which included psychological subcategories, lack of information, physical and occupational, and workload and 2) Family challenges, which included subcategories economic, marital, social relationship disruption and lack of emotional relationships obtained.

Caring for older people with Alzheimer causes many care challenges for their caregivers. Therefore, in addition to treating and caring for older people with Alzheimer, it is necessary to pay attention to the challenges of the caregivers and plan to empower and solve their challenges in the health and treatment systems.

Mental health is an essential basis for improving the quality of life and individual abilities in today's world. Master's degree programs in psychiatry in different countries, especially in Iran and the United States, are designed to train specialist nurses in this field. This article examines and compares the educational programs for the master's degree in psychiatric nursing in Iran and Yale University in the United States.

This comparative descriptive study was conducted in 2024. The data were analyzed using the Bereday model in four stages: description, interpretation, juxtaposition, and comparison. The psychiatric nursing programs at Yale University and Iran University were evaluated in terms of admission criteria, philosophy, mission, course content, evaluation methods, analysis, and strengths and weaknesses. This method identified vital differences and similarities in the structure and content of educational programs and helped suggest improvements to the quality of psychiatric nursing education in Iran.

The study revealed significant differences between the Master of Science in Psychiatric Nursing programs at Yale University and those in Iran. Yale emphasizes evidence-based research, while Iran focuses on direct clinical services and indigenous needs. In Iran, nursing courses emphasize practical skills and humanistic approaches based on local conditions. Admission criteria differ; Yale considers GRE scores and work experience, while Iran typically relies on average scores from entrance exams. Specialized psychiatric nursing courses at Yale emphasize advanced interventions, while those in Iran focus on individual and group psychotherapy. Both countries use written exams and clinical assessments; however, Yale places greater emphasis on evidence-based evaluation methods and research projects.

To improve the quality of the Iranian Psychiatric Nursing Program and train skilled psychiatric nurses who can enhance service quality, it is essential to pay attention to the differences between this program and that of Yale University. Additionally, revising teaching practices with an emphasis on evidence-based evaluations, research projects, and a focus on advanced interventions within specialized psychiatric nursing courses is crucial. These changes can significantly improve psychiatric nursing education as well as mental health services within Iranian society.

Comparative studies, as one of the best research methods in the fields of education and planning, are of interest to scholars, because the differences and similarities between educational systems can be investigated in order to discover their strengths and weaknesses. The present study aims to compare the critical care nursing curricula for postgraduate courses in Iran and Australia.

This descriptive-comparative study was conducted in 2022. The latest critical care nursing curricula for postgraduate courses were obtained from the official website of the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the website of Monash University in Australia. The data was analyzed using Bereday’s model for comparative studies in four steps: description, interpretation, juxtaposition and comparison.

Despite the many commonalities in the mission, vision and goals, and the roles of the students in the two critical care nursing curricula for postgraduate students in Iran and Australia, differences were also revealed. Conditions and methods of admission to the postgraduate course, the type of presentation of the project at the end of the course, and the way of offering the course (full-time or part-time) were among the differences. Also, the lessons of this course in Australia were presented based on clinical evidence and an emphasis on nurses’ critical thinking.

To improve the quality of the critical care nursing curriculum for postgraduate courses in Iran, its differences with the curriculum presented in Monash University should be considered. The type of presentation of the project at the end of the course should be chosen by the students. Offering part-time courses for students, in addition to full-time courses, should also be considered. The curriculum for this course should emphasize promoting clinical reasoning and critical thinking in nurses and their use of clinical evidence as much as possible.

Today, coronary artery disease is a significant health problem in developing and industrialized countries. The first step in taking care of these clients is diagnostic measures and exercise testing, which the lack of familiarity and cooperation of the client while doing it can lead to anxiety and false changes in the results of the exercise stress test. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of implementing the awareness-raising program on the state anxiety of the clients undergoing exercise stress testing.

In this quasi-experimental two-group study, 60 patients undergoing exercise tests referred to the cardiovascular clinic in Nahavand City were included in two intervention and control groups (30 people in each group) based on the Convenience sampling method. The data collection tool included a demographic questionnaire and Spielberger's specific State Anxiety Inventory. The intervention consists of informing and preparing the client in connection with the exercise stress test, implemented as a combination of face-to-face and virtual education through mobile phones for eight days, and showing images and educational videos through virtual space applications. Finally, the data was statistically analyzed using SPSS version 26 software.

