دکتر سیاوش صلواتیان

This study aimed to compare the causal effect of one of the interventions to fight fake news (sending correction messages) on Persian-speaking users who spread false news by investigating the level of their engagement with this message. The study method was experimental and based on a randomized field experiment. The population was targeted by X Persian-speaking users who published specific fake news. The study sample was 334 of these users who were randomly selected within the first 48 hours of the news release and randomly assigned to 3 experimental groups. The data of the study was extracted through the application program interface (API) of X and subjected to the analysis of binominal logistic regression and chi-square test. The implementation of the intervention was that after the preparation of a neutral account by the researcher, three types of corrective messages were sent to these users and their engagement with the corrective message was studied within 24 hours. The results showed that the message that contained only the truth was significantly more effective than the message that contained the truth vs. rumors (p<0.05). Also, the characteristics of the users did not affect their engagement with the corrective message. According to the existing research gap on the efficiency of different approaches, this study showed for the first time in the world that the approach of simply stating the truth is more effective. The results of this intervention can be applied in social media to fight fake news.

With the growth of the Internet, newspapers, as one of the oldest and most stable forms of the media, were challenged in adapting their business to environmental changes so that they saw a significant drop in circulation and advertisements. In Iran, Hamshahri daily, as an institution with a history and high circulation, has not yet been able to fully transform its traditional business model in accordance with the change of the media market and its platformization. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the business and environment of the Hamshahri Printing House. On this basis a semi-structured interview was conducted with 19 media experts and managers, as well as current and former managers and experts who were influential in developing the economic strategies and business model of Hamshahri Institution. Analysis of the interviews was also done by qualitative coding method and during two stages of open and axial coding. The matrix of internal and external factors of SWAT was used to summarize the findings. The findings show that the Hamshahri Institution has more weaknesses in the internal dimension of the business. In the dimension of the external business environment also, the Hamshahri Institution is facing more threats. Based on the intersection of the two dimensions of the internal and external environment, paradigm change strategies in the professional mission of Hamshahri Institution from a content supplier to a content value-added service provider and the need to invest in digital assets were proposed.

One of the most important things that can lead to the competitive advantage of the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) organization in the turbulent environment of media organizations is the formulation and implementation of strategy or strategic management. Identifying strategic risks and preparing actions for them can increase the probability of strategic management success in the IRIB organization and increase the competitiveness of this organization in the media sphere of the country and the world. The purpose of this study is to identify and present a model of strategic risks in the IRIB. In order to achieve the research goal, grounded theory (GT) method have been used. The data required for the research in the qualitative section were obtained through in-depth interviews with fourteen experts. These people have been purposefully selected from among the deputies, consultants, managers, and experts of the IRIB organization whose organizational position or duties are related to the category of strategy, as well as university professors who are familiar with the category of risk and strategy. Data were analyzed in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding using Atlas.ti software. Based on this, 115 concepts were identified and categorized in the form of seven risks including structural risks, knowledge risks, production risks, managerial risks, technical and technological risks, financial risks, and human resource risks.

With the development of the Internet, the use of social networks also increased rapidly and various content-based social platforms were widely used in Iran.Public international messengers and social networks inside Iran have remained unrivaled, and almost developed platforms have not been able to compete with foreign examples. However, the growth and success of specialized social networks (niches) that have been able to gain the trust of a section of the Iranian audience in the ecosystem of platforms developed inside Iran is significant.The main purpose of this study is to provide a model to describe the "growth of niche social networks in Iran." Since there is no model for the growth of social networks in general and niche networks in particular, the “Grounded Theory” has been used to design the model.Interviews were conducted with 18 social network activist including decision makers in this field, managers of media and social networks; social media index audience, university professors in the field of media and communications and the founders of specialized social platforms. The final model was extracted after open coding, axial coding and finally selective coding.The success of niche social networks in Iran was extracted as a central category and the causal, contextual, intervening, strategies and consequences of implementing strategies were expressed.

