دکتر احمد اکبری

The aim of the present study is to design a smart leadership model for education managers. The research method is applicable according to its purpose, and its method is qualitative and of the type of content analysis. The statistical population includes 12 university professors and scientific research experts with a degree in public administration, as well as education managers and experts in Torbat Heydariyeh city, who were selected through purposive sampling dependent on the selection criteria, and the selection of samples continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview. The validity of the research data was examined and confirmed by returning to the participants and external auditors. The content analysis method and Atlas ti8 software were used to analyze the data. The results indicate that 4 organizing themes: pragmatic management, knowledge management, organizational management, and team management were identified and confirmed; and the results also showed that the elements of the smart leadership model for education managers are knowledge management, organizational management, team management, and pragmatic management.

Spouses of veterans indirectly suffer from the effects of war due to stress. They endure significant psychological pressures throughout their lives, highlighting the importance of spiritual self-protection in coping with life's challenges.

To examine how spirituality education affects the caregiving burden of spouses of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder.

This classical experimental study involved 30 participants, randomly assigned to intervention (15) and control (15) groups, conducted in 2023 among the wives of stress veterans after a wartime incident in Torbat Heydarieh city. The intervention group received six training sessions based on Mary White's self-care model, while the control group received standard counseling care. Data was collected through a self-reported care questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS 21, employing paired t-tests, independent t-tests, and ANOVA, with a significance level set at 0.05.

The covariance test, after accounting for the pre-test effect, revealed a significant difference )P=0.007, Eta=0.24(, indicating that 24% of the reduction in care burden can be attributed to spiritual self-care.
Discussion and

The results indicate that spiritual self-care can alleviate the care burden on veterans' wives. This effective, low-cost approach enhances the quality of care for spouses of veterans while reducing their overall burden.

Leadership as one of the important and influencing factors on organizations has been widely studied and researched. The degree of success of the organization in achieving the desired benefits, the amount of motivation and effort of the employees for the success of the organization, the extent of the influence of the organization in its interactive environment, and of course the effectiveness of the leadership, depends on the type and behavior of the leader. Due to the fact that schools usually have a weak external efficiency, their graduates are not able to attract the labor market and therefore they only look for the hope of getting employment by continuing their studies in universities. If business schools with effective leadership are established and developed in the country, the educational efficiency for the graduates will be improved at a significant level in order to enter the labor market and economic activities and job creation. In order to make educational activities entrepreneurial, school management should be reviewed from the perspective of leadership to make business education possible with the approach of entrepreneurship development. Identifying school management from two aspects of organization and learning management is necessary to implement school management with an entrepreneurial approach.The leadership of business schools with the approach of entrepreneurship development requires attention to both aspects in terms of management and leadership of education and improvement and management and promotion of the teaching-learning system, which has not been studied in this field based on the researcher's search. Considering that steps have been taken to create entrepreneurial schools in Iran, but we need more development in this field; So, we seek to combine this approach with business components in order to complete the creation of ideas and values and innovation with financial literacy and enter the business market based on the guidance and direction of the leader. Therefore, the main problem of the current research is what are the dimensions and components of leadership of business schools with the approach of entrepreneurship development in Iranian schools and what is the appropriate model for it?

Researches have been carried out either from the perspective of teaching-learning methods for the development of entrepreneurship education, or from the perspective of management and leadership style and their change, improvement and promotion in order to develop entrepreneurial schools and review the paradigm of educational leadership.

The study was carried out in a qualitative-synthesis method. The research environment included all domestic and foreign published articles in 2010-2023. Sampling was done in a targeted way until data saturation and in the first stage of 62 articles and finally 53 articles were continued. The tool for collecting information was printed and electronic documents available on reliable domestic and foreign sites. Four methods of credibility, transferability, verifiability, and reliability were used for validity and validation of data. The method of data analysis was based on the classification system of open, organizing and comprehensive concepts. Based on the similarities and differences of the data, categories were made.4- RESULTS & DISCUSSIONIn general, the results showed that the leadership model of the business school with an approach to entrepreneurship development is based on ten dimensions in order of priority (entrepreneurial leadership, excellence-building leadership, collaborative leadership, activist leadership, curriculum leadership, strategic leadership, transformational leadership, brand-building leadership, futuristic leadership, knowledge management leadership) was established.

