طاهر بابایی

After The Turkish alphabet reform, Turkey's historical and cultural heritage suffered a lot of damage, and in the meantime, written historical works were the most damaged. This damage is more visible in reading and correcting of Persian works of the Ottoman era; Because the researcher must be fluent in both of the Arabic alphabet and the Persian language. Therefore, the corrected texts of the manuscripts included many shortcomings and inaccuracies. Considering that a significant part of proofread works in Türkiye are proofread by graduate students in the form of theses, These works are not of good quality. These works, as the primary research activities of these students, are facing defects and problems from various aspects. In our case study (Yörden, Esra, Kadızâde's Gazavât-ı Sultan Selim Han (Text - Review), PhD thesis, Istanbul University, 2018), And in response to the main question(What are the shortcomings and inaccuracies of the corrected Persian manuscripts in Turkish universities?), these cases have been investigated and classified Incorrect combination or non-combination of words, incorrect use of non-Arabic letters, misreading due to not punctuating the letters and inability to read words.Not having sufficient mastery of the Persian language has played the main role in creating all these cases.

There were many similarities among the Ottoman and Safavid military structure, and adaptation from can be one of the reasons for such similarities. This process was done by transmitting data to the neighboring land in various forms. Each of these forms of adaptation and transmission of information have contributed to the creation of similarities, among which it can be assumes that the impact of the results of military conflicts in creating similarities in military arrangements had an important role. As the research problem, the impacts of the results and outcomes of military disputes on the emergence of similarities in the Ottoman and Safavid military structure has been investigated in this research. The findings indicate that the captivity of Ottoman commanders and military specialists and acquisition of Ottoman firearms have provided the required data and caused similarities in the Safavid military structures. Thus, the results of military disputes can be likely considered as one of the affecting factors for emergence of such similarities.

Verse 34 of Surah An-Naml is one of the verses that attracted the attention of Persian historians from the 8th to the 13th centuries AH, and was included in historical reports with an interpretation aligned with these historians' objectives. This paper addresses the question: "How have Persian historians utilized this verse in describing the destructive actions of invading and enemy rulers, or the actions of their favored and praised rulers?" Through a descriptive-analytical method, the paper explores this issue. The findings indicate that the differing interpretations of "the corruption of lands and the humiliation of the esteemed, arising from the entry of rulers," mentioned in the verse, have led some historians to consider this corruption and humiliation as divine will. They view the destructive actions of foreign and invading rulers as a predetermined and inevitable fate referred to in the Quran. Another group sees this corruption and humiliation as an unavoidable principle reminded by God, thus describing the actions of their favored and praised rulers as legitimate and acceptable. In both groups' interpretations, this corruption and humiliation are seen as the essence of the divine word and not merely the statement of the Queen of Sheba, applied to describe the actions of either invading foreign rulers or praised and favored rulers.

Kapıkulus or the slaves of the Ottoman court were the most important actors of Ottoman administration that although their military duties have become more visible, they gained a lot of influence in other sectors as well. The main question of this study is that given the totalitarian spirit of the Kapıkulus (especially in the Ottoman capital), until the establishment of Zaptyiye or the Ottoman police and the extinction of Kapıkulus, what policy this group adopted regarding law enforcement and security duties. Based on this question, this research aimed to investigate the status of Kapıkulus in the Ottoman disciplnary organization until the establishment of Zaptiye, using a descriptive-analytical method based on data from library sources. The findings of the research show that Cebeci, Topçu and Bostancı were more than anything else active in the deployment centers of their forces in Istanbul, and in this respect, they operated with limitations compared to the Janissaries. Unlike the previous three groups, the Janissaries were able to dominate most of the security and discplinary departments of the capital and even the states, and this dominance continued until the extinction of the Janissaries and the rise of the Ottoman police or Zaptiye.