The study showed significant changes in the mean scores of the intervention group's post- and pre-test state anxiety, decreasing from 56.53 to 36.87 (P=0.001).

The awareness-raising program implemented to reduce the clients' anxiety levels is adequate. Implementing an awareness-raising program through face-to-face and virtual education by nurses can be beneficial as a cheap, cost-effective, and accessible method.

Family members have a significant role in caregiving for older patients with cancer. These caregivers are exposed to a significant caregiving burden. Therefore, it is necessary to support them. In this regard, it is important to know their needs. The present study aimed to explore the support needs of family caregivers of older patients with cancer in Iran.

This descriptive qualitative study was conducted during 2020–2022. Thirty-one participants including family caregivers of older patients with cancer, family members of family caregivers, and healthcare providers were purposefully recruited from healthcare centers in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews until data saturation. Data analysis was performed using Graneheim and Lundman’s content analysis method. Lincoln and Guba’s criteria were used to evaluate the trustworthiness of the data.

The analysis led to the identification of six main themes, including the need for informational support, the need for physical support, the need to get rid of psychological insecurity, the need for improve spirituality, the need for practical support and the need for the help of a care team.

Considering the multiple support needs of family caregivers of older patients with cancer in Iran, policymakers, healthcare planners, and healthcare providers should design and implement various interventions based on these needs by using a caregiver-centered approach to support these caregivers.

Training emergency nurses plays a significant role in caring for critically ill patients. The comparison of emergency nursing curricula in Iran with those in prestigious universities is one of the ways to determine the strengths and weaknesses of each curriculum. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the Master's degree curriculum in emergency nursing in Iran and Monash University in Australia.

The current study is a comparative review that was conducted in 2024. First, Monash University was selected as a top-ranked institution based on the Quacquarelli Symonds rankings of nursing schools worldwide. Afterward, the required information was collected from the Monash University website, the Master of Emergency Nursing program, the curriculum file, and field information. The collected data were compared using the Bereday model, which includes 4 stages: description, interpretation, juxtaposition, and comparison.

The Master's program in emergency nursing in Iran and Monash University of Australia showed many similarities in content, general structure, and the role of graduates. However, there were some differences in the procedure of accepting students and educational units, philosophy, mission, and vision. One of the strengths of Iran's curriculum was the presence of general courses, whereas Monash University stood out for the prerequisite of English language proficiency for admission. There were no work experience requirements in either curriculum; nevertheless, a valid bachelor's degree was required. At Monash, there have been significant improvements by using new teaching techniques, such as simulation training. However, regular updates and reviews of the curriculum in Iran remain necessary.

The present study can be one of the appropriate guides for policymakers in the field of nursing education in order to improve the quality and development of nurses' skills. It is recommended that policymakers incorporate new and important courses into the curriculum to promote clinical nursing skills.

One of the main components of community-based care services, which can help to involve families in patient care and self-care, is home care services. This study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the literature related to the barriers to home care in Iran.

In this systematic review, all articles related to the study objectives, published until March 2021, were examined. An extensive search using the keywords "home care", "Iran's health system" and their combination with the keywords "barriers", "implementation", "nursing" and "Iran", "Home care", "Palliative care", "Nursing home" "care", "Iranian health system" and combining with the keywords "barrier", "Iran", "practice", "nursing" in valid databases as SID, Iran Medex, Iran Doc,Magiran, Science Direct, Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and Cochrane library was done. Inclusion criteria were articles in English or Farsi, quasi-experimental,questionnaire, qualitative and was relevant to the objectives of the study. Exclusion criteria were review articles, posters, speeches and letters to the editor.

Infrastructural problems such as non-availability of social platform, uncertainty of service coverage by universal insurance, non-availability of virtual communication platforms, educationalsystem problems, inter-professional and inter-departmental cooperation problems, accreditation,management factors and related to specialists and the lack of guidelines, lack of competence of some nurses in providing home care services, lack of information about the context and family culture of patients, lack of job security, unsafe home environment for nurses, unsuitable environment for performing some nursing services and Medicine was the main barriers of nursing care at home in Iran.

Nursing care plan at home is possible through policy making, reforms and providing infrastructure, defining it in Iran's health system, reassuring the people, benefiting from the capacity of mass media and medical staff, and introducing it on official websites.