The skill training of students is dependent on the development of business schools with an entrepreneurial approach, and these schools need appropriate leadership to manage education. The purpose of this research was to design a business school leadership model with an entrepreneurial development approach. Based on the findings, identifying school management from two organizational aspects and learning management is necessary to implement school management with an entrepreneurial approach. This is despite the fact that some steps have been taken towards the establishment of business schools nationwide, but the evolution of the educational system requires more serious attention in this regard, to the extent that the number of business schools with an entrepreneurial approach for students in the regions spread in different countries. It should also be kept in mind that one of the most important characteristics of business schools is the presence of effective leadership in order to achieve the goals and vision of these schools.

The investigations conducted in the field of education and the studies published in this area have revealed the absence of a participatory guidance model based on psychological concepts in the education system.

The purpose of this research was to present a distributed leadership model in the education system of Mashhad.

The current research was conducted using an exploratory qualitative method and a qualitative content analysis method. Also, this research was a descriptive type that was applied. The statistical population of the research was the vice presidents and principals of Razavi Khorasan schools, who were sampled by purposive sampling. Using a semi-structured interview, the information needed to identify the dimensions and components of distributive leadership to the point of saturation, 27 samples were selected from among the researched population, and the information was collected and then using the Atlas TI software and the method.

Coding, data will be analyzed. Both library, field and interview methods have been used to collect data. The data collection tool was an in-depth interview. The results showed that five categories of factors are involved as important factors in distributed leadership in the education system of Mashhad. According to the identification of the factors, suggestions were presented, which hopefully, by doing them, the educational system of Mashhad and other provinces will expand their dynamics and achieve their goals and vision in line with the goals of the educational organization.

The current research was investigated with the aim of providing a distributed leadership model in the education system and it was found that five important categories of factors were identified in the model, which will be mentioned in the following.
The first category of factors was named as vision and mission, which included two subcategories titled as goals, method and acceptance of goals. The purpose of method objectives; Determining and setting clear and transparent goals; Determining goals appropriate to the conditions; setting challenging goals; setting achievable goals; Dividing macro goals into small and attainable goals; It was to prioritize goals.

Higher education as the highest educational level of the society is of considerable importance; Because it plays an essential role in the growth and development of society in various technological, scientific, cultural, economic, social and political dimensions. In this regard, paying attention to the social and political needs of students is one of the most important steps of higher education to achieve its educational goals. Because students are an important part of citizens in the field of political and social activities, and the educational system plays an essential role in socio-political developments. Islamic Azad University, as a large university in the country, which is responsible for educating a large number of students in the country, has many programs in the field of political education of students, therefore, in this research, we decided to identify the current state of political education among the students of Islamic Azad University.

Research questions: 

What is the current status of the political education curriculum in Islamic Azad University?

The results of the research show twenty-four core concepts and nine selected categories, which in the form of a paradigm model include educational disruption in the political education program as a core category and causal conditions (skill weakness, attitude weakness, environmental challenges), contextual factors (university management factors and environmentalcontextual factors), facilitating intervention conditions (professional training and development of professors, accessibility, support and foundation of the university), limiting intervention conditions (organizational, environmental challenges, political interference and individual and executive obstacles), strategies (renew the approach to curriculum planning, designing a strategic plan in the field of FAVA application, use of incentive policies and assigning responsibility) and consequences (failure to achieve the intended curriculum goals and improper acquisition of the political education curriculum) were organized.

The results of the research show twenty-one core concepts and eight selected categories, which in the form of a paradigm model include the neglect of vitality in school curricula as a core category and causal conditions (weakness of school management, Weakness in educational culture of schools,weakness in social relations of students), contextual factors (social-cultural factors, organizational factors and educational factors), facilitating intervention conditions (personal and individual factors, content attractiveness of textbooks, Paying attention to individual differences and qualitative evaluation), restrictive intervening conditions (individual challenges, cultural challenges and school challenges), strategies (students' interactions and communication, making the classroom atmosphere intimate by teachers, paying attention to active teaching methods, dynamism of the atmosphere physical) and the result (increasing depression and academic frustration) was organized.

