احمد غنی پورملکشاه

The discussion of objectivity and subjectivity in literature, and particularly in poetry, is a subject that has attracted the attention of many literary researchers for several centuries. Numerous debates have taken place regarding pure objectivism or absolute subjectivism, as well as a blend of both, with one dominating the other. Due to its focus on nature and material and sensory imagery, Khorasani-era poetry is often regarded as objective poetry, and among the poets of this era, Farrukhi Sistani stands out for his numerous depictions of nature and innovative and fresh designs that result from his personal experiences and creativity. Therefore, an analysis of his ghazals, which are filled with fresh objective imagery and delicate descriptions, can serve as a significant example for a better understanding of objectivism in the poetry of this period. Additionally, the vivid embodiment of the various images that Farrukhi skillfully presents to the reader's imagination will undoubtedly help recognize his perspective and worldview concerning surrounding phenomena as well as his perception of the realities of the world. Alongside the examination of objectivism in Farrukhi's poetry as a representative of the Khorasani School, the influence or lack thereof of subjectivity in shaping objectivity will also be addressed.

The novel entitled Mr. Pip by Lloyd Jones, a writer from New Zealand, was written under the influence of Charles Dickens' Great Expectations from which the author borrows the name of one of the characters in his story, Mr. Pip. The events of this story take place on an island in Australia. Lloyd Jones deals with issues related to the island's civil wars in the early 90s with the aim of offering realistic education which is in line with equipping students with the skills needed to adapt to the environment. In Mr. Pip, Lloyd Jones tries to represent people and social situations as they are in real life. To do so, the author of the novel adopts a problem-oriented approach that realistically expresses the surrounding realities. The present study aims to answer a fundamental question related to this novel: what are the most important components of Educational Realism in Mr. Pip? Findings suggest that in Mr. Pip, Lloyd Jones emphasizes the role of the teacher in training students by shedding light on the effects of the teacher's teachings and innovation in persuading and motivating the students in the class.

Hasht-Behesht is one of Amirkhosrow’s five Masnavids written in response to Nezami’s Haft-Peikar. By examining the similes in this poem, we found that the similes used by the poet were mostly concepts related to human and his belongings. Since this story has seven main structures and many palaces are described in these masnavi; Therefore, these places are topic. Nature and abstract concepts are sometimes used as image. images included nature, objects, cosmos bodies and animals are highest frequency. In terms of being sensory and intellectual, the highest frequency was related to sensory to sensory similes. In terms of extensive simile, the analogies of explicit similitude  and brief were more used. The poet has used eloquent similes and similes  addition in his stories. In terms of being singular and binding, singular to singular similes are more frequent than others. Beautiful compound similes can also be seen in this story. In evaluating the simile, we came to the conclusion that the similes in this masnavi are mostly singular, reality and non-allegorical. We also examined the combination of simile with other imagery and it was found that simile is combined with rhetorics such as simile, metaphor, allusion, allusineness and mythological concepts and added to the elegance and beauty of similes. In the end, we also pointed out the similes and novel and beautiful combinations used by Amir Khosro in this stoty. Amir Khosro has used almost all types of similes in this poem, and this shows the breadth of the poet's imagination and his ability to create images.

One of the methods of examining the text is Fairclough's critical discourse analysis approach, in which special attention is paid to its situational and discursive context in the examination of the text, and it is examined at three levels: description, interpretation and explanation. In this article, an attempt was made to analyze the system of Khosrow and Shirin Nizami with the approach of critical discourse analysis, focusing on the debate between Khosrow and Farhad. In examining the text and at the level of description, we are faced with two types of stances in the form of Farhad and Khosrow's debate, which shows the conflict between the lower and upper classes. At the level of interpretation, the social context of the text indicates the praise of the institution of the court, as a result of which the ruling ideology appears on the text. At the level of explanation, the text does not seek to confront the prevailing ideology, but to legitimize it. Finally, the text has reproduced power relations and tried to stabilize and continue them.

Layered stylistics is one of the new methods in analyzing literary texts. In this method, the text is examined in five layers: phonetic, lexical, syntactic, rhetorical and ideological, in addition to examining the stylistic features of the text, the author's thoughts and attitudes on various topics are revealed. Attar’s Tazkirat al-Awliya can be studied based on this method due to its linguistic and intellectual prominence. In this article, the authors have studied “Tazkirat al-Awliya” in three lexical, syntactic and rhetorical layers by analytical-statistical method and have dealt with the salient features of each layer. In this study, in the lexical layer, words have been selected with previous attitude and thought. In the syntactic layer, the arrangement and connection of sentences together is based on the author's purpose of the anecdote, and the choice of verbs, adverbs, prepositions and suffixes is made in order to induce the concept and according to the author's ideology. There is a lot of simile in the rhetorical layer, which increases the clarity and simplicity of the text. Attar's thoughts and ideology can be retrieved explicitly and implicitly in the study of all three layers.e salient features of each layer. In this study, in the lexical layer, words have been selected with previous attitude and thought. In the syntactic layer, the arrangement and connection of sentences together is based on the author's purpose of the.

