مقالات رزومه:
دکتر پریسا زیارتی
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The current study evaluated the effects of cadmium stress on the antioxidant responses of Vigna radiata L. Wilcziek. The treatments consisted of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm of CdCl2 2H2O. Seeds were placed in plastic trays and watered with distilled water. After 24 hours, the seeds germinated, and then they were transferred to pots. We irrigated each pot with their desired treatment solution until the end of the growth phase. A sampling of mature leaves at the flowering time was done. The concentration of cadmium in soil and other tissues of the plant, the level of leaves soluble proteins, ascorbate peroxidase (APx) and peroxidase enzymes (POD), total antioxidant capacities (TAC), and concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ) in the samples were measured and compared to control. The lowest level of soluble protein (73.75±6.8 mg L-1 ) was observed in the 50 mg Cd/L treatments. The maximum rate of H2O2 (1.82±0.06 μM g-1 frw) and APx (0.83±0.04 U gfrw-1 ) activity was measured in treatment of 25 mg Cd/L and the lowest was observed in the treatment of 100 mg Cd/L (1.16±0.08 μM g-1 frw and 0.19±0.02 U gfrw-1 , respectively). The highest and lowest level of POD was observed in the treatment of 75 mg Cd/L (1.93±0.03 U gfrw-1 ) and 100 mg Cd/L (0.12±0.02 U gfrw-1 ), respectively. The Mung bean plant has a resistance to cadmium stress even up to 100 ppm. This resistance appears to be due to the high total antioxidant capacity of the V. radiata. Hereupon, mung bean can provide a safe culture for cadmium-contaminated environments.
Keywords: Bioconcentration, Contamination, Heavy metals stress, Oxidative potential, Plant Tolerance -
سابقه و هدف
نوشیدنی های انرژی زا و حاوی کافیین از جمله نوشیدنی های رایج توسط ورزشکاران و عموم مردم هستند که فوایدی نظیر فراهم کردن سریع انرژی، کاهش خستگی و ایجاد هوشیاری دارند، اما می توانند منجر به عوارض جدی در افراد بیمار، به ویژه مبتلایان به بیماری های روانی، قلبی و عروقی، سرطان و کلیوی شوند. هدف این مطالعه معتبرسازی روش آنالیز کمی و تعیین سطح کافیین نوشیدنی های موجود در سطح شهر تهران با استفاده از دستگاه HPLC (کروماتوگرافی مایع با کارایی بالا) بود.
روش بررسیدر این مطالعه، ابتدا معتبرسازی روش HPLC با استفاده از استاندارد نمونه انجام گرفت. سپس میزان کافیین موجود در 10 نمونه از نوشیدنی ها بررسی شد.
یافته هامنحنی کالیبراسیون برای استاندارد کافیین در محدوده ppm200-2 خطی و ضریب همبستگی آن 997/0 بود. با بررسی انجام شده حدود تعیین مقدار (LOQ mg/mL65/44) و حدود شناسایی (LODmg/mL 39/13) محاسبه شد. پس از اعتبارسنجی روش، 10 نمونه نوشیدنی جمع آوری شده از سطح شهر تهران از نظر میزان کافیین مورد آزمایش قرار گرفت که میزان کافیین این نمونه ها کمتر از حد استاندارد بود.
نتیجه گیریاین روش در اندازه گیری کافیین نوشیدنی ها از دقت و کارایی لازم برخوردار است و مقایسه نتایج حاصل با استانداردهای بین المللی نشان می دهد که میزان کافیین این نوشیدنی ها پایین تر از حد استاندارد است. با توجه به افزایش مصرف این نوشیدنی ها در کشور، اندازه گیری میزان کافیین در مقاطع زمانی مختلف امری ضروری محسوب می شود.
کلید واژگان: نوشیدنی کافئین دار، کروماتوگرافی مایع با کارایی بالا، تعیین مقدار، اعتبارسنجیMedical Science Journal of Islamic Azad Univesity Tehran Medical Branch, Volume:30 Issue: 4, 2020, PP 425 -431BackgroundCaffeinated energy drinks are common drinks among athletes and general population that have benefits such as providing quick energy, reducing fatigue and creating alertness, but can lead to serious complications in patients, especially those who have cancer and mental, cardiovascular, or renal diseases. The aim of this study was to validate the quantitative analysis and determine caffeine in 10 caffeine-containing drink samples from Tehran markets using high efficiency liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Materials and methodsIn this study, first the HPLC method was validated using the sample standard. Then the amount of caffeine in 10 samples of drinks was evaluated.