According to the results, the participation of all interested groups should be considered in the design and development of the political education curriculum. Pay attention to the combined approach in the curriculum planning of political education instead of the separate approach; The implementation approaches of the political education curriculum should be modified and turned to the approaches that students practice in the field of political education. Attention should be paid to the training and retraining of political education curriculum implementers and influential factors (teachers) and more attention should be paid to extraordinary programs in the field of political education for
students.

One of the most important skills needed by today's society is the skill of questioning. Therefore, it is necessary to study this issue by designing a suitable model in the field of teaching questioning skills. Accordingly, the aim of the current research is to design a model for the development of communication skills in students based on the school context.

The current research was a mixed (quantitative-qualitative) study that was conducted in the qualitative part of the database theory and MaxQDA software was used for data analysis. The statistical population of the qualitative part included professors and experts in the fields of education management, questioning education, and children's education. The sampling method is of a targeted type, which reached saturation by conducting a total of 10 interviews with professors and experts in the fields of education management, questioning education, and children's education. After this stage, the little stage started. Descriptive research method was used in this section. The statistical population of the research in this section were education teachers of Neishabur city. Therefore, 413 questionnaires were selected based on available sampling method and Cochran's formula. Quantitative data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling. Confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis tests were used in PLS software.

In the qualitative section, nine main categories were identified as effective strategies, these strategies had 49 open codes. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated using content validity and construct validity as well as questionnaire validity. Its reliability was also confirmed with Cronbach's alpha, homogenous reliability and composite reliability. The results indicated the confirmation of the extractive model and qualitative components extracted in the previous step. Based on this, the effect of causal conditions and compulsive buying phenomenon was equal to 0.27, the effect of questioning skill phenomenon on strategies was equal to 0.324, and the effect of background components on strategies was equal to 0.258. The influence of strategies on outcomes is equal to 0.584. The influence of the interventionists on the results was equal to 0.113. The influence of interventionist control components on strategies was equal to 0.113. Also, the moderating rate of interventionist control variable in the relationship between strategies and outcomes was equal to -0.089. All relationships were significant according to their significance level.

It can be concluded that the questioning skills development model in the present study has good validity and reliability and it is suggested to be implemented as a trial and pilot.

The purpose of the current research is to design a model of skill-oriented education in schools based on the real needs of the society using data base theory. To answer this question, data-based theory research method was used with qualitative approach and MaxQDA software was used for data analysis. The sampling method was of a targeted type, which reached saturation by conducting a total of 10 interviews with professors and experts in the fields of education management and skill-based education. The results and findings of the research showed that the central phenomenon of skill-oriented education has three components that facilitate individual and social life; It is a value-creating skill and a human-building skill. Appropriate strategies to achieve skill-oriented education based on the real needs of society in six categories of correcting wrong government processes and all-round support of the government; all-round culture building in the society; strengthening and enriching skill-oriented human resources in society; change in education procedures and processes; A fundamental change in education policies and attracting the support of effective supplements took place. the consequences of the implementation of strategies in the four components of economic benefits; positive social and cultural consequences; Individual positive outcomes and educational outcomes were included.Key words: skill-oriented education, real expectations of society, value-creating skill, human-building skill

The purpose of the current research is to investigate the indicators and components of political education in books and curricula of higher education. The approach of the current research is qualitative and its method is research synthesis. The research community is all the articles (201 articles) that have been presented from 1389 to 1401 and 2015 to 2023 about political education indicators in books and curricula of higher education. The sample of the research is 32 articles, which were selected based on thematic monitoring, theoretical data saturation, and purposefully. The research data were collected from the qualitative analysis of the studied articles. By analyzing the data, the dimensions of political education in academic books in 3 dimensions, 19 factors and 69 categories including the dimension of political knowledge (attention to the basics of political education, awareness of current issues, awareness of one's rights and others, awareness of political concepts - social, cultural knowledge and media literacy), the dimension of political vision (including the components of attention to identity and individual characteristics, having the spirit of cooperation and cooperation, work conscience, willingness to constructive competition, legalism and attention to national identity ) and the dimension of political action (including demanding and asserting rights, reasonable and logical decision-making, ability to reason, ability to participate and cooperate, safeguard national independence and freedom, ); were classified. The results showed that the political education of students has different dimensions that only paying attention to one dimension in academic books and curricula is not effective.

