دکتر رمضان رضایی

The term ‘magic of proximity’ expresses some phonetic and musical balances. This term was first proposed by Shafi'i Kadkani. The common sound between words makes them appear next to each other, regardless of their meaning. The musical and phonetic features are the main link between these words. The magic of proximity and coexistence between words that are composed of common sounds attract the audience's attention, and in this way, they do not feel any meaning between these words, and as a result, they are like related words and it is united and accepted. This study aims to analyze the magic of proximity in the aphorisms of Nahj al-Balagha through a descriptive-analytical method relying on Shafi’i Kadkani’s point of view. The findings show that the application of the magic of proximity in the framework of the literary arts of repetition, puns, phrasing, sajja, conflict, similitude of parts, consideration of an example, and slang and publishing cause coherence and unity of meaning in the wisdom of Nahj al-Balagha has been the correct combination of words has provided the basis for distinguishing the style of Imam Ali (AS). The use of word arts and their coexistence with each other and having similar phonetic features has created a special harmony, which means that the concepts are expressed with more emphasis. The use of similar elements and phonetic repetitions has created a semantic function in the text. Imam (AS) has created a special harmony between the elements of this wisdom by using the appropriate selection of words and putting them together and using music, and in this way he has established a strong bond between words and music.

Today, the communication process has become an essential part of business and life requirements and has a great impact on people's behavior as it affects and is affected by it. Communication and interaction are also considered the basic tool for achieving a collective spirit among people. This language is often accompanied by a set of physical movements or what is called nonverbal communication or body language, which is a non-linguistic communication that exists in the universe in which we live and we receive it through our five senses. Perhaps body language is more important than tone of voice and choice of words when conveying true feelings. Body language is the framework that includes various forms of communication from signals, gestures and body movements that are alternatives to sounds or complementary to them, but that language or signals that a person uses to communicate with others may differ from one culture to another or from one country to another. Therefore, this article aims to pronounce or utterance indications in the Prophet's biography to stand on the deliberations of these words in the biography for the purpose of understanding it and extracting the message of the biography from it. To reach this presentation, the study relies on the descriptive-analytical approach. The results of the research indicate that communication has three parties: the communicator, the receiver, and the message. And that communication skills in the biography are multiple and not limited to one field, but rather a large circle. And there is more than one gesture for one meaning, as the meaning of anger, fear, and others is indicated by several gestures.

The magic of proximity stands as one of the most significant elements in analyzing the musical structure of poetry, attracting considerable scholarly attention through its paradigmatic and syntagmatic dimensions. This phenomenon refers to the presence of specific phonetic and rhythmic balances within a poetic text. Both paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations represent crucial analytical tools in formalist criticism and semantic studies.A paradigmatic relationship denotes the connection between interchangeable linguistic units at the same structural level, while syntagmatic relations examine how words interact sequentially with their immediate context. The musical harmony between words, independent of their semantic value, often determines their proximate placement. These two axes serve as fundamental methods for identifying characteristics of artistic style in literary works.This research employs a descriptive-analytical approach to examine how the magic of proximity contributes to meaning creation and musicality in Ahmad Muharram's epic *Majd al-Islam*. The study's significance lies in elucidating the techniques that generate meaning, harmony, and musicality in Muharram's poetry, while revealing the stylistic and aesthetic qualities of this Islamic epic.The findings demonstrate that paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships foster narrative coherence and semantic unity throughout *Majd al-Islam*. Muharram's strategic lexical combinations establish the work's distinctive stylistic framework. The skillful deployment of literary devices alongside phonetic features creates remarkable harmony and produces a unique musical quality that amplifies the text's conceptual emphasis.The epic's meticulous word selection particularly engages readers with Muharram's verse. When vocabulary is employed with precise intentionality, it generates both intellectual appeal and aesthetic pleasure. The resulting musicality elevates the discourse, transforming speech into an art form of noble expression. This linguistic craftsmanship explains the enduring appeal of *Majd al-Islam* among its audience.