Due to the evolution of media technologies in the field of production and distribution of media products and services, user behavior has become an important element in shaping the ecosystem of video watching and downloading websites. In this regard, the current research is focused on the study of the video content consumption behavior of the users and has examined the communication pattern of the members of the ecosystem of Iranian video sites with the technique of social network analysis. The current research was conducted with a quantitative approach and social network analysis method and has 2 research phases: a) Sampling of Iranian video download and watch sites through web scraping method b) Visualization, community detection, and social network analysis of Iranian video watch and download websites. According to the research findings, the ecosystem of video downloading and watching websites in Iran includes 144 elements and 8 communities and includes communities of user-generated content, Video on Demand, legal purchase, legal reception, illegal reception, subtitles, and East Asian content. The legal downloading community is larger than other communities and is the most important community related to video downloading and watching websites. The present study showed that the audience's needs are influential in referring to the video platform and even in moving between the platforms, on the other hand, it can be argued that being an audience has found a searching state and the audience is moving between societies in search of satisfying their needs. According to the active audience theory, it has the ability to influence the media ecosystem through behavior.

Attention to economic dimensions is one of the most important factors for the success the field of art. The purpose of this study is strategically analysis of the economic status of higher art education in Iran with emphasis on postgraduate education and providing appropriate strategies.

Based on the status quo, the strategic issues in this area identified in 45 propositions and analyzed in the framework of the PESTEL strategic model. In order to prioritize the strategic issues system, a questionnaire provided to 30 specialists in strategic cultural, artistic, economic and higher education studies. After analyzing the responses, the Maxi-Max method used to prioritize the strategic issues system.

Finally, 11 strategies provided to realize the dynamic economics and sustainable development in higher education with emphasis on postgraduate education as following: 1. Institutional-functional independence of academic centers. 2. Effective interaction of university art centers with economic and industrial sectors. 3. Planning courses in university centers of art with the labor market. 4. Adopting a financing approach based on inbound economy of the university. 5. Informing about the functional importance of the entrepreneurship. 6. Use of new technologies in order to generate income. 7. Use of the existing capacities in the informal course of education and artistic skills. 8. Creating an innovative environment for entrepreneurship activities. 9. The establishment of higher education institutions and research centers of the economic arts and entrepreneurship. 10. The establishment of supportive and facilitating laws. 11. Standardization of Entrepreneurship in the laws of staff attracting

Facilitating the movement of university art centers from the current situation towards the University of Art Entrepreneurs requires the expansion of management structures and policy-making of the country as the main stakeholders of the higher education system.

Policy making is actually a type of content planning that is important for producing effective content in the media. But sometimes what we see in real is the large distance between the programs produced and ideas about the implementation of policies. Finding out this gap is necessary for the success of policies. Considering the position and role of the TV deputy in the management of television programs, the aim of this research is to identify the obstacles that hinder the successful implementation of media policies in this deputy of IRIB. This applied research was conducted by thematic analysis method during 15 semi-structured interviews with experts and experts in the field of media policy making. The data has been coded and analyzed in three stages of description, interpretation and integration using the MAXQDA qualitative data analysis software. Findings and Obstacles to the implementation of media policies in the tv deputy were categorized in four stages: "compilation", "information and persuasion", "implementation" and "monitoring and evaluation". The results showed that weakness in problem identification, policy formation, weakness in persuading executives, inappropriate policy distribution, financial and human issues, lack of coherent evaluation system, and lack of implementation guarantee are the obstacles to the implementation of media policies in tv deputy.

Along with the trends of digitization and globalization, media industries are facing a wide range of new ethical challenges due to their structures and functions. In addition to increasing the income and profits of shareholders, media organizations should act in the direction of public interest and develop social values such as social interactions, employment, public participation, collective awareness, and cultural identity. By understanding their social function and legitimizing their activities, media companies work in the face of a "good corporate citizen" through participation in corporate social responsibility activities.Social responsibility is a sign of the company's interaction with stakeholders, especially when dealing with products that involve the risk of consumer satisfaction and loyalty, which is the situation faced by the Internet service providers industry. The internet service provider industry has evolved to meet the communication and information needs of the digital world, and due to the multitude of stakeholders, there is intense competition between companies. Failure to act under society's expectations has negative consequences on their survival. If an organization violates its obligations to society, its survival will be threatened through the boycott of products and services.Corporate studies about the media and communication industries consider this industry to be one of the most dynamic industries in the world, where attention to the social responsibility of emerging media companies has increased. In this regard, the current research investigates the social responsibility strategies of the world's top internet service providers as media companies. These are known as leading media organizations in the field of social responsibility, and the present study seeks to understand the strategies of these companies in different dimensions of social responsibility.