Autonomy in hemodialysis patients leads to more appropriate self-management of patients' problems. One of the ways to increase self-care ability is the short and simple 5A model, which helps patients in self-care, and as much as possible, disease management is left to the patients themselves. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of implementing the 5A self-management program on the self-care ability of hemodialysis patients admitted to Hazrat Rasool Akram (PBUH) hospital in Kalaleh city.

This semi-experimental study was conducted on patients referred to hemodialysis in Hazrat Rasool Akram (PBUH) hospital in Kalaleh City. 60 patients were selected into intervention and control groups. After completing the demographic and self-care questionnaire (SCA), routine measures were performed in the control group, and the 5A nursing model was implemented for three months in the intervention group, and the self-care program was implemented in person or through phone calls and text messages. Finally, data analysis was done in SPSS software version 23 (the significance level in this study was considered less than 0.5)

The results of the demographic characteristics showed that there is no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, gender, education, marriage, and dialysis time after the intervention, while after the intervention, the self-care ability score in the intervention group was 126.76 ± 13.88 and compared to the control group, a significant difference was observed between the two groups: 138.96 ± 0.18 (P<0.05).

The implementation of the self-management program based on the 5A nursing model increased the care capacity of hemodialysis patients. Therefore, drawing the current situation in the field of increasing self-care capacity using the 5A method can help nurses, lecturers educational planners, and nursing managers to have access to a suitable model for providing care and education according to the conditions of patients and their needs.

The most basic goal of any care system is to provide patient safety based on person-centered care. Physical restraint (PR) is a common and challenging care measure in care centers, which aims to ensure the safety of patients, especially elderly people. The present study aimed to explore the principles of evidence-based care of PR use for hospitalized elderly people.

this was a scoping review. For data collection, a literature search was conducted in Persian and English databases, namely Scientific Information Database (SID), Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC), Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and PubMed as well as the websites of healthcare organizations and associations between January 1, 2010, and January 1, 2023, and according to the main question and eligibility criteria. Search keywords were extracted from the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) and included “physical restraint”, “regulation”, “legislation”, “rule”, “principle”, “guideline”, “recommendation”, “standard”, “hospital”, “aged”, “elderly”, and “older adult”.

Primarily, 873 records were retrieved, while only 21 were eligible for the study. The principles of evidence-based care of PR use for hospitalized elderly people were categorized into five main categories: principles of decision-making for PR use, principles of implementing the PR procedure, principles of monitoring patients with PR, principles of PR use documentation, and principles of PR management.

Applying the principles of evidence-based care of PR use in the stages before, during, and after PR use is effective in reducing the physical, psychological, and ethical consequences of PR use for hospitalized elderly people. Moreover, the supportive and supervisory measures of care center managers have a significant impact on the correct PR use for hospitalized elderly people. It is suggested that the principles presented in this study be used during the PR use for hospitalized elderly people in care centers.

Deglutition Disorders are one of the main problems of patients with multiple sclerosis, and teaching and implementing oral and dental care for these people can be effective in reducing its complications, such as aspiration and pneumonia. The present study aims to investigate the effect of oral and dental care on Deglutition Disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis.

This study is a Quasi-experimental study of a single group before and after the intervention, which took place in Tehran in 2023. Among the patients with multiple sclerosis admitted to Rofeide Rehabilitation Hospital, 25 patients who met the inclusion criteria were selected and included in the study. Dysphagia in Multiple Sclerosis Questionnaire (1-3) was completed before and after the intervention to measure the Deglutition Disorders of patients. The intervention consisted of three daily face-to-face training sessions for each participant and their caregivers in the first three days of the intervention for 30 minutes on the subject of proper oral and dental care and 27 days of regular daily face-to-face and virtual follow-up using  smartphones. The results were compared using SPSS-v25 and descriptive and analytical statistical tests.

The average age of the participants was 41 years old (4). According to the findings, the number of patients with Deglutition Disorders before the implementation of the intervention was 20 (80%), which decreased to 7 (28%) after the intervention. Also, the average score of dysphagia problems according to the DYMUS questionnaire before the intervention was equal to 4.52, which after the intervention was reduced to 1.88, which was significant based on the paired t-test (p<0.001).

Based on the results of the study, the implementation of oral and dental care intervention can be effective on Deglutition Disorders of patients with multiple sclerosis; and help improve the quality of care for these patients in rehabilitation hospitals.

The geriatric nursing master's program was established to provide care to the elderly. The evaluation of the educational program is one of the most important ways to improve it. Therefore, the current study was carried out with the aim of comparison of the master's program of geriatric nursing in Iran and Duke University.

