محمدجعفر چمنکار

During the Sassanid period, commercial activities with the Indian subcontinent, especially its coastal areas, were developed through the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. By capturing the key areas, the connection between the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea with the islands and ports of India was facilitated. The Sassanids built camps in the coastal areas of India and gradually Zoroastrian and Nestorian Christian immigrant merchants settled there. The sailors used to travel between the ports and islands of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea with India, loading and unloading goods. The purpose of this research is to examine the commercial relationship between the northern and southern shores of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman with the Indian subcontinent in the Sassanid period. Relying on the analytical descriptive research method and the library method and based on the study of documentary research, the author is trying to answer the question of how the process of economic links between these two important maritime areas was and what role it played in the mutual prosperity of these areas. In the end, it is concluded that a set of positive factors, including the policy of port city in the Persian Gulf, the formation of a powerful commercial and military fleet, the knowledge of sea routes and the land and sea occupation of the shores of the Indian Ocean by the Sassanids, led to the expansion of the mutual prosperity of commercial centers.

Security and Law Enforcement Measures of Reza Qoli Khan Nizam-ol-Saltaneh Mafi in Lorestan during the Qajar EraAbstract:Reza Qoli Khan Nizam-ol-Saltaneh Mafi was from the great Mafi family and from the "Bayrvand" tribe. Due to his important actions for the government, including the suppression of the "Bani Torf" tribe in Khuzestan after the removal of Salar-od-Dawlah from the government of Lorestan, Nizam-ol-Saltaneh was sent to Lorestan by the Qajar central government on three occasions to calm and subdue the Lor tribes. After entering this region, he took measures such as establishing order and peace, collecting arrears of taxes, fighting rebellious khans, clashing with constitutionalists, and establishing a gendarmerie department in Lorestan to prevent the phenomenon of rebellion and banditry. During his rule in Lorestan, he was appointed as the head of the national forces by the exiled government (national government in exile). In this research, using primary sources, including the archives of the National Documents Organization of Iran, and using a library method, the authors have tried to answer the question of what effect the security measures of Reza Qoli Khan, the anti-royalist, had on the Lorestan region by examining the actions of the anti-royalist regime in Lorestan during the Qajar period. In the end, it is concluded that despite the anger of the senior leaders of the tribes and tribes, his actions played an important role in establishing political and administrative centralization, establishing order and security, and economic prosperity in the region.

During the Parthian period (247 BCE – 224 CE), commercial hubs on the northern and southern coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman held particular significance due to their strategic geographical location and economic capacity. Charax, Apologos, Omana, Samahram, and Dibba were among the most important maritime trade centers in the regions north and south of the Strait of Hormuz. The objective of this paper is to examine the economic status of these centers under Arsacid rule. Using a descriptive-analytical research method based on library and documentary studies, the author seeks to answer the following questions: Which were the most prominent maritime trade hubs on the northern and southern coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman, and how did they play a role in regional and supra-regional commercial dynamics The conclusion drawn from this research is that the Arsacids, either directly or through their appointed agents, maintained control over these ports. Through these areas, they played a key role in shaping the region's economy and developing international trade relations.

Iran's nuclear program began in the 1950s/1330 AH with the approval of the establishment of the University of Tehran Atomic Center in the National Assembly. In November 1967, the 5 MW research reactor of the American AG Company was ready to operate at the Atomic Research Center of the University of Tehran. The Atomic Energy Organization of Iran began its work on July 15, 1353. After the establishment of this organization, negotiations began with various companies building nuclear power plants. After reviewing the proposals of the nuclear reactor manufacturers, the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran accepted the plan of the West German Kraftwerk Union company. As a result, it was decided to purchase two power plants with a capacity of 1200 MW each from this company, which were installed in Bushehr. What factors led to the tendency of the Pahlavi II government towards acquiring nuclear knowledge and facilitating access to its advanced and sensitive equipment In the end, it is concluded that a set of internal and external economic and military factors created the conditions for the Pahlavi II government to pursue and continue its nuclear program without encountering economic and technological problems and sabotage by global powers, and in line with cooperation with the Western world and America.

