علی کاظم زاده

Life in the modern cities takes shape through interaction with various environmental, socio-economic, infrastructural, health, security, political and cultural conditions. The result of this interaction shapes the quality of urban life (QOUL). Quality of lifeis a complex concept involving social, economic, environmental, physical, psychological and political aspects (El Din et al, 2013). In general, Quality of life (QOL) has been evaluatedbytwo objective and subjective points of view. Researches in this field, have mainly been conducted in the form of social studies and in the macro geographical scales of countries or cities,and less attention has been paid to the spatial differences of the life quality in the complex urban environments. In these studies, the principal components analysis (PCA) method has been the most common method used for combining and overlaying of the life quality indicators (Lo, 1998; Jun, 2006; Li and Weng, 2007; Motakan et al, 2010; HatamiNejad et al, 2014; Messer et al, 2014). But,Oneof the disadvantages of PCA is the possibility of deleting some of the useful information.Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) and Fuzzy Logic methods can also be useful in spatial modeling of life quality. Moreover, QOL as one of the features of geographical environment is a dynamic concept. This means that this feature changesover time and location. The spatiotemporal modeling of this concept can help monitoringthe quality of urban life and planning for its improvement.

Data and Methods: This study offers a framework and process for spatiotemporal modeling of QOUL. For spatial modeling of QOUL, effective indiceswere taken into consideration at first. In this study,the indicators related to the urban quality of life were extracted in 3 three environmental, infrastructural/physical, and socio-economic dimensions.The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used for weighing the parameters(Uyan, 2013). Then, the indicators were combined with each other using the GammaFuzzyModel(Vafai, 2013) and Vikor-Fuzzy overlay technique(Huang et al, 2009). Furthermore, QOUL was modeled temporally due to the variability of environmental indicators and some of infrastructural / physical indicators during the seasons of the year. For this purpose,the cyclic model (developed based on the snapshot approach (Worboys and Duckham, 2004)) was used. In order to assess the developed framework, the quality of lifewasmodeled at urban blocks level in regions 3,6,11 of the city of Tehran. The obtained results showed that applying multi-criteria decision-making and Fuzzy logicmodels in modeling of life quality is capable of showing the spatial difference oflife quality in urban environments. Based on the results of spatial modeling, the quality of life is more desirable in northern parts of the area (region 3) while the desirability decreases towards the southern areas (region 11). The study of Moran’s spatial autocorrelation index (greater than 0.35 for the results of both models and all seasons) emphasize on the non-randomness of the distribution method of the QOL feature in urban blocks and shows the existence of cluster pattern in the study area.The results of temporal modeling indicated that most of the blocks are more favorable in the spring and autumn seasons than in the winter and summer in terms of environmental conditions.

Nowadays the presentation and processing of geographic information on the Web is one of the most important research topics in the field of sciences and geographic information systems has become. In this regard، from beginning of the development of Web (1989)، software companies such as Esri Autodesk companies began to invest in this context. By composed of open geospatial consortium (OGC) in 1994 and provide standards for spatial data، provided interoperability between different applications and data. Some of these standards can be noted to map Web services، Web feature services، web coverage service، web processing service، geographical markup language and styled layer descriptor. Due to increasing demand from users for publication، display and processing of information on the Web، companies and research institutions with the implementation of these standards to the development of their software applications. In addition، numerous open source applications based on OGC standards have been developed by different groups with regard to the implementation of low cost and high interoperability compared with commercial applications، has been welcomed by many. Due to the different objectives and capabilities of existing open source applications، employing a combination of those in the implementation of Web GIS system can be very efficient. Use the collection of these programs in the layered architecture of Web GIs (It is consists of data layer، the application layer or server layer and application layer)، can implements an efficient Web GIs system. In this study we aimed to implement a web map service and a web feature service and examine efficiency its. The results show that for get a map from a map service، if the volume is low، communicate with the server using a browser can be more efficiently and quickly. But with the increasing volume of data، use a desktop application like Qgis for connection to the server is more appropriate. about the get features attributes، Direct connection to the server using an API such as OpenLayers is more efficient and faster. But In this case there is not possibility of Customizing information. To receive data from a web feature service، What about the low-volume and high-volume data، use desktop applications that is connectable to spatial Services is more appropriate. Because in addition to more quickly receive data، Data can be directly displayed and processed.