This comparative descriptive study was performed in 2022. Data were analyzed using Bereday model in four stages of description, interpretation, proximity and comparison. The Master of Pediatric Nursing Education Program of the University of Duck, and Iran was evaluated in terms of admission, philosophy, mission, graduates' job positions, course content and evaluation, analysis, and strengths and weaknesses.

The results showed that due to the scope of elderly care, Duke University offers nursing master's degree in both acute and primary care, but in Iran, it is offered as a single program. Philosophy, mission, and vision are written specifically in Iran, but at Duke University, they are the same for all master's programs. The admission of students to Duke University is checked by various criteria, but in Iran, entrance exam is the only admission criteria. The courses offered in Iran are appropriate to the existing conditions of the country, but it seems necessary to pay attention to other subjects in nursing. Unlike Duke University, the job status of graduates in Iran is clearly stated. Also, teaching and evaluation methods in Iran are very diverse.

The geriatric nursing master's curriculum in Iran has many strengths, but in order to improve the program, attention should be paid to things such as entrance interviews, professional qualification tests, distance and online learning, and consideration of evidence-based practices and transitions Professionalism also seems necessary.

The migration of nurses is a widespread phenomenon that impacts the stability of the nursing workforce in healthcare systems worldwide. This is often used to address labor shortages in the destination country. However, this phenomenon caused significant challenges, including a shortage of nursing staff and limitations in providing health services in the countries of origin. This study aims to review the factors that contribute to the migration of nurses globally.

This study is a narrative review study. In the first stage and based on the purpose of the research, searching for articles using Boolean operators in the time range of 2011 to 2023 in English and Farsi with the keywords "Migration, Immigrant, nurse" in the national information databases SID, Magiran and also Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was done. In this study, 13 articles were examined based on the entry and exit criteria and the appropriateness of the content with the purpose of the study.

The migration of nurses involves four main categories of psychosocial, organizational, economic, and individual-family factors. At the global level, organizational factors were the most effective and economic factors were the least effective factors.

Nurses' migration is a multidimensional issue requiring policymakers to pay special attention to it. Nursing managers should take steps to increase nurses' job satisfaction to prevent them from leaving.

Respecting the rights of patients is one of the care priorities that should be paid attention to by nurses. In this regard, cultural nursing interventions are one of the effective ways to preserve and promote it. This study was conducted to determining the effect of implementing care based on cultural competence on the attitude towards respecting patients' rights among nurses working in Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah.

The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group, the research community of which was formed by nurses working at Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital in Kermanshah in the first half of 1400. 60 nurses who met the entry criteria entered the study through available sampling and were randomly classified into two test and control groups. To collect data, the nurses' demographic information form and the attitude questionnaire toward respecting patients' rights were used, which were completed by the participants before and two months after the implementation of the intervention. The intervention group received skills based on cultural competence, including its concepts and components, dimensions, principles and prerequisites, and practical skills to increase it during one month in four sessions in person and virtually. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 20 statistical software and using descriptive and inferential statistical tests.

There was no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of demographic characteristics. The attitude towards respecting patients' rights in nurses before the intervention was 43.50 ± 7.11 in the nurses of the test group and 42.10 ± 4.10 in the nurses of the control group, which did not have a statistically significant difference (p=0.73). However, after the intervention, it reached 49.96 ± 6.93 in the test group and 42.00 ± 4.39 in the control group, which was significant in the test group (P<0.001).

Considering the effectiveness of training and implementation of care based on cultural competence in the attitude toward respecting the rights of patients in nurses, it is suggested that health trustees and nursing managers use the results of this research to preserve and respect the rights of patients and empower nurses in the field of cultural competence.

Numerous evidences indicate the extensive effects of the Covid-19 crisis on the working conditions of nurses and their job satisfaction. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the job satisfaction of nurses during the covid-19 pandemic.

This study was conducted using a systematic review based on six Cochrane stages. After determining the objectives and questions of the research, the key words "job satisfaction", "work satisfaction", nurse, Covid-19, coronavirus and their Persian equivalents including job satisfaction, nurse, covid-19 and corona in valid databases including Web of science, PubMed, Scopus and electronic journal Science Direct and SID and Magiran were searched using AND, OR and NOT operators in the period of December 2019 to January 2022. Also, the Google Scholar search engine was also checked in order to ensure the extraction of all available related articles. Finally, out of 495 articles included in the screening stage, 22 articles were selected based on the entry and exit criteria for full review and data extraction.