The Bushehr Bazaar is one of the oldest bazaars on the northern shores of the Persian Gulf. The history of this bazaar dates back to the founding of the Bushehr Port during the Afsharid period, and it further evolved during the Zandiyeh and Qajarid dynasties. During the Pahlavi era, the Bushehr Bazaar underwent numerous ups and downs. Although it had lost its past prosperity, it fell under the strong influence of the dominant discourse of modern Iran, to the extent that other institutions were influenced by it.The purpose of this article, with a focus on the Bushehr market during the Pahlavi era, is to shed light on the aspects and set of supervisory actions of the Pahlavi I government. At the same time, attention has been paid to the question of how the Pahlavi government controlled and supervised the Bushehr market. The Bushehr Iranology Foundation Archive and the National Documents Center and newspapers form the main basis of this research. Newspapers such as the Persian Gulf and Koshesh are among the sources used in this research. A descriptive-analytical approach has been used to advance the research question. These sources have provided new and fresh information about the research. Finally, it seems that in addition to being the center of gravity of commercial and economic activities during the Qajar and early Pahlavi periods, a variety of goods from around the world were offered in the Bushehr market and it was influenced by trade relations with India and the attention of European powers. With the rise of the Pahlavi I, the Persian Gulf commercial hub was transferred from Bushehr to Khorramshahr and Bandar Shahpur, but Bushehr still thrived. The Pahlavi government intensified its supervision of the market by creating new institutions such as the Municipality and the Finance Department, and tried to bring Bushehrs economy under its control. The governments policies on commodity smuggling, commodity pricing, combating overpricing and under-delivery, and addressing food shortages indicate an attempt to regulate the market and address peoples livelihood challenges. In times of crisis, such as the upheaval caused by the fall of the government in September 1941, which led to the collapse of Irans political and economic stability and had negative impacts on the Bushehr market, the government took immediate action, such as drafting by-laws and supervising guilds, to bring order to the chaotic market. They tried to meet peoples needs by importing items such as sugar and wheat. Meanwhile, the government carried out its supervisory activities through the Municipality, which was the driving force behind the Bushehr market. Therefore, in order to supervise the market, the government had to take important steps such as a series of deterrent actions to control commodity smuggling, price commodities in the market, regularly visit shops, census shops, address shortages such as food shortages, and confront hoarders and overpricers, organize active guilds in the market, and organize and prepare a charter for coffee houses, cookhouses, and barbershops.The Bushehr Chamber of Commerce also improved the situation by liberalizing monopolized goods such as sugar, sugar cubes, and tea. Commercial ships, and even English ships, docked at the Bushehr pier and unloaded their cargoes, which included sugar, wheat, and other essential items. This led to an increase in the flow of goods into the Bushehr market.The collective efforts of the municipality and market inspectors yielded positive results. Food shortages were largely addressed, and more items were made accessible to the public. Similar measures were taken to reduce the prices of other essential commodities. Despite these efforts, challenges persisted. A scarcity of bread and cereals led to public discontent. The shortage of rice also resulted in hoarding and economic strain on citizens. To address these issues, rice was imported from other cities, and rationing of sugar was implemented.The Bushehr Municipality and the Finance Administration, along with other institutions, made relentless efforts to improve the situation. Regular health inspections and supervision were part of these efforts. However, the market remained unstable, and complete satisfaction among the people was not achieved, but these same actions in the field of market services and its non-closure as the economic center and the beating heart of the city were achieved.

