دکتر الهام ضابطیان طرقی

Environmental impact assessment is one of the main elements of environmental management, which can be used as a planning tool for managers, planners and decision makers, so that based on it, they can estimate the potential environmental effects caused by the implementation of construction projects. Identify the problems that appear and try to solve them by presenting different options. The nature and type of research is placed in the category of applied research; the research method in the first stage is descriptive and library and documentary study tools are used. Therefore, after studies of theoretical bases and definitions related to detailed plans and environmental impact assessment, as well as studies of domestic experiences and global experiences in decision-making and policies and planning of environmental impact assessment and Its role in urban plans, in the next stage, as an example, the detailed plan of the 22nd district of Tehran, considering the new and planned nature of this area and its ecological potential, was selected as a pilot sample and how to study The assessment of environmental effects in the current situation is reviewed in the framework of the detailed plan or other related studies in this area. Finally, the environmental impact assessment guide is presented in detailed plans. In this regard, firstly, the necessity of strategic evaluation of environmental effects at the macro level of urban studies is addressed, and then the evaluation structure in the framework of targeting, knowing the environment, determining the scope of the plan, thematic classification of the detailed plan and screening, evaluating the effects. Environmental in detailed plans with the help of assessment tools, summarizing assessments and considering alternative proposed options in the detailed urban plan, re-evaluation (alternative proposed options) in the detailed urban plan and finally monitoring and documentation. to be Also, at the same time, social and economic evaluation methods of environmental effects and evaluation tools including matrices, checklists and maps are introduced, and finally, institutional and organizational structure changes for implementation. The mentioned guide is provided.

Studies show that urban comprehensive plans in their current form and approach have not been able to promote the goals for which they have been established and have not been updated with new technologies and changes in the pattern of space consumption in content and method. Emphasizing the use of the best examples of global experiences in urban planning and modeling to achieve smart cities, this research tries to provide suggestions for changes in the traditional process of planning in order to achieve the smart cities program. The current research was conducted through multi-methods and qualitative studies. In the first stage, with the method of conceptualization and after reviewing the basics and available documents of planning smart cities in five selected countries, South Korea, India, America, China, and the Netherlands (which were selected based on criteria for usability in Iran). Comparative analysis tables have been prepared to evaluate goals and macro and micro programs. In the next stage, with a semi-structured interview method with a group of city managers, the community of academic experts, and consulting engineers preparing urban development plans, the pathology of the current situation and the understanding of priorities, needs, attitudes, and problems were carried out. Is. The sample size of the interviews for each group was ten people, and the results were saturated with this number. They were analyzed with the interpretative method and the relevant tables. Finally, according to the examples of successful global experiences, suggestions in the form of necessary documents, the process of submitting a smart city proposal, selecting a consultant, preparing, implementing, and monitoring it, and the necessary institutional structure in the form of special smart city plans in Iran have been presented.

Climatic changes such as floods and droughts and increasing urbanization and poor infrastructure create great challenges in the management of cities and realize vulnerability in different dimensions. Although four decades have passed since the preparation and implementation of urban plans, not much success has been achieved in practice. In this regard, the current research has been done by presenting a model to make local, urban and regional development plans more resilient.

By examining resilience indicators, factors and strategies to reduce flood losses were identified using the Delphi method and the expert elicitation considering the inputs of 16 experts, and included in local, urban and regional development plans, and finally a proposed model has been obtained that includes resilience for development plans.

Climate change, land use, considering the river’s boundaries and participation have been identified as four important indicators in the research. Also, fairness, productivity, creativity, organization, adaptability, agility, cooperation, connection, independence, predictive capacity, diversity, redundancy. coordination, resources, acceptability, stability, strength with four dimensions of resilience, to show the relationship between cities and resilience characteristics of a city.

The need to prepare a plan for the care and maintenance of the existing infrastructure with specific timing phases, establishing inter-organizational communication of various devices and organizations for cooperation and multilateralism in the protection programs of the cities, monitoring the good implementation of the laws related to the prohibition of conservation and focusing on public participation are among the main requirements of resilient-based planning of development projects in urban areas.