The emergence of a power structure unequal with the power of caliphate in the beginning of the fourth century A.H./10th century A.D. marked a distinctive era in the history of Islam. The Buwayhids in Iraq managed to dominate the caliphate for more than a century with characteristics that seemed foreign to a great majority of the population under its rule, and by means of following shrewd policies and taking advantage of the special conditions prevailing in the domain of caliphate at the time. The dynasty exerted significant influence upon various aspects of the Islamic civilization, including administrative institutions and scientific advancements, especially in Shīʿī religious sciences. This study critically revisits John J. Donohue’s views vis-à-vis the political reasons behind such unpredictable domination. Despite enumerating some reasons related to the essential characteristics and policies implemented by the Buwayhids, Donohue mainly emphasizes the specific conditions of the caliphal territory at the time of their rise to power. This paper has attempted to offer alternative views by critically comparing Donohue’s perspectives with some primary sources and recent scholarship. The stability of the Buwayhids, despite the failures of governments like the Zīyārīds, is mostly attributed to their inherent characteristics and implemented policies.

The residence of Iranian elites in the Ottoman empire resulted in major changes in different parts of government and influenced various events. These elites were some of the most influential variables in the military changes that occurred at the time. Their presence and influence can be explored through the different aspects of military actions taken during Salīm the First and Sulaymān Qānūnī’s age. The present study analyses the role of Iranian political and military elites in the Ottaman’s attacks on the Ṣafavīds. We also explore the different forms of co-operation between elites and Ottomans through the battles of Chāldurān in A.H. 940/A.D. 1533 and A.H. 955/A.D. 1548. The study recognizes Iranian elites as major factors giving rise to the battles between the Ottomans and the Ṣafavīds. In addition, it is concluded that some of the Iranian elites joined the Ottoman army and thus strengthened their army and weakened the Ṣafavīds’. The Iranian refugees’ role is also visible through the achievements of the Ottomans.

Managing Safavid court was mostly under the control of one of the four high-ranking Safavid officials called Īshīk Āghāsī Bāshī dīwān. This court official had several subordinates for managing court affairs and duties like holding court parties and assemblies, welcoming special guests and foreign ambassadors, managing harem, and protecting court. In this research, the roles and duties of this high-ranking Safavid official and his subordinates have been considered and compared to similar officials of the Ottoman court. Findings of this comparative study indicate that although no certain official of Ottoman court could not be equated with Īshīk Āghāsī Bāshī dīwān in terms of authority and duties, some officials such as Dar Al-Saada Ağası, Kapı Ağası, and other groups in Ottoman court had a part of Safavid head court authority and performed similar duties.

Historical and geographical data related to Khorasan, are reflected in Ottoman sources, constitute the primary source of information for this research. In this context, the Turkishness of these sources is the feature of data gathered for this study. In addition to examining differences in the information of Ottoman Turkish sources and its process of transformations and changes, this study, relying on Turkish sources, has been studied in three parts: the geographical situation, the cultural and social situation, and finally, the economic situation of Khorasan. The results suggested that in the early Ottoman sources, which are represented by Kâtip Çelebi’s Cihannüma, Khorasan’s geographical borders have been described with grandeur and in detail. Still, in the late Ottoman era, Khorasan and its geographical area are portrayed insignificantly. From a cultural and social standpoint, both sources have taken a glance at issues such as monuments, religion, and prominent Persons. Still, ethnic and linguistic issues and the presentation of population statistics are among the strengths of recent sources. As far as the economy of Khorasan is concerned, markets are less scantly addressed in both resources, but the mines, despite some discrepancy in types, have been highlighted in both sources. A focus on horticultural products in earlier, and the description of textiles in later sources are among points that, despite prominence in one source, have been overlooked in the other. In general, the Ottoman view of Khorasan has undergone extensive changes over the centuries, as manifested in the early or late Ottoman sources. There is even information about Khorasan that is not absent in other sources

The bulk of studies on the Umayyad era have highlighted the Arabism of the Umayyad governors and agents and their contempt for non-Arabs. Nevertheless, in the Umayyad bureaucracy, the Iranian characteristics inherited from the Sassanid period and the activities of the Iranian bureaucrats are clearly visible. The Umayyads were indebted to the pre-Islamic bureaucracy of Iran not only on the account of their ignorance and organizational demands, but also due to the skills and competencies of the Iranians in this domain. This paper, by considering criteria such as explicit reports in these sources regarding the Iranian origin of bureaucrats and also signs that lend credit to this argument, seeks to identify bureaucratic Iranians in this period. By doing so, this paper challenges Umayyad Arabism inherent in the bureaucracy governing eastern lands of the Caliphate