Foregrounding is one of the fundamental terms in formalist approaches. This concept manifests in texts through two methods deviation and over-regularization. Deviation refers to the departure from the standard language to create a literary language, prompting the reader to think and enhancing their aesthetic enjoyment of the text. Geoffrey Leech, an English linguist, categorizes deviation into eight types: phonological, syntactic, lexical, semantic, dialectal, register, historical, and stylistic. Over-regularization, on the other hand, refers to the addition of rules to the standard language, leading to a heightened literary and linguistic structure. The Qur'an, as an exemplary text, receives attention from this perspective as well. The ‘Verses of Supplication’ (Āyāt ad-Duʿāʾ) prominently exhibit foregrounding techniques. This study aims to analyze foregrounding in the ‘Verses of Supplication’ through a descriptive-analytical approach. The research findings indicate that phonological, syntactic, and semantic deviations are employed in these verses. Phonological deviations involve fusion and elision, which contribute to the defamiliarization and phonetic balance of the divine speech. Syntactic deviation appears in the form of positional inversion. Semantic deviation is expressed through the use of metaphors. Additionally, over-regularization manifests as repetition in these verses. There is complete harmony and coherence between meaning and expression in the ‘Verses of Supplication’, playing a significant role in conveying the underlying themes and messages. Foregrounding in these verses results in a departure from the norm, but rather than disrupting their meaning, it enhances their beauty

Attention represents an important artistic characteristic in building highly expressive styles. Because it gives speech an artistic effect that ignites the mind of the recipient and stimulates his senses and feelings. So he finds the Arab accepting him and begging him. Because he feels that if the speech is transferred from one style to another, he hopes that it will be listened to again. The attention creates a shift in the linguistic style, to diversify the construction of artistic styles, and to suggest many rhetorical meanings. This is because the hadiths take place on the tongue of the most eloquent Arab - the Messenger (PBUH) - and are full of eloquence and eloquence. We find that there is a lot of confusion between pronouns, so that its meanings achieve complete eloquence and clarification, and the Prophet (PBUH) varied in his speech so as not to bore the addressee. He diversifies his style to expand his words, in order to make the intended meaning more eloquent and eloquent. He used stylistic characteristics in the event and meaning, changing the past tense to the present tense for a rhetorical purpose and artistic purpose. He also departed from the principle of grammatical correspondence between the adjective and what is described in number and type, as he intended in his expression to cause a shift in the grammatical system for rhetorical purposes. This study seeks to clarify the characteristic of attention in the holy hadiths, adopting the analytical-descriptive approach, seeking to answer these questions: How is attention revealed in the holy hadiths. The results of the research indicate that the motives for attention in pronouns may be similar or repeated between their different sections. Paying attention to the structure of the verb in the textual context leads to the formation of new semantic transformations and variables.Keywords: The Noble Prophet, Holy Hadiths, Style, Rhetoric, Attention.The sciences of Arabic are the repository of the secret of Arabic and the manifestation of its majesty. There is no virtue or merit in a speech except what it contains of its charms and deposited in it of its characteristics. There is no distinction or dominance of one speaker over another due to what he weaves of its wisps, breathes out of its magic, and avoids its ripening fruits. One of the types of eloquence is attention that stimulates the listener and awakens him to listen, as is the custom of writers in their fascination with speech and their behavior in it. If speech is transferred from one style to another style, it is better to refresh the listener’s activity and awaken him to listen to it than to conduct it according to one style. The soul is on the verge of loving the new and the transformation that gives the style an attractive elegance and the meaning an expressive revelation, which gives speech and poetry strength in influence and depth of expression. Paying attention as a rhetorical phenomenon is one of the manifestations of the rhetoric of religious texts, especially in the sacred hadiths. Therefore, rhetoric scholars were interested in studying them and devoted chapters to it in their rhetorical studies.As for the hadith, it is everything that was narrated on the authority of the Prophet (PBUH) before and after the mission. Mostly, what is narrated on the authority of the Prophet (PBUH) after the prophecy, including words, actions, and reports, is the Sunnah of narratives on the authority of the Prophet (PBUH). Speech, action, and report, and the definite part is what was assigned to the followers. As for the Prophetic Hadith: it is what was added to the Messenger in word and meaning. Sometimes it is through the Prophet’s diligence and sometimes it is due to the revelation. It has been said that there is no difference between the holy Hadith and the Prophetic Hadith except with the useful indication that it is sacred for attention to it. As for the sacred hadith, it is what was added to the Messenger and attributed to the Lord of Glory, such as what the Messenger of God (PBUH) said, such as: The Messenger of God said about what was narrated from his Lord, or God Almighty said about what he narrated from the Messenger of God (PBUH), without worshiping his recitation.The study of attention puts the student in front of new equations, as attention is indicated by various meanings, and by attention is indicated by different meanings, and this suggests that it is a term of concern, as it did not fulfill the condition of terminology, which is agreement. Convention “is the specific custom, which is the agreement of a people to give something a name after transferring it from its original subject for a reason between them, such as generality and specificity, or their sharing in a matter, or their similarity in a description, or other things.Mostly among the majority of rhetoricians is the use of the sign of attention, and some of them said it is morphology, correction, objection, completion, departure, or the Arabic courage. Perhaps this multiplicity is due to their diligence in interpreting it, as there is no reference to which they return or a law that they control except their own diligence. For the same reason, we find those who used the sign of attention when they They separate the talk about him from his Qur’anic and poetic evidence. They use a range of functions such as return, departure, return, withdrawal, objection, completion, transition, turning, conjunction, digression, transfer, disposition, morphology, transformation, exit, and disposal.The position of attention in the science of rhetoric was not among the matters agreed upon among rhetoricians. Some of them consider it to be one of the meanings, others consider it to be an explanation, and others consider it to be the magnificent, and it is most likely that it is one of the meanings because the meaning here is the basis of what the attention is based on, as we have seen. The term turning around was not the only one that was used to describe this phenomenon in the language, but rather it was accompanied by other terms, namely coloring the speech, speech, turning away (every turning around is turning away), and others that we have referred to.The condition for attention, which is that the person being addressed is the same as the one being addressed, cannot be adopted at all for this phenomenon. Because the sections of attention mentioned by rhetoricians exceeded this condition in many places. The reasons for attention were not agreed upon by all rhetoricians, so the context played a major role in highlighting these reasons. One section of the categories of attention contains more than one motive of attention. One position may benefit glorification and another may benefit disdain, and both of them fall under one section of the sections of attention.The motives for turning around in pronouns may be similar or repeated between different nouns, as turning around from speech to speech may lead to the benefit that the speaker himself or someone else turns away from speech to backbiting, and so on. I found that the motives cannot be confined or limited to a specific rule, but the benefit comes according to the place in which the attention is made, since the purpose that governs this attention is the intended meaning in these hadiths. Accordingly, I found that two or more types of attention shared the same motive. For example, as is shown through the analysis of the texts, the motive of caution, exaggeration, and clarification.The consequence. Although the texts share this motive, I found that the benefit was not achieved through this participation, but rather it occurred through the text employing this aforementioned motive, but it performs its function in serving the content in which the attention was mentioned. There is no doubt that this content varies from one text to another. The texts in question, even if they share a motive, differ in the content that this motive leads to.