The religious literacy of teachers is one of the important indicators in the religious education of learners, therefore the purpose of the present study is to investigate the components of religious literacy of teachers.

The approach of the current research is qualitative and its method is a systematic review based on the model of Wright et al. (2007). The research community consists of 143 articles about the components of teachers' religious literacy that were presented in reputable scientific journals between 2011 and 2022. The research sample includes 30 articles that were purposefully collected and selected based on thematic data monitoring. The research data were collected from the qualitative analysis of the studied documents.

Based on data analysis, the components of teachers' religious literacy were classified into 4 axes and 56 factors. These axes include the cognitive-knowledge axis in religious education (including the specialized and professional factors of teachers in the field of religion and religious literacy), the emotional-attitudinal axis in religious education (including attitudinal factors in the field of religion and religious education), the procedural axis E- There is a strategy in religious education (including the teacher's procedural factors in the religious education of learners) and a communicative and interactive dimension in religious education (including the teacher's communication factors in the field of religion and his interactions in the field of religious issues).

According to the findings, it can be concluded that the religious literacy of teachers in the religious education of learners is dependent on various factors such as emotional and attitudinal, procedural, communicative and interactive dimensions in addition to cognitive and specialized indicators.

This study was conducted with the aim of presenting a transformational leadership model based on the supportive Leadership of directors and vice-presidents of Education. First, a survey method was used to identify the current situation and then a questionnaire was distributed among the statistical population to advance the research. The statistical population of the present study was composed of 431 research assistants of schools in Tabadakan district of Mashhad. According to Morgan's table, the sample size was determined as 205 people who were selected using stratified random sampling. The results of the evaluation of T-test values ​​showed that the observed correlation between the investigated components and the transformational leadership variable in the Tabadakan District Education Department of Mashhad is quite significant. Among the main components under investigation, the ideal characteristics component with a factor load of 0.94 has the most explanatory power in relation to the role of transformational leadership based on the supportive leadership of the directors and vice-presidents of education in the Tabadakan District of Mashhad.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of method. The statistical population in the qualitative section included all professors of educational sciences and management groups and senior staff managers of higher education institutions as well as managers and deputies of education in the seven districts of Mashhad. After designing the initial conceptual model based on the theoretical foundations and background of the present research and qualitative analysis; The dimensions and components of the model were sent to 20 experts, and the validity of each of the questions was measured and monitored in three different stages of Delphi. Therefore, the validity of the research instrument was assessed and evaluated as a formal validity according to the opinions of experts. Factor analysis was also used. Using pre-test data from a sample of 25 members, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to be greater than 0.8. Based on the findings of this study, the succession model has been identified in 4 dimensions of policy determination, volunteer evaluation, volunteer training and effectiveness evaluation. The relevant model consists of 9 components that have the greatest impact on succession.

In today's electronic age, taking e-learning courses allows people to use newer methods to improve their organizational performance compared to previous generations. The present study has been conducted with the aim of validating the job performance model of human resources in the light of e-learning in Bank Melli. The study adopts a survey research strategy and uses quantitative research method. The statistical population of the study was all 160 employees of Bank Melli in Mashhad, of whom 121 were selected as a statistical sample by simple random sampling strategy. The research tool includes a researcher-made questionnaire with 104 items. SPSS software and PLS software were used to analyze the data obtained in this research. The research results in the model include 4 categories and 11 components. The categories included educational elements of e-learning, human elements of elearning, job performance management process and finally the category of organizational job performance improvement. The results showed that the model has the necessary validity.