Housing and its related policies are important for every government. The rapid growth of urban population and the lack of space and environmental problems caused by large industries have implanted these industries outside city limits. Aiming at preserving their workforce and making them more comfortable with organizing institutional housing, these industries have adopted various policies for this purpose. The aim of this paper is to study the pathology of organizational housing location. To achieve this, the present study has analysed the planning of construction of residential houses for about 850 employees of Bandar Abbas Gas Condensate Refinery in the first phase and 1200 people in the second phase. Accordingly, residence satisfaction and quality of life environment were examined firstly, and then locating organizational houses with the same situation inside the city and its outside limits were investigated. Gas Condensate Refinery employees and their needs were identified and prioritized based on the priorities of the refinery management and the rate of importance coefficient using the Delphi method. Comparative studies of housing in both indoor and outdoor options have been performed qualitatively at first and then organizational accommodation options with AHP ranking model. Comparative economic studies are also presented in a separate section due to their slightly more accurate predictability. Finally, after the studies, the suggestions and classification of housing types in accordance with the housing and organizational audience and the proposed strategies for optimal accommodation of employees have been presented. The key finding of this study is that the establishment of organizational housing units near an industry will not necessarily be economically, socially or environmental successful compared to supply in central cities.

Color is an important element used in urban landscaping can highly affect the enhancement of the urban identity. Colorful landscape planning of a city, as a branch of the environmental psychology, follows, like colorful palette planning in the interior decoration of a building. Therefor certain specific rules and principles that have been neglected and not attended to appropriately. This research aims at identifying and evaluating citizens’ perception and their color preferences in the urban environment through their own participation and, therefore, effort has been made to analyze such preferences in a public urban environment (a section of Imam Hossein Square as an example) through the VEP (Visitor Employed Photography) method that obtains people’s opinions about their perceptions of the colorful landscapes. For this purpose, the evaluation variables were extracted and the related pictorial questionnaires were designed. The sample of this research, determined through the cluster sampling method, included three groups of residents, workers, and pedestrians. The qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out using the SPSS and Image Color Analyzer and the results were incorporated in the colorful landscape planning of the research site to reflect the citizens’ color preferences. Based on the conclusions derived, some suggestions are: (1) sequencing the urban spaces and perception of color combinations in each sequence using color analyzing software programs, (2) determining dominant colors in each sequence and the needs to add or reduce colors considering their harmony pattern, (3) determining the dominant role and performance of each urban space and the color palette fitting its function, (4) studying the city’s prevailing climate and extracting the principles required for better perception using a colored landscape, (5) determining the dominating audience of each space and studying their perception of the colors’ indicators, (6) obtaining the citizens’ opinions and preferences to plan the colored landscape in each sequence, and (7) presenting the proposed improvement plan of the colored landscape based on the reflections of the citizens’ preferences.