Sometimes the poet makes a speech for himself through words that are symbols, symbols, and symbols, and thus does not need to elaborate on various topics. Color, as the most prominent element in the realm of senses, has long been the focus of human attention and has always fascinated the human spirit and soul. Colors play a major role in the expression of people's experiences, in addition to their subtle meanings. Today, color is the most important element in the emergence of artistic creativity and productivity, and poets as creators of the cosmos of the creative world have used colorful words to make poetic images more explicit, in order to explain the inexpressible notions of the symbolic space of their poems. They win. Understanding the properties and effects of colors in a real space, flanking, coding, and myths can reveal many hidden secrets or convey messages to the audience. Therefore, in the poetry of sustainability, the use of color element reflects the aspirations and aspirations of the poets. Shahriar and Jewehery have also created mysterious associations with cultural, religious and historical contexts, using colors, especially red as one of the important components of imagination in their poems. Using an analytical-descriptive approach and relying on the American school of comparative literature, this essay attempts to explain the function of red in the poems of the two poets. The findings of this study indicate that in the poetry of both poets, red indicates martyrdom, resurrection, protest, perseverance and perseverance.

Layered stylistics analyzes and examines the indicators of a text in terms of word selection and structure and structure of phrases. The presence of stylistic elements in the syntactic layer in the elements of the sentence indicates the dominant thought of the text. In this stylistic layer, the link between style and thought is taken into consideration through syntactic components such as marked order (presentation and delay, omission, omission) and sentence structure (sentence length, sentence connection), and each of these components According to the atmosphere governing the prayer verses, it is related to one of the social, moral, educational themes, the creation of the world, etc. slow Based on this, this essay aims to analyze the style of the syntactic layer of prayer verses. To achieve this goal, an analytical-descriptive method has been used. The findings of the research show that each of the stylistic components used in the prayer verses is in proportion to the content of the verses. Active voice, high certainty, presentation and delay, removal of some sentence components, and syntactic balance of the verses lead to unique constructions and make the goals of the verses more in the audience's mind