Humor is one of the most effective critical strategies in poem and prose. Some humorists use this kind of literature in order to reveal and reform the discursive, behavioral and intellectual deficiencies of a person or society. In so doing, they use a sugar-coated pill so that the audience would willingly accept it. Akbar Eksir is a contemporary poet whose works intermingle with humor through the employment of a simple, mild, and artistic language. He reminds us of the individual and social problems, hoping that they would be resolved. This research project aims to study the techniques of humor in Eksir’s poetry, trace some samples for each and then analyze them. The results of the study show that his books "Please Sit Down, Dear Chair", “Honeybees Have Got Diabetes", “Dead Pistachio Is Crushing Silence", “Fertile Grasshoppers", “Malaria", and “Makataonashim” have used some methods like hyperbole, understatement, incongruity and comparison, linguistic plays, surprise, inverted collocations, etc. The results show that linguistic plays and incongruity/comparison are the most widely used methods.

Postmodernism emerged from the womb of modernism and in response to it or as its successor. The postmodern novelist seeks to evoke in the reader the sense that all the solid foundations of life in the contemporary world have collapsed. Poststructuralism paved the way for the formation and emergence of postmodernism; Criticism of the postmodernist current stems from the efforts of poststructuralists who have provided the most important and instructive techniques for this current. Due to the incoherence and uncertainty in poststructuralism, the postmodern school has destroyed the traditional conceptions of language, identity, writing and the like. This paper aims to examine descriptively-analytically the most important components of the poststructuralist approach in the postmodernist novel "Night Orchestra of the Wood Orchestra" by Reza Ghasemi to clarify the aspects of the novel's adaptation to the poststructuralist approach. Be. According to the research achievement, the most important elements of the poststructuralist approach are:the postmodernist novel "Night Orchestra of the Wood Orchestra The question of language, the extent of the author's authority, the identity, the determinability of the texts are challenged in the novel The Night Orchestra of the Wood Orchestra.

Archetypes are one of the significant sections of mythological knowledge in which studying such features permits the analysis of the commonalities of the human mind in all ages; hence, by examining such archives, one can distinguish between the conscious and the unconscious mind, the essence of mythology. Anima is a famous archetype in Persian literature first introduced by psychologists like Jung. The ancient pattern of anima is semi-feminine in the presence of men. This archetype is shaped by the presence of the mother and father in every person's existence, and can evolve under the circumstances of one's life and society. This image has been repeatedly depicted by scholars in the poetry of various poets. Houshang Ebtehaj (H.F. Sayeh) and Siavash Kasraie are considered among contemporary poets in which archetypes have manifested in their poetry. The increase in public reputation in their literary works is due to the great deal of use of motifs, images, and words existing in people's ethnic memory. Since the role of a woman is an inseparable affiliate of Persian poetry which has been mentioned in various eras and at times has been the cornerstone of Persian poetry single-handedly, studying Anima's archetypes in the poems of Ebtehaj and Kasraie can aid to critique and analyze the thoughts and views of the two stated poets. In this descriptive-analytical study, data analysis method is qualitative and inductive reasoning method (from component to total) is used for reasoning. The results of this study suggest that due to the specific temporal and social characteristics of the poems of Ebtehaj and Kasraie, these archetypes take on various forms including significant features such as Anima of abstract/ imaginary and admiration towards nature which are reflections of these mysterious illustrations.

Research aims:

1. Investigating the distinctive role of the Anima archetype (woman and lover) based on psychological thoughts. 2. To think beyond the ideas of the poetry of Ebtehaj and Kasraie to study the archetype of "Anima" (the feminine psyche of men) and its various forms of appearance and presence in the words of these two poets.

Research questions:

1. How can one harmonize the ancient discourse of the Anima model with the topics of psychology? 2. In what way has the “Anima” (feminine psyche of men) archetype manifested in the poetic thoughts of Ebtehaj and Kasraie?