The present study was conducted with the aim of constructing and validating the competency model of strategic managers of the Welfare Organization. Consecutive exploratory research method (qualitative-quantitative) of the instrumentation type and research strategy is considered in the qualitative part, content analysis and in the quantitative part, survey. Participants in the qualitative section were 15 professors from the faculties of public management and human resources of Khorasan Razavi province who were selected by purposive and judgmental sampling method. Areas selected. The data collection tool in the qualitative part of the interview is semi-structured and in the quantitative part is a researcher-made questionnaire. The research questionnaire consists of 4 main components and 77 items that are adjusted based on a five-point Likert scale. The method of analysis of the interview data was the method of the network of topics and in the quantitative part of the confirmatory factor analysis test was selected using Smart pls 3 software. The findings of the qualitative section included 77 basic themes, 25 organizational themes and 4 comprehensive themes (individual competencies, organizational competencies, leadership competencies and strategic competencies). The results of confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha coefficients confirmed the validity and reliability of the model.

Presenting a structural-interpretive model of teachers' Personal excellenceThe aim of this study was to provide a structural-interpretive model of teachers' Personal excellence. This research is from the point of view of applied purpose and in terms of the type of mixed exploratory data (qualitative-quantitative) which is considered in the qualitative part, content analysis and in the quantitative part, survey. Participants in the qualitative section, 19 excellent managers and deputies and in the quantitative section, 15 faculty members of higher education institutions in Khorasan Razavi province were selected by purposive and judgmental sampling. The method of analyzing interview data is open, coded and selective coding using MAXQDA 2018 software and in the quantitative part of the structural-interpretive modeling approach using MICMAC analysis. The findings of the qualitative section included 134 open codes, 13 axial codes and a selective code. They have teachers in Personal excellence. The development of capabilities that shape Personal excellence can be a good ground for improving the quality of teacher performance and education excellence in playing a role as effectively as possible in the overall development of society, therefore for any program and action to evaluate and promote Personal excellence The key and basic role of these factors should be considered.

Psychological empowerment of Education and Training principals and the implementation of its related programs is one of the most important tools for creating transformation in educational system which can directly or indirectly increase productivity and human resource development. The scientific model of this paper is based on qualitative interviews with principals and education elites, and the sampling method was purposive and snowball sampling types. Eventually, by referring to experts, 18 qualitative interviews were conducted using Grounded Theory technique to identify psychological empowerment components in Mashhad Education and Training principals. The importance and necessity of every single component of the extracted psychological empowerment model was investigated. The research was analyzed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding. The results of the study indicated that the total number of nodes (non-repetitive codes) was 140 which were synthesized through conceptual similarities and 124 nodes (common codes) were extracted on the basis of the researchers' intuition and understanding of the subject. They were categorized as tree nodes considering their commonality in terms of the two main components of the structural and managerial approaches and the existing 10 sub-components. In the following pages, the main and sub-components of the psychological empowerment of school principals of Mashhad Education and Training Office have been expressed.

To create a learner-centered learning environment, teacher and students must add new dimensions to their traditional roles. This research was conducted qualitatively and with thematic analysis approach. To achieve the set goal, a structured interview was conducted with curriculum experts. The samples were selected in a purposeful manner based on specific criteria. Data analysis started from the first interview with MaxQDA software and coding was done after each interview. The data were analyzed by inductive thematic analysis. Finally, the findings from the interviews were compiled in the categories of basic, organizing and inclusive themes. Lincoln and Guba’s four criteria were used to increase scientific accuracy. The results of the research showed that the qualitative model of Layered Curriculum after validation with Fuzzy Delphi method has the dimensions of Design, Goal, Content, Method, Student, Learning Environment, Learning Tasks, Teacher and Evaluation.

The present study was carried out by identifying factors affecting the transformational leadership based on the supportive leadership of managers and deputies for hidden content analysis. The research method is qualitative and based on phenomenological theory. The semi-structured interview method was used to collect data. The statistical population of the study was all professors and experts in the transformational leadership, as well as executive managers and the development of the field of Mashhad. The sampling method was purposefully and snowball. In order to analyze the data, the initial, axial and selective coding process was used using MAXQDA18 male. The results showed that in analyzing the data using an open coding technique, 43 primary concepts were determined that by categorizing these concepts, individual considerations in 10 propositions, inspirational motivation in 5 propositions, mental perspulsions in 8 propositions, ideal behaviors 11 propositions and ideal features are located in 9 propositions and in the model. And with special attention to the categories and indicators, the development of transformational leadership can be developed.