Most studies on thermal comfort in urban spaces have been focused on physical factors, while thermal adaptation is one of the most important factors in the perception of comfort. Up to now, in most studies on thermal comfort and adaptability of individuals with micro climatic conditions in urban public spaces or residential areas in Iran, just studies of physical and physiological factors and physical suggestions such as changes in the form of building, density, vegetation species, landscaping and land use planning have been conducted. Of course, there are some studies on thermal comfort perceived (not felt)and combination of physical and objective studies with mental, social and environmental psychological studies with a collaborative approach to the visitors to the space in some countries of the world; but the psychological variables studied (especially in the field of thermal adaptation) generally include the effects of the factors such as naturalness, expectation, experiences and time of exposure and perceived control on space. Although the mentioned variables have been not studied in the form of urban public spaces according to the climatic and cultural-demographic conditions of different regions in Iran in a comprehensive study, the main goal of the present study is the effect of the sense of place component on perceived thermal comfort and thermal adaptation of individuals which have been not considered in previous studies. By studying the relationship between the two concepts of thermal adaptation and sense of place, in order to promote the thermal comfort of the people in an urban space and generalize it to a variety of comfort conditions in a space, it is possible to decide better in the planning process to achieve the goals of an urban space. Since we will not have a space with a physical comfort, but without an adequate sense of place which encounters a lack of attraction of people compared to spaces that although the lack of comfort, but have enough sense of place. Therefore, expanding the concept of perception and its difference with feeling is one of the key goals of the present research. The hypothesis of the present study is that: "There is a direct relationship between thermal adaptation in order to reach thermal comfort and different levels of a sense of place in urban spaces. "The experimental model of this study has been extracted after conceptualization and explained by Delphi method and then, a questionnaire corresponding to each component of the model was developed by surveying in two urban spaces in Tehran city and filled out by 200 citizens presenting in the two places in cold season and then analyzed using statistical tests, including T-test, correlation and Beta. The results indicate that, it was also found that there is a direct correlation between the two variables of sense of place and individuals’ thermal adaptation in order to achieve the thermal comfort (the proof of the main research hypothesis). Finally, some strategies have been provided to improve the thermal adaptation and sense of place and to increase the mentioned correlation.

A public urban space is successful when it attracts the citizens. The climate and thermal comfort conditions are factors affecting the usage pattern of sidewalks in public urban spaces. In general, awareness of sensory information and understanding of their complex process is called perception. Psychological aspects and their impact on the evaluation of thermal comfort makes a different perception of thermal sensation. Adaptation is the most important psychological factor affecting thermal comfort perception. Thus, the present article tries to develop an empirical model based on the studies assessing thermal psychological adaptation that can be tested in the future researches on several urban spaces. The empirical model is constructed through a conceptualization process based on a study of the basics and successful experiences worldwide. The model’s accuracy was first improved through inquiring ideas from 27 experts in this field and, second, taking advantage of Delphi’s reciprocal method. In the next stage, the aspects, scales and the subscales in the empirical model were ranked based on analytic hierarchical method (AHP). Expert Choice was used to determine each scale’s weight relative to its counterpart. In fact, the empirical model was applied to evaluate the studied concept. The model has two parts: a part assessing sense of place and another part assessing the psychological adaptation of thermal comfort.
Based on the results, it can be argued that a model is necessary for blending the objective and subjective issues influencing the assessment of an individual’s adaptation for moving towards comfort in an urban space, because adaptation is a very important capability in enhancing the individuals’ presence in an urban space. Psychological reasons are the most important factors contributing to the adaptation enhancement. On the other hand, based on the studies conducted on the sense of place (that can be classified into various levels from alienation to devotion to place), such a sense can be effective in the creation of psychological adaptation that, in turn, is influential on the perceptions of comfort. Comfort is a multifaceted concept with many aspects that renders any research complicated. Thus, as an entry for such types of studies within the context of the urban design, this study attempts to concentrate only on one of its most important parts, i.e. thermal comfort. As it can be understood from a review of the global experiences in regard to thermal comfort perception, the thermal comfort perception and the thermal sense of individuals differ: the citizens can adapt themselves to the environmental comfort conditions for certain reasons (stemming from various levels of sense of place based on the findings of the current research), or, quite inversely, they could have lower adaptation threshold and leave the environment.
The empirical model designed for assessing the relationship between the sense of place and thermal psychological adaptation in an urban space consists of various levels that are influenced by the individual factors. Thus, making plans for managing citizens’ behaviors in the urban space is a factor more important than physical planning to enhance citizens’ perceived level of comfort.