 With the outbreak of the First World War, due to its geopolitical situation and the establishment of Russian forces since 1909/1288 AD, Azerbaijan was unintentionally involved in the conflicts and wars between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Before the war, Ottomans had strengthened their positions against the Russians because Azerbaijan, especially the western corridor of Lake Urmia, was considered a strategic and suitable route Tsarist Russia to reach Mesopotamia and the warm waters of the Persian Gulf. In the spring of 1295 AH, the whole region was gradually occupied by the Russians, and the last attempt of the Ottomans to capture the positions of the Russians in the West of Azerbaijan under the title of Dillman (Salmas) war between Russia and the Ottomans in May 1295 AH led to the defeat of the Ottomans. At the same time as the Dillman War, the Assyrians and Ottoman Armenians revolted in Anatolia. The return of the Ottoman forces to Eastern Anatolia led to the suppression of the Ottoman rebel Armenians. The consequences of this war were mass migration of Ottoman Assyrians to western Azerbaijan, including Urmia and Salmas. This article, written based on Ottoman documents and Iranian sources on a descriptive-analytical basis, tries to answer these questions: what was the cause of this war and the process of the incident, and finally, what were the consequences of this war for Azerbaijan and Eastern Anatolia  It was concluded that following this war, the western region of Azerbaijan and eastern Anatolia were captured by the joint Russian-Armenian forces. The subsequent events led to various incidents and events for both Muslims and Christians in Azerbaijan and Eastern Anatolia. It is clear that both the Ottoman countries and Tsarist Russia sought to gain more wealth and power in this region without considering the interests of the Iranian people and their partiality with these groups was temporary and based on their short-term and long-term hidden and overt interests.

The Persian Gulf has been considered as a major commercial highway since the distant past until now. Archaeological documents and historical texts prove the claim that the nations of this region were very skilled in seafaring and maritime trade, and their maritime dominance and extensive world trade with the ancient ports of Indochina, the Red Sea, and the coast of East Africa is undeniable. In this research, an attempt has been made to examine the first maritime efforts of the civilizations located on the shores of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. Based on archaeological findings, the presence of merchant groups in the northern and southern regions of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea has been proven since the beginning of the 7th millennium BC. The history of these groups shows that over time they engaged in shipping, trade, fishing, pearl making, agriculture and other diverse economic professions. In the 3rd and 2nd millennium BC, there are more colorful evidences of these types of economic activities between the maritime and backport areas. In addition to economic exchanges, navigation among the seas led to the sharing of cultural affairs of different regions far away from the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman.

How Iran takes a position against the formation of the confederation of sheikhs in the south of the Persian Gulf (1968-1970)Abstract:Iran's regional policy in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea underwent deep transformations in the 1940s/60s as a result of a series of internal developments and international approaches. The withdrawal of British forces from the Persian Gulf region and the Oman Sea and the emergence of a power vacuum, the issue of Bahrain and the formation of the South Persian Gulf Sheikh Federation were among the most important events that Iran was challenging and confronting in various ways. At the end of this decade, the small emirates south of the Strait of Hormuz, whose foreign and defense policy was managed by England and lacked independent political and administrative focus, demanded the formation of a kind of confederation. Iran opposed the establishment of this confederation. The purpose of this article is to examine the reasons for the strong opposition of the second Pahlavi government to the formation of the Federation of Persian Gulf Sheikhs at this point in time. In the end, it is concluded that due to the presence of Bahrain in this union, which Tehran considered to be part of its sovereignty, Iran opposed it, because from Tehran's point of view, Bahrain was considered a part of the country of Iran, and it was naturally possible to join it arbitrarily. T

Iran's water borders in Khuzestan have always been one of the tensest and disputed areas with the Iraqi government. The purpose of writing this article is to analyze the cancellation of Arvand Roud border agreement by Iran in 1348/1969.

Analytical historical research method and Library research method were employed to conduct the present study. In a step-by-step process, an attempt was made to collect information after checking keywords, collecting sources, especially archival documents, taking notes and analyzing data.