One of the important issues in rhetoric is the subject of definition, which is included in the issues of semantics, and for its use of high rhetorical purposes that can be discerned in Nahj al-Balaghah, i.e. elucidation, and for the use of the word is a probabilistic knowledge of the meaning it contains that cannot be expressed by denial. The definition is considered one of the rhetorical methods required by the conditions of the addressees and intended by the speaker. Grammarians spoke about it from a purely syntactic point of view, and alBayanists and scholars of rhetoric spoke about it from another angle and another field, where they talked about the purposes and reasons for which the definition is. In light of the purposes included in the speeches of Nahj al-Balaghah, we will stand in front of some of the definitions contained in them in order to reveal the secrets of its expression, adhering to the opinions of scholars. To reach this goal, we relied on the analyticaldescriptive method. That is why we have enumerated this phenomenon and clarified its aesthetics during speeches, and we have mentioned the wonderful meanings of it in some speeches, such as glorification, contempt, brevity, brevity, specialization, and ... To benefit greatness and achieve the purpose of the sermon.

Knowledge of rhetorical sciences plays an important role in understanding the nuances and subtleties of the Qur'an. One of the sub-branches of the science of semantics is the discussion of "brevity, atnab and equality" which has long been of interest to rhetoric scholars, in such a way that some of the technical scholars have limited rhetoric to this discussion. Therefore, various theories have been presented in enumerating the types of ijaz, ropes and equality, and this feature is more prominent in the definition of ropes and enumeration of its types. The present article, with descriptive-analytical method, after referring to several books and first-hand rhetoric, has provided a complete definition of atnaab and its types and has extracted complete evidence of the cases of atnaab in the last third of the Holy Quran, in order to provide a suitable platform for empowering The audience should be provided with the practical and easy application of atnaab in this part of the Qur'an and its application in its appropriate place.

One of the important issues in the rhetoric subject of the definition, which falls under the issues of semantics, and because of its use of high rhetorical purposes that can be discerned in the Qur’an, that is, tracing the use of the word is a likely knowledge of what it contains of meaning that cannot be expressed in denial. Expression is considered one of the rhetorical methods that are required by the conditions of the addressees and the speaker intends it, and grammarians have spoken about it in purely syntactic terms, and rhetoric scholars spoke about it from another angle and another field where they talked about the purposes and reasons for which the definition is.Each science has its own terminology that helps to control and codify it, and these terms are not a product of science itself, but rather a manifestation of the semantic development of the word, so the word "term" comes to rise in a new meaning that carries with it previous connotations that it passed through in its long history. The term “definition” has moved from grammar to rhetoric with its wording and connotation. Rhetoric scholars have benefited from these meanings and employed them in a way that serves their study of the rhetorical issues related to them. It is noticed that the term “definition” is more common in rhetoric books than in grammar books because the definition is related to the discursive and rhetoric more. Adhesion to the addressee of grammar.The issue of definition has received great attention among rhetoricians, as there is hardly a book on rhetoric in the past or recent, and this issue began like other issues of rhetoric that are not codified or disciplined, and they are only fragments here and there, and the ruling on them is due to good character and good taste, as we see when Al-Jarjani in his evidence, and Al-Zamakhshari in his interpretation. After that, I took this matter with discipline and constraint, so it was specific rules and matters of order, and this codification began since al-Sakaki in the Book of Muftah, where the third part of it was devoted to the sciences of rhetoric, then came al-Qazwini and summarized the third part of al-Muftah and refined it in the book of summary, then put an explanation for this The summary is in the book of clarification, and the matter continued for those who followed it between an explanation, a summary and a regulator of this art through the key, its summarization, and the clarification of the summary.The rhetoricians dealt with this issue within the science of meanings when talking about the conditions of the predicate to it and the musnad, and they began with the predicate to it, dealing with its definition first and then denying it, unlike the grammarians who used to deny it because it is their original and then the definition because it is a branch of denial, and it seems that the rhetoricians started talking about the definition because the original In the Musnad to be knowledge, then they dealt with the Musnad speaking about its denial and its definition. In light of the purposes contained in Surat Al-Makkma, we will stand before some of the definition contained in it, to reveal the secrets of its expression, committed to the opinions of scholars. To achieve this goal, we relied on the analytical-descriptive method. That is why we enumerated this phenomenon and clarified its aesthetics throughout the surah, and we mentioned the wonderful meanings of it in some verses, such as glorification, reprimand, brevity, brevity, bashing the addressee and ...