Literature Review:

The selected research framework for evaluating social responsibility is the CSRH framework. This framework evaluates the social responsibility of organizations and businesses in the four dimensions of society, employees, environment, and governance.

The purpose of the research is to identify the social responsibility strategies of world-renowned Internet service providers based on the dimensions of the CSRHUB framework. The study was conducted using the directed content analysis method, the purpose of which is to expand the concept of the theory. The data was collected using the library method and based on the reports and information provided on the website of the internet service providers or related websites. The sample size of the research includes the top 10 Internet service provider companies, including France Telecom, Vodafone, MTS, Verizon, Turkcell, NTT, Zain, MTN, AT&T, and Singtel. According to the selected research method, structural qualitative coding was used in data analysis; Thus, based on the framework of CSRHUB, corporate social responsibility reports and strategies have been identified and classified in the four areas of governance, environment, employees, and society.

Based on the findings, Internet service provider companies defined various social responsibility strategies in different dimensions of governance, employees, society, and environment, which follow their organizational mission. “France Telecom” shifted the direction of its activities towards start-up collaborations and digital infrastructure development to take advantage of existing capacities to create value and empower stakeholders. In addition, in the governance dimension, privacy policies, transparency, business sustainability, and the development of codes of conduct for digital industries are defined in line with social responsibility. “Vodafone” pursues the vision of “creating communication for a better future”. Empowering women, giving customers access to the mobile phone network, improving skills for young people to prepare for the digital age, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are Vodafone's most important policies. “MTS” is committed to sustainable development and social responsibility. The company's strategic plans in the field of social responsibility include: improving the quality of digital life and community safety through the development of innovations and providing a wide range of modern technology services and creating conditions for sustainable development in business. "Verizon” prioritizes stakeholder engagement in the process of identifying and prioritizing environmental, social, and corporate governance issues. Empowering society, reducing the harmful effects of activities on the environment, and participating in activities with social benefits, are three approaches of Verizon in fulfilling the role of social responsibilities. “Turkcell” is moving from the “donation and help” strategy to the “joint value creation” approach. Paying attention to asylum seekers, providing non-profit and for-profit services, paying attention to educating young people and preparing them for professional activities in companies, and using social capacities to collect data and develop artificial intelligence capabilities are the corporate social responsibility strategies of Turkcell. “NTT” has set its strategies based on four broad approaches: governance based on ethics and protecting people's rights and accepting diversity of views, providing security for people's information and privacy, protecting the environment, and strengthening society. “Zain” considers himself committed to sustainable development goals and has outlined his socio-economic activities based on six foundations: Creating common value, Promoting social innovation, Facing climate change, Considering all aspects and stakeholders, Implementation of sustainable development programs, and Youth empowerment. “MTN” has defined the axis of its social activities in four areas: "Empowerment of communities through the development of educational services, Health and development of health centers, Development of enterprises and entrepreneurshipو and Local empowerment. “AT&T” has made attention to the environment, society, and diversity of human resources among its priorities. This company has defined many of its social responsibility activities in the direction of training and employing skilled workers. “Singtel” has focused its activities in the area of social responsibility on the empowerment of disabled people, along with the development of environmental activities and the development of academic activities.

The corporate social responsibility of Internet service providers is related to how they try to manage responsibly, design policies, protect the environment, develop their employees, and support programs and projects related to social development in society. The most important principle of social responsibility of internet service providers is creativity and adaptation (localization) of digital services and products to the social, environmental, economic, and cultural conditions of societies. Social responsibility activities of Internet service providers in different countries are followed and implemented in different ways in similar cases. In the definition of social responsibility, companies focus on the core of the business and also pay attention to all internal and external stakeholders according to the principle of inclusiveness of digital services. Finally, research studies related to the social responsibility of media industries are mainly about news organizations and the content dimension in these organizations. Investigating social responsibility in media industries in terms of business sustainability has received less attention from researchers; Thus, there is a need to pay more attention to business ethics along with professional ethics. The current research has investigated the social responsibility of digital media organizations by focusing on business sustainability. An issue that has a great impact on the legitimacy and reputation of internet service providers and has been paid more attention to by managers in recent years. The findings show which social responsibility strategies have been adopted and used by well-known Internet service providers.