The existence of sense of place in an urban space is one of the prerequisites of its durability. The studies conducted in the field of sense of place in urban spaces so far are general and qualitative and do not differentiate between various levels with different measurement indicators. The studies based on Shamaie’s sevenfold classification theory are even qualitative and have not specified the indicators for each level. Therefore, the procedure used in assessing sense of place in this study is innovative. In this research, an attempt was made to systematically assess the levels of sense of place in an urban space. Expanding the concept of sense of place in urban spaces and conceptualizing it in the form of an empirical model for the assessment of sense of place and its various levels based on the Shamaie’s sense of place theory are the key goals of this study. The main question addressed in this research is to see how activities affect people's sense of place in urban public spaces. The research methodology was originally of documentary type, the results of which are presented in a detailed table. Then, the empirical model of the research was extracted by means of conceptualization method and analyzed by Delphi method through consulting the experts. In the next step, using an inductive method and survey study in two urban spaces of Tehran (Imam Hossein Square and Imam Khomeini Square), a questionnaire, in line with the adjusted model, was completed by 400 of the present citizens and the data were analyzed by SPSS. The sense of place was measured using the Beta test. Through the correlation test, it was found that the sense of place increases with increasing gravity, and especially the diversity of activities, as well as moving away from compulsory activities to selective and in particular social ones. Finally, some strategies have been put forward to improve the sense of place in urban spaces based on the results of the study.

The success of a public urban space is in attraction of the citizens to itself. The climate conditions and the conditions of thermal comfort are factors affecting the usage pattern of pedestrians in public urban spaces. In general, awareness of sensory information and understanding of the complex process called the perception of them. Psychological aspects and its impact on the evaluation of thermal comfort make a different perception of thermal sensation. Adaptation is the most important psychological factors affecting thermal comfort perception. with the focus on functional factors, factors were evaluated in the case studies using inductive and deductive methods and survey studies. In the objective section, after collecting climate data required for urban areas studied and at different times of the day and in both the cold and warm seasons (January and July), analysis was performed. In the mental section, after extracting the studied variables such as personal characteristics, the reason and time of exposure, type and amount of activities, etc. the variables were assessed by observation, collaborative approachand using the views of pedestrians in the case studies. Then, a part of the results of questionnaire was analyzed in terms of causal relationships and correlation using SPSS software and another part was analyzed qualitatively. In order to prepare the questionnaire, some questions were set corresponding to each criterion. It was designed based on 5-option Likert scale. Reliability analysis and alpha coefficient were used to analyze the accuracy of the questions and to measure the level of appropriateness of the research tools. According to the Cochran formula, sample size was totally estimated 390 for both cold and warm seasons (the peak of cold and heat and lack of thermal comfort in Tehran Town) and both case studied. With the inclusion of some questionnaires with runtime errorsof thermal comfort and environmental psychology were asked to revise the questionnaire. 50 questionnaire were firstly considered as Pretest and then 150 questionnaires were filled out (that is, a total of 200 for the winter) and 200 other questionnaires were filled out in the summer. In the present study, case studies are two historical urban spaces located in the center of Tehran Town: Imam Khomeini (AS) Square) that named in this article’s analyzes as place 1) and Imam Hussain Square) that named in this article’s analyzes as place 2). Also, in Imam Hussain (AS) Square, there is a 17th Shahrivar walkway which is connected to the square and there is a Bab-e Homayun walkway in Imam Khomeini Square. Considering the emphasis on the conditions of thermal discomfort as the assumption of this research, two selected urban spaces were investigated during the times from 8:00 to 20:00 in the warmest and coldest days of the year. In present study, in summary, only 12:00 as the warmest day in summer (for Imam Khomeini Square) and 18:00 as the coldest day in winter (for Imam Hossein Square) were presented as a spatial examples and in the form of thermal comfort simulation maps. Because at these times, the intensity of heat and cold increases (due to the sun radiation). Also , In order to evaluate physical adaptation, the responses examined, in both warm and cold seasons, leaving the space in the later place is more compared to the former place. Since this factor is influenced by thermal adaption, it emphasizes the superiority of the former place on the second one in terms of thermal adaptation. It should be noted that in the first place where street restaurants exist, people have easy access to food and drink after a feeling of discomfort, but there are fewer such facilities in the second place. As a conclusion it should be noted that the main objective of present study is: to change urban planners’ perspective from prioritizing physical comfort (whether thermal comfort of its other types such as light, smell, visual comfort, etc.) to promoting psychological aspects of environment.