Communication is the process of knowingly or unconsciously, intentionally or unintentionally, through which feelings and opinions are expressed in the form of verbal or nonverbal messages. In nonverbal communication the element of speech is not involved in message transmission and in most cases the effect of nonverbal communication is higher than verbal. This type of relationship has different types that are sometimes played by different organs of the body. The use of body language, and especially the language of gaze, has always been important among humans. The importance of this in contemporary poetry is twofold. Has that been true in classical poetry? This article aims to explain the language of gaze in classical Persian and Arabic poetry based on the American school of comparative literature and using a descriptive-analytic method. The findings of this study indicate that whenever looking at a "talking" bed, the message is wisely conveyed while it contains a coded and sign language.

The kind of speeches and letters used in the manner of evocation case in each language represent some of the beauties of that language, each of which is used to express the feelings of the speaker. For this reason, rhetoricians and scholars who study various beauties in different rhetorical texts and books treat evocation case as one of these aesthetics. The present article aims to explain evocation case exegesis and meanings in the poetry of Hafez and Ibn Farez using the content analysis method and by applying the method of content analysis based on the comparative literature of the American school. Findings indicate that they first attract the attention of the audience with the use of evocation case and then with the help of motivational statements (affirmative, informational, questioning, obligatory, conditional, and deterrent) that follow the evocation case. , Conveying the message and motivation of the audience; since the postevocational sentences usually carry an important message from the speaker, the two poets exhort the role of language in such sentences that are more in mystical themes, They express their purpose.

The style of conversation has been used as one of the most prominent modes of expression and a wise method for communicating and inviting people in Islam and its propaganda. Each conversation- as a linguistic composition- has rhetorical, lexical and style features and secrets that need to be analyzed. One example of these conversations is the father-child conversation. Their literary and rhetorical styles are such beauties that they have both constructive educational effects and have valuable literary-rhetorical ideas and patterns.

 The purpose of  this essay is providing a beautiful reading of the dialogue between father and child in Quran.

The present study is a qualitative study using analytical-descriptive method based on inferential method.

It indicates that theological issues have been expressed in the conversations with the use of theology and the anatomical issues with the wisdom style and the obscene acts with the metaphor and the resurrection and the problem of the resurrection with the metaphorical language and sometimes the inquisitive style.

In the Quranic dialogues, generally speaking, children spoke to their fathers with the view of bowing down and preserving the dignity of their father, which is ethical, and thus being infidels. All are evident, which can be highlighted as a role model in society. In cases where the fathers addressed their children, the rhetoric expressing affection and affection would flow into the language, even though the child was misguided.

The colors and colors of things are the sensory manifestations that cause tension in the nerves and the movement of emotions. They are sensual stimuli whose effect varies in people. But it is known that the poet – as a child – loves these colors and shapes, and loves to play them, but it is not just play, but a game that requires the need to discover the image first, and then stimulate the reader or the receiver. Hair then grows and grows in the arms of colors, whether seen or imagined in mind. It is for the reader a way to evoke these shapes and colors in a special format and in a certain indication. If we refer to the signs of color in Arabic, we recall that it is deeply rooted, and keep abreast of Arab life with all its heritage and rituals. This is an art expressed by the ancient artists and the importance of research in enriching the library rhetorical, deepening the study of this primitive art, and shed light on what reached in the poetry of Mahmoud Mahmoud. The results show that the main semantic production in Haider's experiment was five colors: black, red, green, white, and Asmar. This research was based on the descriptive analysis method, in order to answer this question: What is the role of the stigmatization phenomenon in Haydar Mahmoud's poetry?

Today poems, not as a personal interest, but as a tool to instill a culture that sometimes faulty thinking or amend a particular trend in society, and everyone knows its importance. The precursors of gender equality have used this tool according to their conditions and positions to define their demands. Simin Behbahani and Saad al-Sabah are two contemporary poets who used this tool to draw a picture of a man in their poems. This research is used descriptive analysis comparative study of the man as the other gender in the poems of these two poets. Findings show that these two poets or their poems are true pictures of contemporary man, they have tried to depict two cursed and praised views of them. Simin Behbahani and Saad complained against men and the bad conditions of women resulting of incorrect behaviors of men in order to provide the equal rights for women. Besides, they exalted their husbands.