After reviewing the full text of 22 included articles, the findings about "job satisfaction of nurses during the covid-19 pandemic" were summarized in three categories: (1) the level of job satisfaction (2) factors related to job satisfaction and (3) Solutions provided to improve job satisfaction

Job satisfaction of nurses during the pandemic was moderate in most studies and was related to three categories of individual, social and organizational factors. Also, researchers have presented solutions in their studies that can be used to improve the job satisfaction of nurses during this crisis.

Burnout syndrome is common among health workers, especially nurses. Among the nurses of different departments, the nurses working in the emergency department are more prone to burnout due to the existence of several factors such as high workload, long shifts, and insufficient human resources. The purpose of this study is to investigate burnout in emergency nurses.

This is a review study by searching for Persian studies using the keywords of job burnout, health care workers, medical staff, health care workers, nurses, emergency, in databases of SID, Civilica, Magiran and using the keywords of burnout, emergency, care provider, health care workers, nurses in PubMed, ISI Web Of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar databases between January 1, 1990 and December 30, 2022. Of the 761 studies that were found after an extensive search and screening; 44 studies were evaluated and analyzed for data extraction.

The results of these studies indicated that emergency nurses face burnout syndrome more than other nurses. It was also observed that various factors such as age, marital status, workload and working hours have a direct relationship with the job burnout. Also, the results of the studies show the impact of coping strategies, mindfulness and training programs on reducing nurses' burnout.

A significant number of emergency nurses had moderate to high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, along with low levels of personal success. Using coping strategies, mindfulness, meditation, and meditation are suggested ways to control and prevent burnout in emergency department nurses.

social media such as tv and radio, It plays a significant role in presenting a professional and sometimes unprofessional picture of different professions from different angles, dimensions and perspectives in societies. With the unexpected arrival of the covid-19 pandemic, nurses and the nursing profession received more attention from the public media, so this study aimed to compare the nursing image in this social media before and after the covid-19 pandemic.

 This article is a narrative review article. Search articles with the keywords "Nursing Image", "social media" and " Covid-19", through national databases, SID IranMedex, Magiran and Pubmed and International, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, web of science was conducted between 2000 and 2022. The twenty-eight article was searched based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and the purpose of this study was finalized.

The findings were reviewed in foreign and domestic media before and after corona and showed that before the covid-19 pandemic prevalence, nurses had more stereotypical or propaganda images in terms of appearance, gender and professionalism and were more engaged in non-specialized and physician-dependent tasks with the pandemic prevalence of covid-19 nurses in the media, mostly with the words "hero" and "soldier". And the health advocate was introduced and found a special place.

Covid-19 pandemic caused the media to present a more realistic image of nurses' role in health and disease control to the community and increase awakening and public awareness of the profession and nurses to be seen more prominently than before.

 Increased prevalence of Alzheimer's disease is one of the consequences of elderly and these people are dependent on others to perform normal life activities due to impaired cognition, behavior and performance. The variety and intensity of care roles leads to psychological problems (anxiety, fatigue and depression) and increases the care burden in caregivers. This study aimed to determine the study relationship between fatigue and caregivers’ burden of elderly caregivers with Alzheimer's disease in Birjand city. 

The cross-sectional method was used. The statistical population consists of all the elderly caregivers with Alzheimer's disease in Birjand city in year 2019. In this study, according to convenience sampling method, 150 elderly caregivers by formula Plant of Tabachnick, Fidell and Ullman (2007) were selected as samples and they were asked to fill revised fatigue scale of Piper and et al (1998) and caregiver burden inventory of Zarit and et al (1998). The data were analyzed by tests of Pearson correlation and multivariate regression. 

 Findings showed that there was positive and significant correlation between fatigue and caring caregivers (P<0/01). Also, findings showed that %55/7 of variance of caring caregivers was explained by fatigue.

 This study confirmed the significant contribution of fatigue on caring caregivers of elderly caregivers with Alzheimer's disease.

The care needs of patients with disabilities are often neglected or not fully identified. Knowing the different methods of assessment can help the care team to choose the best and most comprehensive method of assessing care needs.