In 1914, when Iraq was considered a part of the Ottoman Empire, the unjust border demarcation agreement was imposed on the weak Qajar government with an emphasis on Arvand Rud River. With the emergence of the first Pahlavi government, a new border agreement was concluded with the Iraqi government on 13 July 1937. However, the 1316 contract could not satisfy Iran's legal demand based on the Thalweg line. From the 1930s/1950s, the border disputes between the two countries increased, which reached their peak in the 1940s/1960s and led to the cancellation of the 1316 agreement by Iran in 1969.

It is concluded that a series of interconnected and complementary political, economic, military, legal factors, diplomatic links and international developments in the Middle East region caused the formation of the crisis, the continuation of tensions between Tehran and Baghdad, and ultimately the cancellation of this contract.

In the 1940s / 1960s, major changes appeared in the strategic area of the Persian Gulf, of which the withdrawal of British forces was one of the most important consequences. According to the new doctrine of England, the British bases were evacuated in the lands east of the Suez waterway, including the Persian Gulf, until 1971 AD. After the official announcement of this issue, the Western world, led by the United States, raised the issue of the power vacuum and expressed their concern about its possible unfortunate consequences. The Iranian government, which was in a superior position compared to other small emirates in the region, strongly supported the withdrawal of British forces. This issue became one of the basic principles of the foreign policy of the second Pahlavi government. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the reasons for Iran's stance against the issue of England's withdrawal from the Persian Gulf in the late 1940s/1960s.

The research method is the historical analysis using the library method, and it deals with how Iran confronts and challenges the new strategy of the London statesmen.

it is concluded that the second Pahlavi government was influenced by a set of internal factors and international approaches, in complete opposition to the continued presence of British military forces in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea.

The findings of the research show that the withdrawal of British forces from the maritime borders of the southern Persian Gulf and the acceptance of changes in these lines were forced and under the influence of regional and international factors.

The importance of the Persian Gulf Navy in the regional military and security arrangements of the Pahlavi period  Abstract:With the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty, the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea found a special place in Iran's domestic and international politics. This strategic water area had a strategic effect on the realization of Iran's political, economic and especially short-term and long-term military arrangements. With the promotion of the position of this region, the need for Iran to acquire a powerful navy became necessary. From the 1940s/1960s, in a gradual process, Iran had one of the most powerful military fleets in the Persian Gulf to the Indian Ocean. This force was considered to be an effective tool for implementing Iran's new security and defense policies in the Persian Gulf region and the Oman Sea.- Purpose The author tries to answer the following question by relying on first-hand sources:What role has the Iranian Navy played in the practical implementation of Iran's defense and security arrangements in the Persian Gulf region- Method and approach: the descriptive-analytical research method is based on the study of books, documents of numerous internal archives and various publications of Iran in the mentioned period.

During the first Pahlavi period, Iran's military and law enforcement organizations experienced several changes in organization, of three forces training and weapons. The security and military forces, as one of the most important pillars of Reza Shah, became the center of attention and reform during this period. After the coup d'etat of March 1921, in order to provide better information and communication with the military forces, the Ghoshoun journal was published under the direct supervision of Reza Shah and other officials, as the official organ of the Iranian army. The publication of this journal continued until the end of the first Pahlavi government and played an important role in informing about the issues and changes in the military and law enforcement structure of Iran. The method of this research is a historical analysis based on the study of data of law enforcement, military and various Iranian public newspapers in this period and its purpose is to study the changes in the police and military structure of Iran based on the contents of the official publication of the army, especially in the first years of power in which Reza Shah was the head of the army and then the Ministry of War. The study of Ghoshoun journal and various other sources shows that the first Pahlavi government has innovated and reformed in order to change the law enforcement and military structure of the country in various dimensions and layers, and reading Ghoshoun journal can provide new information about this part of contemporary Iranian history.