Color is one of the most important elements in urban landscape, which its intuition depends  on a variety of objective and subjective factors.  Color, in different situations, can affect psychological conditions of people and their quality  of life. The urban colorful landscape includes various sections of building facades, flooring, and  furniture as fixed and semi-permanent elements,  and the color of clothing and vehicles of citizens  as moving elements in space. Significance of  urban colorful landscape in Iran is due to neutrality of colors used in the buildings, in addition  to women’s generally dark colors of clothing or vehicle. Therefore, the image of the cities are  completely neutralized with dark and dead colors. Such a color palette can lead to depression  of the citizens. Studies have been conducted at  the world’s color research institutes on women’s  color preferences. However , theoretically and  practically this is a novel topic in Iran.  The present article, through an overview of  colorful urban landscape with a gender sensi tive approach, presents an example of urban  landscape color analysis by application of Image  Color Analyzer and compares images of selected locations in Iran and foreign countries.   Impact  indicators of the study are extracted. Women’s desired colors for clothes and vehicles against their color selection for public appearances and  cars is evaluated and analyzed. 300 female residence of the city of Tehran constitutes the sample of the study. Based on the finding; women  prefer most luminous colors for their clothing or vehicle. However, due to societal norms, they are not willing to try on cloths with their favorable colors and mostly use dark and dead colors. Strategies to intervene in the cities’ colorful landscape with emphasize on women’s preferences are proposed in the last section of the article.

Safety is one of the life necessities and fundamental human rights and it is a prerequisite for improvement of people welfare and health. Safety improvement is in a direct relationship with mental calmness and also with senses of places to life environment. Although the importance of safety factors for everybody, researches show that sensitivity or safety level for some kinds of age and sex groups and also social and physical capabilities are different. Personality characteristics have important effect on the sense of peoples about the security. These characteristics are composed of age, sex, culture and so on. in urban public spaces, especially regarding to requirements of various groups, dimensions have more social importance. Among these factors, sexuality is the most dominant factor which has been considered particularly in this research. Fear of urban spaces cause demission from environment and damages citizen rights. Also urban planning can take various physical and social approaches about this subject. In this study, a major effort is paid to combine the physical and social approaches with precedence of co-operational process of the research. Space safety depends on surrounding land uses and it is necessary to think about a scheme that decreases negative influences of private and isolated land uses that are harmful. So after studying theoretical part(regarding to the novelty of topic and lack of the native pattern), studies based on world experiences have been analyzed and dimensions and indices of concept have been produced, The likrat spectrum is used in designing questionnaire and the examined indices are included in questions. The main hypothesis of the research is “it seems that there are direct relationship between rate of women transportation and their safety in public space inter study zone”. The selected zone for operational studies includes central district of Tehran located in the sought of Imam Khomaini street which contains various land uses and activities. In other to analyze women safety sense exposed to main land uses, first of all, homogeneous land uses with similar functions are categorized in form of a map due to location. Then the average of women safety are calculated using T test in each zone. collected data are categorized and analyzed using Excel and SPSS software. In order to prove the main hypothesis of the research, the relationship between decreasing and increasing transportation and women s safety in study zone is evaluated. In fact Transportation security is an important and definitive factor in quantity and quality of using urban spaces. Women are considered to be a vulnerable stratum encountering unsafely. So their special analysis of transportation pattern in public urban spaces and enhancement of their security has an important role in efficiency increase and urban spaces activation. The results include enhancement of public transportation security, improvement of pedestrian's security and enhancement of women night transportation. Finally, analyzed indices present that with increasing necessary indices including legibility, access to help services, surveillance to space(natural and artificial), familiarity level, Reputation of places and provision of night safety, safety have been promoted.