ResultsThe calibration curve of caffeine was linear in the range of 2-200 ppm and its correlation coefficient was 0.997. The limits of detection and quantification (LOQ and LOD) were 44.65 and 13.39 mg/mL respectively. After validating the method, 10 drink samples collected from Tehran were tested for caffeine content. Comparing the results with international standards showed that the caffeine value of these beverages was lower than the standard.
ConclusionThis method has the accuracy and efficiency in measuring the caffeine of beverages. Comparing with international standards, the amount of caffeine in the beverages is lower than the standard. Due to the increased consumption of these drinks in the country, measuring caffeine at different times is essential.
Keywords: Caffeinated drinks, High efficiency liquid chromatography, Method validation, Caffeine value -
سابقه و هدف
ضایعات محصولات کشاورزی و مواد غذایی با فرآوری مناسب می تواند در تولید انواع محصولات ارزشمند مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. این مطالعه بر روی کاربرد پوسته سخت سفید تخم مرغ به عنوان یک ماده پسماند غذایی ارزان و در دسترس از لحاظ ظرفیت جذب زیستی یون های فلزی سنگین سمی مانند کادمیوم و سرب از برنج هاشمی (Oryza sativa ) متمرکز شد.
روش بررسیمیزان محتوای فلزات سنگین در نمونه های برنج شسته و خیسانده شده در سدیم کلرید در حضور جاذب زیستی پوسته سخت سفید تخم مرغ با درصدهای مختلف جاذب ، pH، زمان تماس و حالتهای خام، شسته و خیسانده شده و روش های مختلف پخت کته و آبکش با روش هضم مرطوب و اندازه گیری توسط دستگاه جذب اتمی شعله مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.
یافته هابرنج پخته شده با برنج های شسته و خیسانده شده با سدیم کلرید 2 % و بیوجاذب پوسته سخت سفید تخم مرغ به مدت یک ساعت اثر معنی دار بر کاهش میزان سرب و کادمیوم داشت، به طوری که باعث کاهش 35/90درصدی میزان کادمیوم و کاهش 21/91 درصدی سرب شد (05/0>P).
نتیجه گیرینتایج مطالعه اخیر نشان داد که بیو جاذب پوسته سخت سفید تخم مرغ در هنگام خیساندن برنج تاثیر معنی داری در حذف فلزات سنگین سرب وکادمیوم در برنج پخته شده با روش های مرسوم دارد.
کلید واژگان: حذف فلزات سنگین، پوسته سخت سفید تخم مرغ، Oryza Sativa، ماده بیو جاذبMedical Science Journal of Islamic Azad Univesity Tehran Medical Branch, Volume:30 Issue: 2, 2020, PP 155 -166BackgroundRemoval of heavy metal ions from contaminated systems by agricultural and fruit and vegetable processing waste materials is an innovative and auspicious technology .The current study was designed for utilization of bio-adsorption white hard eggshell, as less expensive and much frequently available food waste materials, due to prospective metal bio-sorption capacity to toxic heavy metal ions, including cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) from Oryza sativa in Iran.
Materials and methodsThe effect of soaking rinsed rice samples by NaCl 2% and modified white eggshell adsorbent by different concentration as adsorbent, pH, contact time and association of cooking methods on cadmium and lead contents were studied. Heavy metal contents in raw, rinsed, soaked by adsorbent and cooked and drained rice samples were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer in 925 samples in 4 different state of raw, soaking, cooked and drained.
ResultsCooking rice by soaking rinsed rice samples by NaCl 2% and white eggshell for 1 hour had the greatest effect with regards to removal of Pb and Cd levels in cooked rice. It significantly reduced the cadmium content by 90.35% and lead content by 91.21% from the cooked rice, when soaked by white eggshell for one hour contact time.
ConclusionThe results of the current study suggest that eggshell waste adsorbent can be used beneficially in treating rice containing heavy metal ions.