From the philosopher's point of view, one's cognition can not be achieved solely through the study of the personality aspects of a person, but it is necessary to include other areas, including communication with other human beings, that the concept of »me» and »another or other Buddhism »was raised in philosophy. This concept was introduced by Bakhtin from philosophy into literature. In the literature, he was instrumental in discussing topics such as dialogue, dialogue, etc. in revising past texts. Nahj al-Balaghah is one of those texts that, incidentally, has a great deal of dialogue with. In other words, the main part of the Nahj al-Balaghah is the discussion of the Imam with the people that has been answered in response to a question, in response to something, etc., all of which are in the direction of the listener's conceptual horizon. The findings of this research indicate that the other is for Imam, various groups of people, such as close relatives, rulers, hypocrites, enemies, etc. From Imam's position towards each of them, I am the transcendent Imam for the singer and the reader. . Is the main question now that another or another formulation has been revealed in the words of the Imam? To answer this question, a descriptive analytic method has been used based on documentary study and content analysis has been used in data analysis.

Since the poets have tasted the suffering of the prison, they wrote poetries about the prison, and this type of poetry received the name "Habssiyeh". "Habssiyeh or a poet about prison is a kind of lyric poetry that most of its components are about complaints and the preson,s present situation. As Habssiyeh is a kind of poem that is clear and simple, it originates from an overwrought and wounded feeling. The bitter and sad moments and heartfelt scenes of the life of a helpless poet in the deadly silence of the prison, which is presented in the form of words and phrases, and when some sections of prose  are depicted in the absence of current known rhythm. But in a simpleand clear manner, the upheaval , anger and grief, allows the speaker to speak clearly. Therefore, the style of the expression of the prison is generally fluent, clear and far from arbitrary and arbitrary "(Zafari, 2009: 23-24). The prison and its related issues are one of the most important basic  parts of the prison system. The poets have also talked about it in various aspects: they sometimes said about the cause of imprisonment, and sometimes described the prison as a place, and often they explained  their views on prisons. Some  poets also described prison constraints, jailer's mistreatment, difficulty and pressure, and the chains, the suffering of torture, the racket of clothes, the lack of broadness (darkness, pollution, bad food, timelessness and being the same  of night and day, and year and month, coldness and warmth, etc.) Prison and aging and disability, night blindness and other illnesses, redness of tears, confiscation of property, poverty, conflict and incompatibility of fortune and time, incomplete knowledge and Lord of grace and the most painful of all, the loneliness and disrespect for friends and people, and usually these complaints are accompanied by a description of the same issues (ibid., 19) Bahar and Safi are two great contemporary poets, and both have received imprisonment for their political thoughts. Concurrence and even coexistence, having a rogue spirit and a critical look at the issues of their country are among the other common subjects of these two poets. Although Safi had lived in Iran for many years, He had many  meetings with Bahar, but this article does not seek to examine the impact between the two in poetry, it is only a comparative study of these two poets' issues and the explanation of the issues. It deals with analytical descriptive methods. In the present study, the following questions have been asked to explain: What are the common issues of Bahar and Safi poems about prison? The purpose of the present paper is to provide a true picture of the concept of prison and its related issues in Bahar and Safi poetries, as well as the comparative explanation of their commonalities. comparing Bahar and Safi views about the prison and imprisoned matters, as well as examining the common views of the two poets, as well as the similar social and political situation in Iran and Iraq, show the necessity of this research. This research has been written with a descriptive analytical method that the theoretical foundations of the research are based on comparative literature and the statistical society is poems written by Bahar and Safi Najafi. The methodology is that after reviewing the biographies of both poets, their views on the issues related to the prison are mentioned and analyzed by bringing examples of the poems of both poets. Comparative  literature is one of the most innovative and fascinating literary approaches that has attracted the attention of many scholars today. An international perspective on the literature is the origin of this thinking. "It is easy to find common factors between the two literature, because, along with finding literary intermediaries, the aspects of differentiation and similarity between them are clarified, but the French school did not answer this important question. If between the two literaries , it was found that there is no historical relationship with each other, how should this similarity be assessed, and where is the position of such cases in comparative research? "(Jamal al-Din, 2010: 20). In the American school that is intended in this essay, the criterion of  comparison in two works is nationality and culture, not merely language. For this reason, problems can be a good topic for comparative studies. Habsiyyeh is one of the types of poetry that most of its components are complaints and person,s present situation. This kind of poetry is an expression of sadness and endless grief that has been imprisoned in prison. Some of the poets who have been imprisoned have also dedicated a section to their prisons, among the topics of their poetry. This topic is well reflected in the old and new Persian and Arabic literature. Bahar and Safi in the contemporary era are two outstanding examples in this field. The social and political conditions of these two poets necessarily linked them to political issues. That's why both of them were imprisoned by the rulers of time and tasted the suffering of imprisonment. In their poems, they have depicted common themes such as the cause of being stripped down, describing prison clauses, describing prison guards, patience, tolerance, or apology in their poems. This type of poem can show the characters and thoughts of these two poets for the reader.    Habsiyyeh is a collection of poetry topics that have long been known in Persian and Arabic poetry. However, this recognition has varied throughout the different periods, but, given the many commonalities between Arabic and Persian, they share the same themes in this kind of poetry. These common themes are also apparent in terms of social and political conditions and libertarian tendencies in Bahar and Safi poetry. Indeed, the poetics of both poets provide a clear picture of their conditions in prison. The capture and imprisonment events have led both poets to describe the prison and their inner states, and how their confrontation with the prison the audience has an offer. On the other hand, the prison has not been able to negatively influence the poet's poetry feeling and put them into recession, even some  parts of their most poems are about prison. These sections shows the character of both poets and the editor of the poetry are the insistence of the two on their resolve and their intentions, and even the prison did not stop them from freedom and liberating. In addition to these similarities, some differences can be observed, including the fact that most of Bahar habits are about the prison itself and its description, while the smoothness of the matter involves more sub-topics. Bahar also cautioned in many issues and events with rulers of his time and even made an apology, but Safi did not do it and never gave up.