Ghazavāt-i sultān salīm khān of Ḳāḍīzade Ardebīlī/ Ghazizade Ardebili is a historical book on the Ottoman invasion of Egypt and Shām and the collaps of the Mamalik (1517 AD). In addition to valuable and reliable information on religious and historiographical aspects, the book reflects its author’s character. The Unique manuscript of this book is located in the Haci Selim Ağa Library in Istanbul. The author who became captive in the battle of chalduran, has implicitly included his national and religious tendencies in his book. This study investigates Ardebīlī’s Iranian and Shiite tendencies in the Ottoman Empire during the 16th century. These tendencies could be identified in the reports related to Iran and its geography, his comments on contemporary Iranian writers, reports on Shia Safavids, and other Shiite symbols in the book.

During the 10th century AH, the Ottoman reign, which reached its apex in the ages of Selīm I and Süleymān the Magnificent, was flourished and developed in many aspects of court, administrative, military, economy and art because of numerous factors. In this research, the role of Iranians in the artistic and bureaucratic writings of the Ottoman Empire has been considered as one of the important factors in development and progress of the Ottomans’ during the century. The historical documents, sources, and related studies indicate that the Iranian scribes played a significant role in two aspects of writing: book design and administrative writings. An increase in the number of books by transcription of religious, literary, historical and scientific works, artistic inventions, the transfer of Iranian artistic heritage into the Ottoman Empire, strengthening of court writing, and providing a skillful personnel were some of those activities that led to the reinforcement, development and expansion of court writings. These efforts along with other policies in the different sectors of government brought about the Ottomans’ glory in the 10th century AH.

In its age of glory, which was coincided with the rule of selīm I and Süleymān the Magnificent, the Ottoman rule progressed in various aspects. The development of literature and historiography was one of these aspects which were accompanied with an increase in the number of historical works and creation of literary genres in this period due to several factors. This study shows that Iranian immigrants, whose number increased during this period, were one of these factors. Writing poetic historical works, these elites worked in this field in officials and non-official forms. Iranian immigrants wrote Ottoman Shahnamehs (the book of Ottoman kings) and created a new literary genre in Ottoman historiography which contributed to the legitimacy of the government. These activities show that Iranian poets alongside Ottoman historians helped evolution and development of Ottoman historiography during the rule of selīm I and Süleymān the Magnificent. This development was one of glorious and magnificent symbols of Ottoman government during the age of authority.

Jawāmeʿ al-ʿulūm,a work from fourth-century AH in Transoxiana, consists of valuable information about administration and various kinds of science. There are many studies on the book that depicted distinctive contemplations on the subject of book and its author purpose. This article is expressing, comparing and finally criticizing the different points of view with contents of Jawāmeʿal-ʿulūm. It is concluded that the book is a collection of ethical information and also the knowledge of government structure, which has been written for high-ranking officials.

“Parvanegi” was an outstanding position in Seljuks’ organization of Rome (473-707 AH) which took a lofty position only in this government and for a while it had a position beyond the power of all other positions of governmental organizations. The governing situation on bureaucracy of the Seljuks of Rome led to emergence of lots of complexes and fusions regarding the duties and authorities of Parvanegi in relation to the rest of positions. For this, fewer significant studies have been conducted about the duties and authorities in Parvanegi. Firstly, adopting an analytic-descriptive method and using the organized historical researches and resources, this paper intends to analyze Parvaneh and parvanegi literally and after that, providing a brief report about the term of Parvaneh in bureaucracy of the other Muslim governments it enters into the main discussion and finally, analyzes the parvanegan and their duties, authorities and functions to deal with the position of parvanegi among the other positions in the era of Seljuks of Rome.