Keywords: Heavy metal removal, Adsorption, White eggshell, Oryza sativa rice -
در سال های اخیر با توجه به افزایش آگاهی از اثرات سوء فلزات سنگین بر سلامت انسان، بررسی سطوح فلزات سنگین در مواد غذایی بسیار مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. هدف از تحقیق حاضر بررسی میزان فلزات سنگین سرب، کادمیوم، نیکل در زردآلوی خشک (Prunuse armeniaca linnaeus) (آفتابی وتیزابی) عرضه شده در بازارهای سطح شهر تهران بود. به طور یکه فلزات مذکور با روش هضم مرطوب و دستگاه جذب اتمی کوره گرافیتی اندازه گیری شد. نتایج حاصل از میزان فلزات سنگین نمونه های برگه زردآلو نشان داد که میزان کادمیوم نمونه ها در محدوده mg/kg 057/0 تا mg/kg124/0 ، سرب نمونه ها محدوده mg/kg 57/0 تا mg/kg60/2 و نیکل نمونه ها محدوده mg/kg87/4 تا mg/kg83/0 بوده اند و میزان سرب تمامی نمونه ها به جز آفتابی تبریز mg/kg60/2 پایین تر از حد مجاز سازمان بهداشت (2 میلی گرم بر کیلو گرم) بود. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که نمونه برگه زردآلو آفتابی تسوج دارای کمترین میزان کادمیوم و سرب بوده است و میزان کادمیوم و سرب نمونه برگه زردآلو آفتابی تبریز به طور معنی داری بالاتر از نمونه های دیگر بود (P<0. 01). همچنین نمونه برگه زردآلو تیزابی تبریز دارای کمترین میزان نیکل و نمونه برگه زردآلو آفتابی آذر شهر دارای بالاترین میزان نیکل بوده اند. کلید واژگان: فلزات سنگین، برگه زردآلو، سرب، کادمیوم، نیکلکلید واژگان: فلزات سنگین، برگه زردآلو، سرب، کادمیوم، نیکلIn this study, the concentration of three heavy metals including lead, cadmium and nickel in dried apricots (sun dried and sulfur dried) supplied in Tehran's markets were determined. After preparing samples, the concentrations of these metals were analyzed with three replications by flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS) and the numbers obtained with the international standards have been compared in terms of pollution. The results of the average concentration of heavy metals in the apricot leaf samples showed that the average lead concentration of the samples was ( 0.57-2.60 mg/kg) and the mean lead concentration of all specimens except the amount of sun dried sample B was( 2.60 mg/kg) lower than the United States Department of Agriculture standard(2 mg / kg). The average cadmium concentration of the samples was in the range of ( 0.057-0.124 mg/kg), all of them were in the World Health Organization standard(0.1 mg/kg).However, the amount of sun dried sample B (0.124 mg/kg) was slightly higherthan standard. The average concentration of nickel in all studied samples were in the range of (0.83- 4/87 mg/kg) that all samples except the sulfur dried sample Awith the amount of (0.83 mg/kg) was higher than joint standard of the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization(0.8 mg/kg). By comparing the sundried and sulfur dried samples, it can be concluded thatconcentrations of heavy metals (lead, cadmium and nickel) in the sun dried samples are higher than those of these metals in the specimens spit.Keywords: Heavy metals, Dried apricot, Lead, Cadmium, Nicke
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اسانس ها و عصاره های گیاهان با داشتن ترکیبات ضدمیکروبی، ضدسرطانی و آنتی اکسیدانی به عنوان ترکیبات دارویی جدید چه در زمینه بهداشت و درمان و چه محافظت از مواد غذایی خام و فرآوری شده یا تولید محصولات غذایی سالم تر، از اهمیت خاصی برخوردارند. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اثرات آنتی اکسیدانی و ضدمیکروبی عصاره اتانولی چای ترش و علف چای صورت گرفت. خصوصیات ضد باکتریایی آن ها علیه باکتری های بیماری زا (سالمونلا انتریکا، باسیلوس سرئوس، اشرشیاکلی و استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس) با استفاده از روش انتشار در چاهک و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی عصاره ها نیز به روش ABTS بر اساس ظرفیت آنتی اکسیدانی معادل ترولوکس تعیین گردید. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس در هر دو مورد حساس ترین باکتری مورد ارزیابی نسبت به عصاره علف چای و چای ترش بود و دو گیاه از نظر خواص ضد باکتریایی در برابر این میکروارگانیسم با هم اختلاف معنی داری نداشتند (05/0 (P≥. بر اساس این نتایج اختلاف معنی داری بین فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی گیاه چای ترش و علف چای مشاهده شد (05/0P<). ارزیابی خاصیت آنتی اکسیدانی نشان داد که میزان IC50گیاه علف چای mg/mL 31/0±56/1 و گیاه چای ترش mg/mL 20/0±78/0 است که گویای خاصیت آنتی اکسیدانی بالاتر عصاره چای ترش می باشد. نتایج حاصل نشان می دهد که عصاره اتانولی گیاهان علف چای و چای ترش از خاصیت آنتی اکسیدانی و ضدمیکروبی مناسبی برخوردارند و بنابراین می توان از آن ها در تولید فرآورده های مختلف غذایی و دارویی و حتی به عنوان جایگزین نگهدارنده های شیمیایی بهره جست.کلید واژگان: چای ترش، علف چای، عصاره اتانولی، آنتی اکسیدان، ضدمیکروبEssential oils and extracts of medicinal plants with antimicrobial, anticancer and antioxidant activity are important as a new drug compounds in the field of health and protection of raw and processed foods or healthier food products. The aim of this study was to compare the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of ethanol extracts of Hypericum perforatum
and Hibiscus gossypifolius. The antibacterial properties against pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella enterica, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) using well diffusion and antioxidant activity were also tested using Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) method with ABTS+●. The results revealed that Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive bacteria to Hypericum and Hibiscus extracts and there was no significant difference between two extracts (P≥0.05). The results revealed that there was a significant difference between antioxidant activity of Hibiscus and Hypericum (P<0.05). Evaluation of antioxidant activity showed that the IC50 of Hypericum and Hibiscus was 1.56±0.31 mg/mL and 0.78±0.2 mg/mL, respectively. Therefore, Hibiscus gossypifolius had higher antioxidant capacity than Hypericum perforatum. The results showed that ethanol extracts of Hypericum and hibiscus had antioxidant and antibacterial activity; therefore, they can be used in food and pharmaceutical industries as natural additive.