The subject of this article is Verbal Rhetoric Skills in Bahmayari’s Storybooks and Mazandaran’s Proverbs. Proverbs is one of the branches of folk literature. Although it seems that proverbs are apparently far from the aesthetic assets, less proverbial examples can be found without any rhetoric skills. One of the important factors that bring beauty and efficiency is verbal rhetoric arrays. In this textbook, novel verbal skills in 6023 proverbs of Bahmanyari's storybooks and 2023 Mazandaran's proverbs from its culture by Mostafa Ansari was investigated and analyzed with comparison and description method, and also content analysis according to the library resources. This result is obtained that, employing novel verbal skills have great influence on the rhetoric and effectiveness of the Mazandaranis' proverbs and storybooks which has caused its reputation and popularity. Beyond the total novel verbal skills, the repetition and commitment have the highest frequency and chiasmus has the lowest frequency in rhetorical of proverbs. The number of arrays used in storybooks proverbs are more than Mazandaran's proverbs. The variety of arrays in Mazandaran's proverbs are less and the arrays that were used in them are more simple and sensible: this suggests that speakers of Persian proverbs have more knowledge of literary than the speakers of Mazandarani' proverbs. Of course, the poem form of storybooks proverbs has some impact in this regard.

One of the oldest and most pleasant and efficient kinds of poetry, which have attracted the attention of scholars and lovers of poetry since the beginning of the Persian poetry until now, is elegy. Khaghani Shervani is one of the poets who wrote after this genre and composed many memorable and beautiful elegies. The poet, who like many other people experienced happy and sad events and occasions, wrote many elegies in which he commemorates and remembers many of his dear ones. These poems are marked by their emotional language and poetic expression of feelings, which is simple and unaffected but at the same time expresses his emotion and passion in the best possible way. In this article elegy is discussed in the collected poems of Khaghani.

Afzalodin Badil Khaghani Shervani and Nezami Ganjavi are two major stylist poets who had profound influences on later poets. Most of the Khaghani’s poems are lucid and uncomplicated; but many ordinary people، and sometimes some of educated ones find it hard to understand some of his ballades because of different linguistic combinations and scientific terms he used in them. Although، what makes his poetry hardly comprehended is his tendency to use different Quranic verses، Islamic cognitions، stories of the prophets، and especially rare allusions to Islamic events and sources. The diversity of allegorical sources in prophets stories roots back to Khaghani’s vast information about Quran، interpretation of Quranic concepts and hadith and above all، to his powerful imagination. Using the stories of the prophets، he goes beyond the stories of Quran and interprets them referring other sources. Concentrating on different researches have been conducted by scholars on Khaghani، present article attempts to study two allusions have been used in his Divan.

Several structures، themes، content and semantic elements of the poems can be described to analyze the poetry of each poet، and the quality of their pristine and pure conditions and their impact on the thought of future poets would be assessed. Depending on their artistry and linguistic creativity، Khaghani and Hafez were the poets who could create their own specific styles by making rhetoric figures especially ambiguity. This is what makes their poetry distinguished from the others’ and the secret of their poems durability in Persian literature. This paper studies Ambiguity and its different types in the Divans of these two Persian poets

Persian poets have made their poems more interesting by using the art of opacity. Khaghani is one of the poets who had shown special tendency to this art which became a reason for his word's complexity. He is such a poet who could create his own special way and method that differs from other poets by his artistic power and his unique linguistic creativity in creating rhetorical figures specially multiple meaning. Art of opacity is one of important kinds of rhetorical figures that one can employ to do a kind of semantic deviation and accompany the poem with a type of multiple meaning. The author had surveyed 18 different kinds of opacity by taking a brief look at Khaghani's ballades and presented it with poetical samples of this illustrious poet of 6th century in order to study a part of Khaghani's rhetorical delicacies and the beauties of his poetries.

For centuries “Rubai” Because of its traits comparing with other forms of poetry has always been considered by literary men. One of those traits was having numerous and various meters. Besides, Rubai as a form which can encompass various topics and contents was always considered by most poets. With due attention to that matter, khaqani's rubaies are scrutinized with a view to prosodic and topical variety; i.e., most occurring and prevalent meters and topics in khaqani's rubaies – accompanied by statistical information – is rendered here. Khaqanie's rubaies are also scrutinized with a view of rhyme and Radif.

Finding the beginnings has been one of the preoccupations of Iranian scholars to such an extent that it can be said they have devoted themselves wholeheartedly to this endeavour. A survey of their findings also shows this fact that they have not reached similar conclusions، and their conclusions are a sign of diversity of their opinions، so that in finding the beginnings of the Indian Style، we are faced with the same diversity of opinion، to such an extent that poets like Khaghani، Hafiz، Fozooli، Babafaghani، etc، have all been nominated as forerunners of the Indian Style. The authors of the present article believe that no single poet can be the originator of a style so extensive as the Indian; but that the share of each poet in the formation of the Indian Style should be acknowledged. Therefore two Azerbaijani poets (Fozooli and Khaghani) have been chosen so that، through an analysis of the content of their poetry، their level of influence on the formation of the current of Persian poetry can be examined.