Exaggeration received more attention of poets from the time of poem reciting and for this reason many poets and litterateur considered it. But Ibn _ Ghutaibeh was the first person who has used this style. This method has another names which are exaggeration, hyperbole and magnification. But some poets accept it and some of them reject it. Some of them say that this style causes discourse beautification and some poets says that exaggeration is the reason of poet,s inability. This article investigates the history of this style and its relations with another rhetoric methods and the findings of this article explains that although it has another expressions among poets but all of them consider it with the same concept. Also it became clear that this style increases the beauty of works with another styles such as similarity, metaphor, irony, prolixity and shortness. These styles not only cause the beautification but also they have important roles in the meaning denotation.

Exaggeration received more attention of poets from the time of poem reciting and for this reason many poets and litterateur considered it. But Ibn _ Ghutaibeh was the first person who has used this style. This method has another names which are exaggeration, hyperbole and magnification. But some poets accept it and some of them reject it. Some of them say that this style causes discourse beautification and some poets says that exaggeration is the reason of poet,s inability. This article investigates the history of this style and its relations with another rhetoric methods and the findings of this article explains that although it has another expressions among poets but all of them consider it with the same concept. Also it became clear that this style increases the beauty of works with another styles such as similarity, metaphor, irony, prolixity and shortness. These styles not only cause the beautification but also they have important roles in the meaning denotation.

Literary criticism in Arab world has been followed through different methodologies by critics up to the present time. Every critic, from the ancients to coevals, has started his new plan in this subject. However, contemporary literary criticism has been influenced by western literary criticism in its formation and schools. Taha Hossein was one of the people who contributed a lot to the transition of the knowledge of new western literary criticism to Arab world .It should be mentioned that he didn’t believe in the way of one critic school and method as a whole, instead he used an assimilation of all methods in his critic style. In one of his most important works is Hadis -ol- Arbea, which is a collection of some articles about poets and Arabic literary texts, he has analyzed a literary work by considering the historical and social context in the formation of poet’s thoughts and has used different styles such as oral methods and the style of imaginary discourse and audience to draw the audience’s attention. The basis of these methods is speech and dialogue. This research tries to explain his work’s methodology by using descriptive- analytic approach.