Keywords: Hibiscus gossypifolius, Hypericum perforatum, Ethanol Extract, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial -
The programs of managing waste materials in developing countries are often unsatisfactory and the unreasonable disposal of waste is a major issue in the worldwide. The main aim of the current study is to: Assess the applicability of Rumex crispus L. in removing heavy metals from the contaminated wastewater effluent form Pharmaceutical laboratories by bio-adsorption method. The dried R. crispus L. seeds were purchased from recognized herbal plant markets randomly in Tehran in May 2016 in order to investigate the influence of R. crispus seeds as an amendment to remove or decrease chemical forms of Co, Pb, Cu, Zn and Ni. Experimental parameter were as follows: pH, temperature, dose of bio-adsorbent R. crispus L. seeds, contact time, particle size mesh were studied. Results revealed that bio-adsorption capacity of Lead, Zinc, Copper, Cobalt and Nickel increases with increasing initial adsorbent concentration and reaches at maximum after a 2% initial concentration of S. incisa seeds concentration value. Heavy metals adsorption ranged from 83.5 -91 % after agitation for 1 week (equilibration time), and there was no significant further increase in % sorption of them after the equilibration time (P ≥ 0.05). This research area of using models for resolving nature of heavy metals complexation and sequestrations mechanism at heavy metals-bio-adsorption interface have been less explored . The results represents a critically important mechanism in the scientific ability which should be investigated in future research to unravel complex surface heavy metal sorption mechanism on the bio-sorbents surface by using various chemical modeling approaches. Current research is suggested for the characterization of novel bio-adsorbents from other waste of herbal plants, agriculture/food-industry with maximum heavy metals sorption capacities to promote large-scale use of bio-adsorbents.Keywords: Rumex crispus L, Seed, Bio-adsorption, Pharmaceutical Effluent, Removal Heavy Metals
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BackgroundThe aim of this study was to introduce a new and economical method for reduction of nitrate content in canned apples and pears.MethodsThe nitrate content was determined before and after treatment with CaHPO4 ranging from 0.01% to 0.1% using spectroscopic method in 2015 in Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran- Iran. The effect of treatment time at three different time points (30, 60, 90 min) was determined. Sensory evaluation was performed using five-point hedonic scales.ResultsNitrate content in fresh fruit is significantly (PConclusionApplication of CaHPO4 is suggested as a novel, safe and economical method for removal of nitrate in canned products.Keywords: CaHPO4, Canned Apples, Canned Pears, Food Safety, Removing Nitrate
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Literature survey revealed that there was no biological investigation on Astragalus meridioalis sensu auct. seeds worldwide. The mature seeds of A. meridioalis was collected in August 2015 from Geno, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan Province, Iran to evaluate their nutritional value and explore a new source for nutritional purposes .The digested seeds of A. meridioalis with the mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid and per chloride acid (4 :2: 1) under the condition of the boiling point and the normal pressure, the contents of the seven mineral elements necessary to humanity, potassium, copper, zinc, iron, selenium , lithium and manganese in the seeds of A. meridioalis were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) in Pharmaceutical sciences branch, Islamic Azad university , Tehran and the results were analyzed in statistics. The results revealed that the sequence of the content of metal elements is as follows in all samples: Zn >K > Fe > Cu> Mn >Ca>Na > Se > Li. The content of K, Zn, Fe and Cu in this seed is much richer than some other medicinal plants in this region. The high level of Zinc, Potassium and sufficient amount of suitable mineral element showing high Nutritive value of this seed and seem to be good for younger people, anemic people and common local food and diet for people in the region of Hormozgan province in the south of Iran.Keywords: Astragalus meridioalis sensu auct, Seed, Iran, Nutritive value, mineral elements