Local media play an indispensable role in crisis management, including environmental crises. In our country, Khuzestan province has been facing a dust crisis for many years, but the local media have not performed well in this crisis. In this regard, this study was conducted with the aim of improving the performance of local media in the province in the face of a dust environmental crisis. Thus, the study was designed to achieve these solutions, and a semi-structured interview method was conducted to collect information. The statistical population of this study included experts in the field of media, crisis, and environment, and through targeted sampling, finally, 12 experts were selected and interviewed. By analyzing data through thematic analysis research method, 36 solutions in eight general categories including (human resources), (informing) & (policy-making), (educating) and (improving public participation), (demanding), (warning), (co-working and coordinating with authorities of crisis) were presented. By applying these strategies in local media planning, local media can improve their performance in environmental crises.

Every country prefers to be a producer and exporter in any industry rather than being a pure importer. Actually, it is not about preference, it is about social and economical necessity to cultural industries. The mobile gaming industry as one of the entertainment industries has grown economically as well as in popularity all over the world in the last ten years. It is economically and socially necessary for Iranian mobile gaming companies to enter the global market as well. For this aim at first, we need to identify and analyze its current state. In order to archive this goal 14 experts including policy makers, researchers, mobile gaming activists, managers and media managers were being interviewed in this qualitative content analysis research. After three coding steps, 21 themes about status of Iran gaming industry were extracted from 450 raw codes and analyzed by SWOT technique. As a conclusion, four fields of strengths (such as high capacity of internal market, low costs of production and learning, …), weaknesses (including human resource management, science management, investment, …), opportunities (such as being more powerful than the other local competitors, strong cultural relationships with other local countries, …) and threats (including hard competition in the global market, sanctions set against Iran economy, …) identified and analyzed by SWOT matrix. The government should take on the role of policy maker in the game industry and lead it to international markets in order to get rid of the single-product economy, in partnership with the private sector.

The accurate awareness of the users as the most vital need for media has always been a concern for communication researchers. Given the emergence of new media, traditional techniques no longer have the ability to meet this need, and the use of modern methods is essential in understanding users' behavior. This research used the Social Network Analysis (SNA) technique to investigate the user's behavior of VOD platforms. In this research, the site of Cinemamarket selected as the sample, and a dataset of its user’s purchases formed. Using Gephi software, the dataset visualized and the members clustered based on logical algorithms. By analyzing three detected communities, two different strategies were founded for the development of the users of this platform. Based on these strategies, platform managers can adapt their media policies to load new content on the platform and offer targeted content; as a result, they can meet their user's needs.

In the field of information and news broadcasting, the arrival and spread of social media and the variety of media platforms in the contemporary world has greatly reduced the audience’s dependency on national broadcasting for obtaining information and news. The present study examines how media convergence is among the most essential media strategies for broadcasting organizations (e.g. the “IRINN”) to adapt to the contemporary circumstances of the technology market and the needs of the audience. The present research has employed a qualitative method to conduct content analysis based on the in-depth interview tool and taking samples from three distinct statistical populations including the “IRIB” organization's managers and authorities, university professors, and active professionals in the field of media, and findings were coded and analyzed using the MAXQDA qualitative analysis software. Five main strategies were identified by analyzing the codes extracted from this study to help the news channel take advantage of media convergence potentials, including 1. Convergence in tools and media ownership, 2. Teaching and institutionalizing the culture of convergence, 3. Convergence in presenting the news to the audience, 4. Tactical convergence with other media environments, and 5. Structural convergence. Eventually, the execution approaches of each strategy were evaluated and analyzed.