Contemporary poetry Arab is decorated with use of a variety of intertextuality historical and religious intertextuality Mohammad Ibn Abdul Motaleb is one of the contemporary poets that intertextuality Quran style is reflected in his poetry. The purpose of present paper is explore and analyze of this type of intertextuality in poetry of this poet to answer the question of why the poet is benefited from Quranic intertextuality in his poems and use of this Quranic intertextuality affected by what is?
Mohammad Ibn Abdul Motaleb training in a religious family, study in traditional training centers, Darul Uloom and Al-Azhar, active presence in Islamist traditional circles and companion with Islamistic friends, all led to he interested in Islamic-Arabic culture.
Pre-religious understanding and insight led Ibn Abdul Motalleb religious view cast shadow on the his whole court, and as well as benefit from Quranic intertextuality over from other type intertextualit.
Islamic-Arabic culture fans activities extension after 1927 led to most Quranic intertextuality of odes poet devote to religious themes.

The early twentieth century was a special era for Arabs. Because Arab countries still did not get rid of the Ottoman tyranny and at the same time، they were caught in a foreign colonization and became foreigner’s protégé. Among these countries، Iraq was of particular importance، so it was noticed by Britain colonial government. After that، some revolutions and movements were formed in the country and the protests escalated. Iran، however، had different situation. Although Iran was not a colony، colonizers had extra authority on it، because of its especial strategic situation and underground reserves and also neighboring former Soviet. The colonization of these lands made Muslims to protest against their cruelness. Different groups of people، ranging from politicians to intellectuals، reacted against them. At this time، some noble poets، especially Bahar and Safi Najafi، fight with colonization، using pens and poets as their weapons. In this paper، we used context analysis approach to investigate their methods in fighting colonization.

Persian cultural texts and Iranian poets’ novels and poetries are our great scientific and cultural treasures that are inheritances incorruptible and undefiled. It can be a great backing for our scientific progress and development. Researches about these treasures, protect us from the lack of historical and cultural recognition of ourselves and it can be a good motivation for establishing the basis of a civilization that Iranians had 1000 years ago and the impression of this civilization is seen in the beyond of history and all sciences. Now the main questions are:Have diseases and their common remedies been explained in literary sources which are the mirror of their time?and how is the relationship between literary sources and medicine? This article explains those medical idioms which are used not only in diseases but also in the ways of remedies in Kharazmshahi,s book and these idioms have been reflected in the poems of Molavi. in this research,it has been suggested some diseases such as smallpox, ascites, cardinal humors, intermittent fever, hotness, frisson, delirium, cholera, recurrence of disease and remedies such as antidote, collyrium, venesection and bloodlet. The purpose is making acquainted with diseases and common traditional remedies in the period of Molavi. To answer these questions and the confirmation of these subjects which are very important in Masnavi, we have used the analytical-descriptive method and all contexts and information in this research have been analyzied. Molavi, on the basis of his relative awareness and experiences about suffering from diseases and taking drugs,has applied some medical concepts and idioms such as kinds of temperaments and their relations with diseases, examining diseases signs, remeding them according to the temperaments,common remedies for fevers, digestive diseases, nerves diseases such as love-sickness and using venesection for curing types of diseases in his poems.Especially, he has applied some concepts such as drug and pain for describing things and explaining opposition and contrast.

If poetry is to serve the public good، and it lead sit to the moral utopia of faith in God، it will be undoubtedly authentic from the viewpoint of Islam; and the Qur''an، the Prophet (pbuh) and the Ahlul Bayt (AS) also support such a poetry. However، with adherence to the traditions of Islam and the Holy Prophet (SAW)، the poem is used as an effective weapon in defense of the moral and religious principles، and to counter enemy attacks from the appearance of Islam till now. In this field، Bahar and Ahmed Safi، are clear examples that religious beliefs and doctrines of the faith has a clear manifestation in their poems. This paper attempts to investigate with content analysis the emergence of religious thoughts in these two poets’ poems.

Beit-ol-Hekmeh(the house of knowledge) was the first and the most important Islamic and cultural centers during Abbasid era and it was considered as a main factor in the development of translation movement in this era. In this movement there was a progress in the Islamic government and its relations with other countries was based on rule. From that era Muslims became famous in different scientific fields and Abbasid Khalifes’ encouragements caused that the importance of Beit-ol-Hekmeh increased and the translation movement became more advanced. In general Beit-ol-Hekmeh had an important role in translation movement and in the progress of another Arabic sciences in the literal and scientific fields such as philosophy, medicine, astronomy, mathematics and so on. This article tries to investigate how Beit-ol-Hekmeh was built, the origin of Translation movement and the effective factors on it, the effects of Beit-ol-Hekmeh in the growth of translation according to the library studies.