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in temperature and expansion of the urban heat island, in the city of Mashhad in recent decades is the result of the expansion of the city. In this study using multi-temporal Landsat images (TM 1987, ETM + 2000 and OLI / TIRS 2014) and the application of the threshold NDVI and Planck's law for images TM and ETM +and split-windows algorithm for images OLI / TIRS, land surface temperature were extracted. Then land surface temperature was normalized and were examined its relationship with fraction vegetation cover and land use /cover changes. The results showed that about 2,500 hectares of agricultural land and green space change to built-up land use that almost equal to the increase in area of very hot temperature class. This shows that the decrease in vegetation cover is the most important factor in the development of heat islands in Mashhad. With the loss of vegetation cover in and around the city, very cool temperature class has been replaced by normal temperature class. Also by manipulating the surrounding of city, their temperature is increased and change to the hot and very hot temperature classes. Results of this research showed that the use of multi-temporal satellite data and combine traditional methods of retrieval UHI (spatial-temporal analysis of UHI associated with urban growth, land use/cover changes and fractional vegetation cover) can be provide comprehensive view of the formation and expansion of urban heat islands.

Analysis of urban growth using multi-temporal data is topic that have great importance in urban studies and planning for the future of cities. The city as a dynamic phenomenon has an spatial- temporal identity which is changing during the time result from human activities and it is expanding. Generally, the city growth is affluence by different human and physical factors thereby the extent, dimensions and directions of expansion and growth are affluence by those factors. The first consequence of a city expansion and sprawl is land use and land cover change of peripheral lands. According to this, depends of where and how urban sprawl is took place, it might have positive and negative impacts. Planning for the future of urban expansion and directing it to a proper and sustainable direction, awareness about urban expansion, urban growth and urban sprawl in different periods is totally necessary nowadays. One of the most important ways to analyze and study the expansion and growth of a city is using the data and methods of remote sensing. The city of Mashhad, second largest city in Iran, has experienced a big migration from villages and towns result from, millions of tourist yearly, more attention of the government, increment of investments and creating more employment opportunities. This factors has grew the population first and then expansion and sprawl of the city. Mashhad’s growth has been taken place without any attention to environmental potentials, thereby, many problems in parts of socio-economic and environment has been emerged. Therefore, this paper aimed to study and analyze the physical growth and sprawl of Mashhad from 1987 to 2013 using satellite images and change detection algorithms and detect land use / cover change. In addition to this, the proper and appropriate direction for the next growth has suggested. The aim of this study is to Assessment of the physical expansion of the city of Mashhad, Identify the nature of changed lands to urban uses, determining the main directions of growth and also examine growth pattern of this city. Thus using Landsat satellite images (1987, 2000 and 2013), were extracted land use and land cover classes for city of Mashhad and its surroundings. Using changes detection technique by post-classification comparison method, were identified changes from agricultural lands and barren lands to urban land uses. Then using zonal statistic techniques, were obtained extent and nature of changes in different geographical directions. According to the results, from the 1987 to 2000, the amount of 3,344.67 hectare of agricultural lands and amount of 6,964.11 hectares of barren lands are converted to urban land uses. The main directions of expand of the city at this time, respectively is northwest, west and east directions. The northwest, east and north directions respectively is directions that had been highest amount of agricultural land change to urban land uses. On the other hand, in the directions of northwest, west and south, change from barren land to urban land is higher than in other directions. Examine the density and distribution of urban growth show that expansion of city has followed the sprawl growth pattern. According to the results, provided maps and satellite images of the city of Mashhad, the most appropriate direction for the future development is the northwest. Because in this direction, the proportion of barren lands into agricultural lands compared to the other direction is further. Also there is not any natural barrier limiting in this direction. According to what has resulted from the data and analysis, Mashhad has a very rapid rate of population growth in last decade. This phenomenon has a lot of causes like tourism, job opportunities, and amenities and so on. But the more interesting phenomenon is its urban sprawl and physical expansion that it is much more rapid than population growth. So that, from 1987 t0 2013, the expansion of this city has increased more than two times. The most changed uses are barren lands and agricultural lands. About 3344 hectares of agricultural and grand spaces has converted to urban land use in a short period (26 years). The growth this city is so much rapid that it is possible to say that it has all conditions of urban sprawl in a developing country, growth toward villages and along roads and highways very scattered and fragmented. The restled showed that the growth won’t stop but urban managers and planners must direct it to the optimism direction that the least productive lands change. It is said that the best direction for the next growth of this city is North West. We have to use and implement some strategies to strengthen the city growth to this site.