Natural hazards have the potential to turn into destructive crises in the absence of comprehensive crisis management systems. Among the types of natural hazards of earthquakes, both psychologically and economically, the volume of destruction is at the top of natural disasters due to the speed of occurrence, relatively long return period and having secondary hazards. Iran is also one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world. However, in our country, there have always been serious concerns about the Tehran earthquake. Scientific research has also confirmed these concerns and confirmed that faults in Tehran and its suburbs up to a radius of 150 km from the city center, if activated, will cause a major earthquake in Tehran. However, what is important in the meantime is that in the face of a possible earthquake in Tehran, social resilience is not compromised so that the crisis management by the municipality of Tehran is possible in the best possible way. To increase social resilience, one of the basic requirements is organizational resilience of organizations involved in crisis management, especially news agencies, as the main arms of the crisis management commander. The main news agencies of the country, all of which focus on the city of Tehran, must themselves be resistant to a possible earthquake in Tehran in order to contribute to the social resilience of the city based on the correct information process in the event of an earthquake. Therefore, the present study conducted to assess the resilience of the main news agencies in the country against a possible earthquake in Tehran. In this study, the resilience of Mehr, IRNA, ISNA and Fars news agencies was examined based on the three dimensions of communication resilience, information resilience and structural-organizational resilience.

Foreign media companies have attracted the majority of the domestic market of social media in Iran. Despite imposed restriction on Telegram, it is considered as the main player in this field and domestic companies have not been able to compete in this area. Since the local messengers failed to compete with the foreign social media platforms even under supportive and regulatory policies by the government, it is crucial to pursue competitive market-based strategies and identify the factors affecting the entry of domestic media companies into this market. Consequently, it can lead to providing a comprehensive overview for businesses intending to enter this market. Although awareness of the present situation and identification of effective factors does not lead to the development of an entry or business model, it can prepare the ground for the formation of a perspective based on competitive strategies in this ecosystem for business managers. In this paper, the key factors influencing the entry of domestic media companies into the mobile phone messaging market have been identified based on Porter's five competitive-force model.

The present exploratory study was conducted using the content analysis method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 experts in different fields and managers of internal media. The purposeful sampling was applied and the theoretical saturation rule was used to determine the sample size. Qualitative analysis method and qualitative coding technique were used to analyze the data.

The research findings indicate that following factors are the most significant factors affecting the entry of Iranian media companies into the social media market: "transmission difficulty and technological adhesion", "poor quality of local messengers", "difficulty of providing capable manpower", "technical infrastructure problems", "wrong filtering method", "political outlook and destructive local competition", "lack of comparative advantage and appropriate development model", "strong global competitors", "lack of a comprehensive reference law in the field of media", and finally "media reputation problems".

Regarding the existing condition of the domestic media environment, the empowerment of the political perspective has caused various institutions to be interested in developing social media messengers. It has led to the increasing entry of new competitors into the market. However, these institutions have not succeeded in designing a proper business model based on the value chain of messengers.

The current research set out to identify and rank motivational factors that may reinforce talented individuals to work at the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting Company (IRIB) through Delphi Ranking. In the first stage of the study, a comprehensive interview was conducted with a purposive sample of 30 experts based on which 245 related factors were initially detected through qualitative coding method. Next, similar factors were eliminated leading to 64 unique factors which were subcategorized into three major categories.  The second and third stages of the study involved scrutinizing the five main factors in each category. Further, the identified factors were ranked and the calculation of the Kendall coefficient indicated a strong consensus among participating experts. Ultimately, three main factors were delineated including those influencing the occupational nature and space, the main factors governing organizational structure and those impacting remunerations, extra benefits and welfare facilities. Taking these factors into account can function as added incentive for the talented to cooperate with the IRIB that might be considered as a creative industry with human capital as the strongest predictor of its success.

The reputation of a news source in the media outlets is very important, and news agencies are in constant competition for good reputation. But so far, no specific model has been proposed to measure the brand value of news agencies. The purpose of this study is to provide a model for evaluating the brand equity of Iranian news agencies. We considered the David Aaker’s Brand Equity model as the basis for the development of this model and used the qualitative content analysis method to measure the value of news agencies. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 18 experts in the field of branding, news agencies and media branding, and were coded and interpreted using two inductive and deductive approaches using MaxQDA software. Findings of the study showed new measures such as "difficulty of access", "financial cost of access", "time cost" and "recommending others to use", "emotional relationship with the brand" and "reusing". To strengthen its brand, Iran must consider the factors affecting the brand equity and increase its bargaining power in the business market.