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سابقه و هدفبرنج از پرمصرف ترین غلات ایران به شمار می آید. با توجه به افزایش متوسط مصرف سرانه برنج در ایران، واردات این محصول بیش از پیش افزایش یافته است. آلودگی برنج به فلزات سنگین و ورود آن به زنجیره غذایی می تواند اثرات مخربی بر سلامت انسان به همراه داشته باشد؛ بنابراین تعیین میزان فلزات سنگین در برنج وارداتی و ایرانی و مقایسه با استانداردهای ملی و بین المللی حائز اهمیت می باشد. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی فلزات سنگین سرب، نیکل و کادمیوم در برنج های وارداتی هندی، تایلندی و پاکستانی در قیاس با برنج ایرانی می باشد.مواد و روش هانمونه های برنج (450 نمونه) شامل ده نشان تجاری هندی، پنج نشان تجاری ایرانی (طارم، صدری، هاشمی)، سه و دو نشان تجاری تایلندی، پاکستانی و در سه ماه متوالی از سطح بازار شهر تهران جمع آوری شد. سنجش فلزات سنگین با استفاده از روش هضم مرطوب و دستگاه طیف سنجی جذب اتمی شعله بر مبنای روش استاندارد بین المللی AOAC صورت گرفت.یافته هامیانگین میزان کادمیوم در برنج های وارداتی بیش از حد مجاز استاندارد ملی بود و به طور معنی داری بیش از برنج ایرانی (mgkg-1003/0±010/0) می باشد (05/0P<).سرب در نمونه های برنج هندی (mg kg-1237/0±297/1) بیش از سایر نمونه های برنج مورد مطالعه بود و بیش از حد مجاز استاندارد ملی و بین المللی تعیین گردید (05/0P<). نمونه های برنج از نظر میزان نیکل در حد استاندارد می باشند. بین میزان نیکل در نمونه های برنج مورد بررسی اختلاف معنی داری مشاهده نشد (05/0 (P≥. مقادیر مجاز دریافتی قابل تحمل در هفته (PTWI) برای هریک از فلزات سنگین تعیین شد و با حد مجاز اعلام شده به وسیلهFAO/ WHO مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت.نتیجه گیریمیزان فلزات سنگین به ویژه سرب و کادمیوم بیش از حد مجاز تعیین شده بود. بنابراین لازم است نظارت دقیق تری از سوی سیستم های نظارتی ذیصلاح بر واردات برنج صورت پذیرد.کلید واژگان: برنج، سرب، کادمیوم، نیکل، ایمنی مواد غذاییBackground And ObjectivesRice is the second most abundant cereal crops in Iran. In recent years, the volume of rice import to Iran is increasing considerably due to the increased average per capita consumption of this product in Iran. The entrance of heavy metals to food supply chain can cause a variety of health risks; therefore, evaluation of heavy metals in imported rice compared to Iranian rice is important considering national and international standards. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of heavy metals including lead, nickel and cadmium in imported Indian, Pakistani and Thai rice as well as Iranian rice.Materials and MethodsTen Indian brands, five trade brands of Iranian rice and three and two trade brands of Thai and Pakistani rice samples (450 samples) were collected from local markets during three months from Tehran. Lead, cadmium and nickel were determined by wet digestion method using a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer based on international standard method of AOAC.ResultsThe mean values of cadmium in imported rice were significantly higher than that obtained for Iranian rice (0.010±0.003 mg kg-1) (pConclusionTherefore, food safety monitoring system for imported rice should be performed considerably.Keywords: Rice, Lead, Cadmium, Nickel, Food safety
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Severe discharge of sewage and industrial effluents into the Persian Gulf leads to the deposition of various types of heavy metals, especially lead and mercury, in the muscles of fish. Total mercury and methylmercury contents were determined in the edible parts (muscle tissue, fillet) of two different most popular frozen fish species from the Persian Gulf to ascertain whether the concentrations exceeded the maximum level fixed by the European Commission or not. During the period from October 2015 to June 2016, a total of 150 frozen fish packaged samples were randomly collected from the recognized supermarkets in Tehran province, Iran. The mercury (Hg) concentration of samples was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer using a mercuric hydride system (MHS 10) and also by direct mercury analyzer (DMA). High concentration of total Hg was found in a Carcharhinus dussumie brand (0.91 ± 0.12 μg/g) while the lowest level was detected in Pomadasys furcatus (0.29 ± 0.02 μg/g). In current study the mean concentrations of Mercury in all studied frozen fish samples were 0.79 ± 0.11 µg/g that means Hg levels were above 0.5 μg/g, which is the maximum standard level recommended by Joint FAO/WHO/Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). In 13% of Pomadasys and in 47.2 % of Carcharhinus fish samples total mercury concentrations exceeded the maximum level fixed by the European Commission. All samples had also mean Hg concentrations that exceeded EPA's established safety level of 0.3 μg/g.Keywords: Frozen Fish, Mercury Contamination, Risk Assessment, Carcharhinus dussumie