This scoping review study was designed and implemented with a 5-step Arksey & O'Malley approach. the search strategy was set using the keywords "patient with disability", "disabled", "care need assessment", "need assessment", "disability". To find Persian and English language articles and dissertations, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, web of sciences, Cochrane google scholar, SID Magiran databases were searched by two researchers separately until October 2019. Oral abstracts or lectures were removed from the search domain. hand search of studies, a list of sources of highly relevant articles, and key journals were conducted. Finally, studies that focused on assessing care needs in patients with neurological disorders were selected and after studying and extracting the data, the findings were summarized and reported.

Out of 5968 articles found, 1011 duplicate articles were removed and by reviewing the titles and abstracts of the remaining 4957 studies, 370 articles were selected for the full text study, of which only 7 were selected to the final report. Findings indicated that care needs assessment was performed in these studies through the Northwick Park Dependency Score and Care Needs Assessment needs assessment checklist, and semi-structured face-to-face interviews.

Each method of quantitative and qualitative evaluation has its advantages and limitations. Since the assessment of care needs requires a comprehensive and comprehensive study, understanding the various quantitative and qualitative methods of assessing the needs of patients in this study can lead members of care team to identify and use appropriate methods.

 Due to the widespread psychological effects of Covid-19 pandemic in the societies, there are strong evidences that the mental health status of nurses is akin to psychological disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the mental health status and psychological interventions of nurses.

 This study is a systematic review based on the previous studies. Several studies using different combinations of keywords such as nurses, corona virus, psychological interventions, mental health, COVID-19, were retrieved from different scientific databases such as Magiran, SID, Civilica ،Google Scholar, Pubmed, Science Direct and Scopus. These studies were Collected from the published works in period from January 1, 2019 to October، 2020. 36 studies out of 310 retrieved articles were evaluated and analyzed for data extraction.

 The aim of this study is to evaluate the mental health status of Covid - 19 pandemic nurses and psychological interventions. The results of 36 studies on the mental health status of nurses during the Covid-19 show the increase in negative and common psychological effects including: post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, stress, sleep disorders, fear in the medical staff, especially nurses in the front line. Some of these studies also mentioned irritability, mistrust, burnout, and even suicidal ideation, hopelessness and stigma. In addition to the above findings, psychological interventions during the coronavirus epidemic have been effective with a therapeutic, cognitive-behavioral online approach.

 According to the review of previous studies, the mental health of medical staff, especially nurses, has decreased during the Covid-19 pandemic. Moreover, it is necessary to make rapid, continuous and timely psychological interventions. The role of this type of service in the epidemic has been mostly online, via internet, telephone, SMS, face to fac. Interactions.

One of the effective methods of teaching students is the use of simulation. Some simulation challenges are mentioned in the most studies; However, different studies do not agree on the types of challenges and their approaches.

The present study is a systematic review to identify the challenges of education by simulation and provide effective approaches in educating nursing students.

This study is a systematic review that was conducted in 2020. The study was conducted with the keywords “nursing education, patient simulation, challenges and barriers” in internal information resources such as SID, Irandoc as well as external resources such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria in this study are as the relevance of the articles with the title, the language of the articles (either Persian or English), the availability of the original article in addition to the abstract, the type of study (i.e., quantitative, qualitative, or combined) in the period 2000 to 2020.

Out of 274 related articles, 13 qualified articles were reviewed. The results showed that simulation challenges in nursing education were classified into 4 main categories: faculty challenges, student challenges, lack of adequate support from management and resources.

The use of simulation technology based on a literature review can be used as a way to prepare students before entering the clinic. Considering that the most of these challenges can be solved and need the full support of managers, managers may have a significant contribution to the progress of education and reduce clinical problems of students and professors by investigating these cases. It should be also considered in terms of the readiness of students and professors.

In all societies, educational goals have many similarities. However, educational planning to achieve the goals varies according to the needs of the communities. Comparing different educational programs in nursing can improve the content and quality of the educational program and respond to the needs of the community to train and provide a skilled nursing staff. Therefore, this comparative study was conducted to identify more similarities and differences between the two curricula.

In this descriptive-comparative study operated in 2021, the required data in relation to the Master of Pediatric Nursing Education Program was gathered using the following keyword search: The comparative study, Curriculum, Master, Pediatric Nursing, America, Iran. Moreover, a review of the history and details of the curriculum of the master's degree program in pediatric nursing in Iran and Duke University were searched and collected. Then the data were analyzed using Bereday model in four stages of description, interpretation, proximity and comparison.