Human resource training is one of the important goals in organizations, this is important due to the new approaches of education, such as virtual education, which provides the basis for increasing productivity in organizational training. On the one hand, knowledge management is considered as a new structure in organizational training models, hence the purpose of the current research is to examine the components of virtual education based on knowledge management. The current research was conducted with a qualitative approach and thematic analysis method. The statistical population includes all professors, teachers and managers of Mashhad city, who were selected through a purposeful criterion-based sampling. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 12 professors, 9 teachers and education workers, and 5 school principals in the holy city of Mashhad. In order to analyze the data, basic, organizing and comprehensive thematic method was used. Lincoln and Cuban criteria were used to ensure validity and reliability. They listed four criteria "credibility, transferability, reliability and verifiability" in order to evaluate the scientific accuracy of qualitative research. In terms of reliability, the participant control method was used. The results of the research show five overarching themes, including knowledge-based components (including such axes as application of knowledge, use of current knowledge, attention to digital literacy, application of knowledge, use of current knowledge and attention to digital literacy), managerial components. (attention to regulations, organizational commitment, attention to professional development, professional expertise of employees, research-oriented management and appropriate infrastructure), communicative and interactive components (including axes such as attention to learner interaction, extensive networking in In the direction of synergy, development of access to people and information and dissemination and exchange of knowledge), strategic components (attention to constructivism in education, attention to individual differences and potentials, attention to educational ethics, effective feedback and evaluation, and integration of education and research ) and structural components (accessibility, virtual education system, supporting educational platforms and using appropriate hardware). According to the findings of the research, it can be concluded that in the field of virtual education based on knowledge management, attention should be paid to the fields of knowledge in the organization, organizational management approach, communication indicators and organizational interactions, organizational education strategies and structure and fields. Education plays an important role. This important shows the role of two main dimensions, individual and organizational, in organizational training.

Promoting productivity in education not only contributes to socio-economic development but also through the training of efficient and creative human resources can lead to the development of the country. The main purpose of this study was to identify and rank the productivity indicators of The managers of Khorasan Razavi offices.

The present research interms of purpose is in research area and classification development and interms of how data collection is in exploratory mixed research group and was done in two qualitative and quantitative phases. The statistical population of the study in qualitative stage were professors and experts familiar with the topic of productivity 13 educational mangement professors were selected by theoretical sampling method. In the quantitative phases of research the statistical population were academic professors of educational mangement that 13 people were selected by census sampling method. In order to collect data the researcher was used from interview and researcher made questionnaire.

The research questionnaire consisted of 20 items and 4 components. To answer the first question was used from interview and thematic analysis method and also has been identified 4 major indicators (individual ‘ managerial ‘ organisational‘ environmental )and 20 categories. From shannon entropy analysis was used to rank indicators. And the results showed that the managerial category with 0.252 Significance factor had the most importance and environmental category with 0.248 significance factor had the least importance among indicators.

According to the findings of the study these four presented indicators are able to evaluate the productivity of the managers of education offices and they can consider these indicators.

Objective-wise, this research falls into the applied category, while a qualitative method has been used, and the model has been designed based on the Delphi method. The statistical population consisted of all educational and administration sciences professors, senior executives of higher education institutes, and deputy directors of the seven school districts in the city of Mashhad during the school year of 2017-2018. Having designed the initial conceptual model based on theoretical background and qualitative analysis, we sent the dimensions and components of the model to 20 well-informed individuals, and the validity of each question was assessed and surveyed in three different stages of the Delphi method. Moreover, after some recommended modifications were made in the questionnaire for this study based on the findings, the final draft of the questionnaire was prepared. Therefore, face validity has been the basis for the assessment of the validity of the research tool, for points of view of well-informed individuals have been used. Factor analysis has also been used. Using the data obtained from the pre-test for a sample consisting of 25 individuals, the Cronbach's alpha was calculated to be greater than 0.8, which indicates the high reliability of the research tool used. Based on the findings of this research, the competence model consists of four dimensions -- individual, communicative, organizational and professional -- and 32 components. Furthermore, the succession method consisted of four stages -- determining policies, assessing candidates, training candidates and evaluating their effectiveness -- and 9 components.