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This study was done to determine the concentration of heavy metals including Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) and nutrients element Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) in a simple and whole wheat Macaroni in the valid different supermarkets in Tehran. 254 samples from seven Iranian simple Macaroni, four foreign simple Macaroni, and two Iranian whole wheat macaroni were purchased consecutively in 3 seasons of 2015. Results were determined as mean ± SD of dry weight from three replicates in each test. The samples were analyzed by wet digestion method and standardized international protocols were followed for the preparation of material and analysis of mineral and heavy metals contents and analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The mean concentration in milligrams per kilogram of dry matter for Lead, Cadmium, Copper and Zinc were determined. According to the results, the mean contents of Lead in the simple Iranian, imported and Iranian whole wheat Macaroni were 2.897, 3.070 and 0.636, amount of Cadmium were 0.469, 0.620 and 0.920, Copper mean contents were 1.563, 11.866 and 7.085 and finally mean level of Zinc were 16.296, 28.425 and 36.318 mg/kg respectively. The mean concentration of Lead, Cadmium, Copper and Zinc between in whole wheat and simple macaroni samples has a significant difference (PKeywords: Macaroni, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Lead, Cadmium, Copper, Zinc
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Hazelnut (Corylus avellna L.) is one of the important nut crops in world. The harvesting of hazelnuts is done either by hand or by manual or mechanical raking of fallen nuts in Iran. Common hazel is widely cultivated for its nuts, including in commercial orchards in Europe, Turkey, and Iran. There are some genotypes of hazelnut in Iran that their growing areas are limited to Gillan, Aredbil, Mazandaran, Golestan, Zanjan and Qazvin Provinces. Varieties, location, composition of soils, usage of fertilizer and irrigation affect the fatty acid, mineral and vitamin composition of hazelnuts, and consequently influence the nutritional value and quality of the product. Therefore, the objective of this study was evaluation of protein, crude fiber, and fatty acids in samples in Tarem and Rudsar County farmlands as two economically important provinces. Samples were collected during the harvest season in 2015 from 10 different distinguished cultivars of trees grown in a replicated trial in an experimental orchard. The chemical and physical properties (crude protein, total fat, crude oil, crude fiber, ash, refractive index) were analyzed according to AOAC methods. In investigation on these two varieties, the highest fatty acid had oleic acid with 85.026% in Rudsar (Gillan) and 83.226% in Tarem samples. Evaluation of 420 hazelnut seedling samples reveals that Rudsar variety samples have more protein, ash and carbohydrate while crude fiber percentage in Tarem variety is more. The results of this research reveals that geographical conditions affect the nutritional value of hazelnut significantly (pKeywords: Hazelnut kernel, Nutritive value, Protein, Crude fiber, Oil content
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BackgroundCigarette butts have been shown to release numerous kinds of chemicals such as heavy metals in water and may be a continual source of aquatic environments contamination after discarding. The objective of the present study was to determine the concentration of Cd and Pb in cigarette filters of different Iranian and non-Iranian brands in smoked and non-smoked samples.MethodsTen different brands of cigarettes were collected from Tehran, Iran local markets in 2014. Standardized international protocols were followed for preparation of the materials and analysis of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) contents. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 18 software by ANOVA and Student T tests.ResultsThe average concentration of Cd in Iranian cigarette filters was 0.42±0.03mg/kg and in non-Iranian cigarette filters was 0.31±0.05mg/kg (p=0.4). The average concentration of Pb in Iranian cigarette filters was 22.32±1.15mg/kg and in non-Iranian cigarette filters was 23.62±3.17mg/kg (p=0.072). The Cadmium concentration in cigarette filters ranged from 0.18 to 0.48μg/g before and 0.25 to 0.88μg/g after smoking. The Lead concentration in cigarette filters ranged from 16.63 to 33.52μg/g before and 20.14 to 53.55μg/g after smoking.ConclusionSmoked cigarette filters have more concentrations of Cd and Pb than non-smoked cigarette filters and these concentrations are also different between Iranian and non-Iranian cigarette brands.Keywords: Absorption Radiation, Cadmium, Environmental Pollution, Lead, Smoking