During World War II, the port of Bushehr was occupied During World War II, the port of Bushehr was occupied by the allies, like the rest of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea.‌ Throughout the war (1320-1324), Bushehr was the scene of a strong presence of English, Indian, and especially American agents.‌ The Allies aimed to send Soviet aid to all the military, economic infrastructure of the port.‌ The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of World War II on the port of Bushehr in a chronological process relying on largely unpublished archival records and public, economic publications.‌ And the locality of the time is.‌ The data set shows that despite the importance of Bushehr, the economic role of economists compared to previous periods, especially late Qajar and early Pahlavi move regressed show.‌ As the end of the war draws nearer, its negative consequences are more pronounced on Bushehr.‌ The adverse effects of several years after the end of World War II also affected the entire economic and social structure of Bushehr.‌ Accordingly, Bushehr suffered a lot of social and economic damage in the challenge with the presence of a large number of foreign elements, and the process of degrading its position was accelerated. In this article, the researcher has tried to answer the following question: How did the consequences of World War II in a time process affect the deterioration of the economic situation of Bushehr port In the end, it is concluded that the Second World War directly affected all aspects of domestic and foreign trade in Bushehr port and the resulting financial and social unrest, causing imbalances in various economic layers and severely weakening its position in Iran and the shores of the Persian Gulf.

The islands, ports, and hinterlands of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of ​​Oman maintained their privileged economic position during the first Pahlavi period. Most of Iran's maritime trade was carried out from various points of exit and entry of these regions. The purpose of this article is to study the economic developments of the coasts and post-coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of ​​Oman during the years 1304-1320 (1925-1941), with an emphasis on recognizing the causes and influential areas of regional growth. What were the factors affecting the process of economic developments in these regions in the first Pahlavi period The results show that the set of government performance in various areas of trade and infrastructure development activities, in the economic life of the coast and post-coastal than in previous periods - especially the late Qajar - had a great impact and caused a completely growing movement; However, some of these activities were part of long-term plans and did not show short-term or immediate effects.

During the Qajar Iran's southern ports and islands range Establishment merchants and multinational companies in the fields of export and import of Merchandise Iran and around the world are struggling to pay outstanding commercial areas in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. The purpose of this paper is to investigate this border during the Qajar era with an emphasis on statistics and the causes of regional development or lack of development is therefore the banks of the Persian Gulf, Oman Sea, despite many potential and Actually 'as a result of factors Multi-layer collapsed and related services, to the growth and development of domestic and social welfare according to its position in international interaction not new.Despite the widespread development of maritime trade in the Persian Gulf and Sea ofOman, the effect of an increase in social welfare and eradication of poverty in theislands and ports there.

Simultaneouswith expansion of the Sassanid Empire there was an gradual increase in the migration of Arabs from Arabia to Oman. During the interregnum and the ensuing weakness of the Sassanid Empire, from Shahpȗr Is death (272 A.D) to the ascend of Shahpȗr II (310 A.D), the invading hoards from the southern coasts of the Persian Gulf found new momentum in their attacks on the lands to the north of the Persian Gulf. Among the invading tribes those of Azd, Bani-tamim, Bekr-ibn-Vael, Hanzala, and Bani-taghallab were more notable. The Muslims conquest and the fall of the Sassanid Empire unraveled the political unity and Persian military and economic dominance over large swathes of southern and northern Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman which, in the short term, intensified Arabism and heightened the flow of migrant from Arabia and Yemen to Bahrain, Oman and ultimately Iran. The current research seeks to study the flow of migration and settlement of various Arab tribes from the fall of the Sassanid Empire to the dawn of the Islamic era. How did Arabs manage to migrate to the southern and southeastern swathes of Iran And, how did this bear upon the host communities It will be concluded that notwithstanding the strengthening of Arab presence in the Persian Gulf coasts and the Sea of Oman, as a result of these migration waves, the immigrants were absorbed and assimilated into the tradition, culture and Iranian society.