Because of their presence in a competitive and complex market, media organizations need to exploit all of their resources, especially intellectual capital, which brings sustainability and competitive advantage. The prerequisite for this is the identification of intellectual capital in the organization. Unlike tangible resources, IRIB does not provide a specific list for intangible and intellectual resources. So, in this study, we decided to identify the organization's intellectual resources.

This research was performed in three stages with a qualitative approach and using the Delphi ranking method. Participants were selected by the targeted sampling method, which included 27 people from two different groups; The first group consists of experienced managers and familiar with management at the highest levels of the organization The second group consists of experts and academics in the field of organizational and intellectual capital.

According to the research findings, the organization's intellectual capital includes manpower, archive, audience area, access to governance centers, Islamic culture, experience in crises, Radio and Television University, programmers, media coverage of the whole country and the history of Iran.

This study showed that the intellectual capital of the Radio and Television Organization is scattered in a range of communication, human and structural capital, and the efficiency and effectiveness of the Radio and Television Organization depend on the proper and appropriate use of these funds.

“Media Justice” has different definitions for media managers, activists & researchers. Regarding the scarce literature review in this field and the neglect of different aspects of media justice, the present research is opting to survey and explore the essence of Media Justice. The data of the research has been collected via semi-structured interviews with 24 experts and communication managers of this field. The Theme analysis method has been applied to analyze the data. The findings of the research include 5 approaches in defining Media justice. These approaches are as follows: Media Justice from the perspective of consumers & employees, sender-message-channel-receiver, and social equilibrium. The outcome of the research declares that the concept of Media Justice is in relation to the position of media in different social institutions, different functions of media for the audience, and how media is in reach of audience through a hardware & software mechanism.

Today, organizational resilience and its measurement is viewed as an organizational strategy. Nonetheless , our country‘s news agencies are not particularly keen to look at this strategic paradigm despite the existence of vast natural hazardsaround them, since there are no measurable indicators to manage their resileince regarding their differences with businessorganizations. Hence , this paper was carried out with the aim of providing resilience assessment indexes of iranian newsagencies in natural disasters and determining the importance of each of these indices using Delphi method. In the firstround of Delphi, 15 experts of the field were deeply interviwed to extract indices. As a result, extraction of 71 sub-indexes,14 indexes and 5 dimensions were based on two steps of coding: open and axial. BAsd on the extracted sub-indices, questionnaireswere developd for a second and third rounds Delphi to examine the consensus among experts on the “The Needfor Each Sub-Indicator” and “The Importance of Each of them”. The results showed the consensus of exprts on applying70 sub-indicators in the form of 14 indicators and 5 dimensions of “Communication Resilience”, “Information Resilience”,“Structural Resilience”, “Individual Resilience” and “Organizational-Technical” to assess the rsileince of our country’snews agencies in natural disasters. With a comprehnsive consideration of the organizational dimensions of Iranian newsagencis, these 70 sub-indexes have been proposed in such a way that they can address the resilience, simultaneous resilienceand retrospective resilience for news agencies in natural disasters.

Knowledge in media organizations exists in the creative mind of the human resource. Knowledge sharing in these organizations stops in the absence of supportive culture and system; Gamification is one of the new techniques that organizations use to enhance employees’ motivation and collaborative culture. The purpose of this research was to design a supportive-motivational system tailored to the needs of IRIB TV Employees to increase their participation in knowledge sharing. This study was done in two phases to identify the motivational needs of the TV staff to gamify the knowledge sharing process. To this end, in the first phase, we conducted a semi-structured interview with 15 staff members. The obtained data was analyzed using the thematic analysis method. In the second phase, the Delphi method was applied with the participation of 18 experts using a questionnaire. The components of the designed model for the gamified knowledge sharing system in the media organization are motivational needs, game mechanics, behavior, and knowledge sharing emotions. Motivational needs can be internal or external. Depending on the motivational needs, the users are categorized into four types: perfectionists, socializers, explorers, and combatants. The behaviors and emotions of knowledge sharing in the gamified system also are different for the knowledge provider and the knowledge recipient.