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BackgroundThe use of herbal or medicinal plants in various forms has been popular for thousands of years. It is estimated that about 70–80% of the world’s population relies on alternative medicine, mainly of herbal origin. However, due to the nature and sources of these plants, they are sometimes contaminated with toxic heavy metals, which pose serious health risks to consumers. Herbal formulations, especially those used in the treatment of diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and weight loss may require long-term usage and the patient might be at risk of heavy metal poisoning. In this study, the levels of toxic heavy metals (Pb, Cd) were evaluated in 11 Iranian common herbal drugs for their health implications.MethodsIn this investigation, concentrations of lead and cadmium were quantitatively determined in Iranian herbal drugs sampled from pharmacies in Tehran, Iran, using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (wet digestion).ResultsThe results indicated that lead and cadmium were present in all investigated herbal drugs. The concentrations of metals in drugs ranged from 0.19 to 1.75 µg/g for Cd and 9.61 to 52.74 µg/g for Pb.ConclusionThe concentrations of lead and cadmium were higher than the maximum permissible daily levels in the majority of these herbal drugs, whereas the quantities of Pb and Cd were well below provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). Daily total intake of these metals is considered in accord with the recommended daily intake of their corresponding formulations.Keywords: Atomic Spectrophotometry, Cadmium, Heavy Metals, Herbal Medicine, Lead, Medicinal Plants
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Antibiotic resistance to microorganisms is one of the major problems faced in the field of wound care in burns patients. Silver nanoparticles have come up as potent antimicrobial agent and are being evaluated in diverse medical applications ranging from silver based dressings to silver coated medical devices. We aimed in present study to test the release of nanosilver from nanosilver wound dressing and compare the dermal and systemic toxicity of nanosilver dressings in a repeated dose (21 days) model. Under general anesthesia, a limited standard 2nd degree burns were provided on the back of each rat in all treatment, negative control (simple dressing) and 5% silver nitrate groups, each contained 5 male wistar rats. According to the analysis made by atomic absorption spectrometry, the wound dressings released 0.599 ± 0.083 ppm of nanosilver during first 24 hrs of study. Daily observations were recoded and wounds were covered with new dressings each 24 hrs. Burn healing was observed in nanosilver wound dressing group in shorter time periods than the control groups. In toxicity assessment, this dressing didnt cause any hematological and histopathological abnormalities in treatment group but biochemical studies showed significant rise of plasma transaminase (ALT) at the endpoint (21 days) of the study (P=0.027). Portal mononuclear lymphoid and polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltrations in three to four adjacent foci were recognized around the central hepatic vein in treatment group. Mild hepatotoxic effects of nanosilver wound dressing in wistar rat emphasize the necessity of more studies on toxicity potentials of low dose nanosilver by dermal applications.Keywords: Nanosilver, Safety, Silver nitrate, Toxicity, Wound dressing
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Role of Unprofessional Storage Methods on the Heavy Metal Content of Rosa Damascena (Gole Mohammadi)As majority of people around the world rely on non-conventional medicine mainly of herbal sources for their primary healthcare nowadays, the quality of herbal medicine is one of the most important issues. The products may be contaminated with chemical toxins, excessive pesticides and heavy metals during the growth process with contaminated environment or during harvesting, storing conditions and transferring process to herbal market. Chemical toxins may come from wrong storage conditions or chemical treatment due to transferring to herbal market. The aims of this study were to: determination of the contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Hg, Pb and Zn in Rosa Damascena available in Iranian market in comparison with these heavy metal contents in samples which is harvested from Kashan farms in order to find probable effect of transferring and storing process in contamination issue. The samples were analyzed by a Flame Emission Spectrophotometer and an automated continuous flow hydride vapor generation system was used for mercury. our results showed that the majority of medicinal plants (flowers) samples from markets had higher level of these heavy metals although these contents in samples which harvested from Kashan farms shows lower level of heavy metal contamination. It revealed that probably the transferring process and storing herbal plants are the main factors for contaminating.