In 20 Muharram of the year 1060 AH / 22 January 1650, the movement against colonial domination ended one hundred and fifty years of Portuguese rule in Oman and the new founded dynasty of Al Yaarebeh in the shadow of the sea power and the weakness of the central governments, have intensified attacks and assaults to the coasts and islands and ports of Iran. Thus, confrontations between the two countries overshadowed the interactions and previous links. In 1744 A.D, Ahmed bin Saeed Abu Saeedi (1783- 1693 AD) with the title of Imam Ahmed bin Saeed was chosen to lead people. This Imamate and Leadership was the beginning of reign of Abu Saeedi's kings that in the 18th and 19th centuries was a vital element in the political, economic and military situation of the Persian Gulf. The confrontation of Imams of Yaareby dynasty and sultans of Muscat and Oman with the Iranian government and leasing of some of the islands and ports by them are important part of the history of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Examining how the sultans of Al Abu Saeed in the Oman region empowered, their invasions and the domination to the northern shipping lines of the Persian Gulf and the policy of Iranian ruling government in dealing with them is the main objective of this research. In the end the author of the present article hold the belief that the process, power, political and administration centralization and the amount of the Iranian role led it to a difficult challenge in the southern coast during 18-19th centuries A.D.

The relationships between Iran and its neighboring countries and great trans-regional powers have always been connected to each other. The place and significance of the Middle East, including the region of Persian Gulf, has resulted in a mutual influence between the events of this region and the great international changes in the world, particularly in the 20th century. These issues have subjected Iran’s foreign policy to some unique conditions, which in turn have been followed by certain reactions from the regional and non-regional beneficiaries. In addition, international relationships have always exposed Iran to a large body of challenges and threats and formed the basis of the country’s foreign policy. The present research, while briefly exploring the history of the changes related to Iran’s international policy by paying attention to its specific geographical location in the Persian Gulf, attempts to provide a relatively profound analysis of the events and elements that have formed Iran’s relationship with the countries of the Persian Gulf region, particularly after the victory of the Islamic Revolution. In doing do, the writers have taken into account the divergent and convergent national, regional, and international elements in such relationships.

Abazy Imams of Oman with religious conflicts، the formation of a government of national oriented symmetrically to begin their assault on the northern half of the Persian Gulf under Iranian sovereignty and Jane particular its subsidiaries were rulers of Hormuz and political ties. Abazy power of religious groups in the southern Persian Gulf and Sea of ​​Oman and challenge their violations of the islands and ports of Iran، one of the most distinctive and influential events، especially in the late Safavid period. In the reign of Shah Abbas II anti-colonial movement، the Omani domination yearebh Portuguese rule ended and a new series Al Yarbh Foundation in shades of sea power and the weakness of the central government، assaults and aggravated assaults reported to the beaches and islands and ports of Iran. Thus، interactions between the two countries and link to the previous interactions overshadowed. Examine how the power of foreign imams in Oman and weak and inefficient administration in dealing with their main goal of this research.

Possessing more than 200 tribes and clans, different racial groups and diverse religions, Sultanate of Oman encompasses a wide range of communities and cultures. This research seeks to study ethnic differences and resultant challenges as well as Muscat government’s policy in dealing with these social realities. On this basis, undertaking aseries of political, cultural, social and notably economic reforms, Sultanate of Oman has sought to reduce violence and centrifugal currents while establishing infrastructures of development. It intends to prevent the outbreak of what is known as the Arab Spring.

As the second Pahlavi’s government became consolidated, the grounds were gradually prepared for Iran to play a more important role in securing its boundaries in Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. Iran’s role in Persian Gulf zone in 1970s was developed and accelerated by a number of internal and external interrelated factors. The aim of this paper is to examine various factors causing the government to experience such a metamorphosis at the last decade of its existence. Having been influenced by such factors, Iran quickly turned into one of the military powers of the Region. In line with the hidden and explicit goals of the Washington statesmen and policies of the Iran Monarchy, the government of Iran embarked on a number of political and military actions in the Persian Gulf and beyond.