The Master of Pediatric Nursing program in Iran and Duke University were similar in terms of philosophy and perspective, the role of students after graduation, and educational strategies and teaching methods. However, it differs in terms of admission conditions (in the case of decentralized admission, a formal work permit (RN) and one year of pediatric care experience are required), the nature of the field (in Duke, it focuses on field and clinical education, in contrast, it is mostly based on education, research, and research dissertation in Iran). Moreover, the mission of the field (In Iran it focuses on family-centered care and at Duke University it focuses on cultural issues) as well as the perspective of the field (in Iran, the position of
pediatric nursing education is in line with international standards and in Duke university is focused on training transformational leaders in the future) were evaluated.

The Master's program in Pediatric Nursing in Iran has many similarities with the similar program at Duke University, but to improve the quality of this field in Iran, its differences with the Duke curriculum such as work experience requirement for accepting volunteers, conducting interviews to assess psychological characteristics Before entering the course and also focusing on teaching clinical skills and paying attention to cultural issues in family-centered care should be further examined and considered in the program review.

Professional identity is an important process in the creation and expansion of the nursing profession, which is created over time and includes gaining insight into professional performance and creating the ideals and values of the profession. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the challenges of professional identity formation in nursing students.

The present study was conducted using a systematic review method. Articles were searched using the keywords Professional Identity, Challenges, Nursing Students, Nursing and its Persian equivalent Professional Identity, Challenges, Nursing Students and Nursing. The search for Persian and English articles was conducted in the internal databases of SID and IRANDOC and external databases of PubMed, ProQuest and Science Direct. A number of 21 studies were evaluated and analyzed based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria for data extraction.

The challenges related to the formation of professional identity in nursing, in 4 categories: challenges related to nursing students, challenges related to the educational system, challenges related to nurses and challenges related to the environment and Social culture can be classified.

Challenges related to the formation of professional identity in nursing include challenges related to nursing students, educational system, nurses, environment and social culture. It is suggested that nursing managers and trainers in the clinical areas of nursing act as a perfect model for future nursing students, nursing programs should aim to reduce the gap between theoretical and clinical education. It is also suggested that media members support the nursing profession and nurses' effort to show their professional capabilities in social media.

Considering the nurses' role in promoting community health and clinical education in shaping the necessary skills and professional competencies of nursing students, it is necessary to examine the clinical education environment's challenges. Identifying the challenges of clinical education helps to eliminate or correct weaknesses and can improve the achievement of educational goals, train skilled people, and provide higher quality care services.

This review study was conducted by searching for the keywords of " challenge," "nursing students," "clinical education" in articles published in Persian language databases SID, irandoc, Magiran from 2001 to 2019. Inclusion criteria were Persian-language articles, technical articles in the field of nursing, and articles that examined nursing, along with several other disciplines. From a total of 245 articles found, 23 articles related to the article's purpose were selected after considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

The challenges of clinical education have been identified in six primary areas, which include: 1) Insufficient mastery of instructors in clinical departments 2) Insufficient student readiness to enter internship 3) Lack of staff support for students 4) Lack of a written educational program for Clinical education 5) Lack of an exact model for clinical evaluation 6) Lack of cooperation and trust of patients in relevant students.

These findings indicate the need to pay attention to clinical education as a significant part of professional nursing education by considering clinical education challenges in nursing students' clinical education environment.

The Covid-19 epidemic is the biggest challenge facing education systems in the world to date. Medical Sciences Universities took students out of educational and clinical settings and led them to virtual education. This sudden transition was accompanied by many challenges, especially in practical profession such as nursing.

The present study is a systematic review and is based on Persian and English articles extracted from Iranian (SID, IranDoc) and foreign databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar) using the keywords virtual learning, virtual education, e-learning, Web-based learning, online learning, virtual reality simulation, coronavirus, Covid-19, Nursing and other related keywords, from 2013-2020 were used and reviewed. Inclusion criteria included qualitative, quantitative and combined studies, which faced Barriers and challenges in using various types of virtual learning and scored an acceptable score in Gifford Quality Assessment. A variety of review studies were excluded.

from 404 related articles, 44 qualified articles (42 English and 2 Persian) were reviewed. The results show the challenges of virtual education before and after Corona in 3 categories: infra-structures of virtual education; virtual training and evaluation process; ethics and information security.

Preparation in human and equipment dimensions requires precise planning. Now is a good time to turn the current threatening situation into an opportunity and take a big step towards developing education systems by strengthening the needful structures and technologies, reforming the education and evaluation process and training professors, students.