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Traditional medicines by medicinal plants have always played a key role in world health including Iran but their safety profile is a major concern in this regard. In fact some factors such as the method of extraction, contamination with microorganisms, existence of heavy metals, and pesticides may reduce the safety of herbal based pharmaceutical products. The objective of this research was to determine the level of Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Hg as the major abundant heavy metals in some commonly used herbal medicines and herbal plants of Iran’s market. For this purpose, 10 samples from eight different commonly used medicinal plants were collected from 10 different traditional stores in Tehran. Standardized international protocols were followed for the preparation of material and analysis of heavy metals contents. An automated continuous flow hydride vapor generation system was used for mercury determination. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was also used for the determination of the concentration of Pb, Cd, Ni and Cu. Results show that Cuminum had the lowest Pb level and Syzigium cumin the highest. Cadmium concentration varied between 0.19- 9.26 ppm. Syzigium cumin, showed the highest Cd levels and Cuminum Cyminm showed the lowest levels. The concentration of Cu varied from 8.15 to 73.28 ppm. Cordia myxa contained the highest levels of Cu and Plantago psyllium contained the lowest levels. The highest level of Ni was detected in Myristica fragrams and the lowest in Plantago psyllium. Although the Hg concentration was not detectable in Cuminum Cyminm and Cordia myxa, some samples showed 0.71 ppm. Out of all samples, Syzigium cumin showed the highest Hg concentration. Environmental contamination with heavy metals is one of the major concerns in developing countries therefore regular controls on these plants should be perfomed by the government. It seems that using cultivated plants under controlled conditions can the level of contamination.
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Anethum graveolens L. (dill) is used widely in Asian food and folk medicine but its safety profile for further clinical studies has remained unclear. After administration of total hydroalcoholic extract to mice in acute, subacute and subchronic treatment periods, toxic responses were recoreded by clinical, biochemical, hematological and pathological examinations. Doses up to 2000 mg/kg in acute study did not cause any mortality and doses up to 1000 mg/kg didn’t cause any toxic effect in subacute study. Following to daily administration of doses of 1000 mg/kg/day as Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) and doses of 50 (1/20 MTD), 500 (1/2MTD) and 1000 mg/kg (MTD) in 45 days regimen, signif cant falls in white cell counts was reported after 3 weeks (P-value < 0.05) in high (P-value = 0.042) and intermediate dose (P-value = 0.018) groups of male animals. Dill extract caused significant reduction of FBS in high dose female animal group (P-value = 0.021). Portal mononuclear lymphoid and PMN leucocytes infiltration in three adjacent foci were seen in intermediate and high dose groups of both sexes which was clearly a dose dependent effect. Doses less than 50 mg/kg could be consi ered as safe dose in both genders of mice with the good potential for further antihypoglycemic or antihyperlipidemic clinical studies.
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A Quarterly Publication The Application of Chemistry in Environment, Volume:2 Issue: 7, 2011, PP 35 -43Aniline derivatives are very important in settlement due to their high toxicity. Aniline derivatives are common in drug and chemical industries. Oxidation of them is the main solution to remove and on the other hand direct and indirect infiltration by ozone is effective method.Keywords: Ozonation, Phenol, TiO2 Catalyst, BHT, COD, TOC
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Animal studies showed that male gastric tissues respond more rapidly to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection but the possible mechanisms remained unclear. There is no data about gender specific activity of Androgen receptor (AR) as an independent unfavorable prognostic factor in gastric cancer and its interactions with H. pylori and angiogenesis in both genders. To compare the pathogenesis of H. pylori and to evaluate its role on tissue levels of Androgen Receptor (AR) and uPA as a major angiogenic factors in gastric adenocarcinoma، malignant and corresponding normal tissue specimens of 71 gastric adenocarcinoma were selected retrospectively. Modified Giemsa staining was used for identifying H. pylori infection and immunohistochemical methods were used to identify differential expressions of above markers in glandular، surface epithelial، tumoral، stromal، endothelial and lymphatic cells. Interestingly 83. 3% of H. pylori positive males showed AR overexpression in their surface epithelial cells whereas the same interaction was not found in H. pylori positive females. Higher vascular invasion (p=0. 047) and higher expression of uPA in stromal cells of male patients (p=0. 007) clued us to different tumor progressive factors in males. Linear regression analysis showed H. pylori infection، surface epithelial AR and sex as three significant factors in tumoral uPA (p=0. 004)، stromal uPA (p=0. 012) and lymphatic uPA (p=0. 016) expression in males which play important roles on invasion and metastasis of gastric carcinoma. Present results suggest the strong role of H. Pylori on angiogenesis in males which could be considered as a new molecular mechanism of tumor progression by interacting with the receptor of male hormone and angiogenic pathways.
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