مقالات رزومه شایان کرمی

The significance of ʿĀshūra in the history of Islam and its impact on societies has been a subject of discussion since long ago. According to their vision and insight, Islamic researchers, have recorded impressions of this event in their works. The main question of the current research is what the political, military, and cultural conditions of the Qajar period up to the Mozaffar al-Din Ŝāh era had to do with the construction of discourses related to the events and rituals of ʿĀshūra and their reflection in the society? This research, with a historical perspective and analytical-descriptive approach, aims to scrutinize the impact of various areas from the beginning of the Qajar period to the reign of Muzaffar al-Din Shah on epic, emotional, superstition-oriented, and fatalistic discourses. The findings of the research show that each of the prominent writers of this era had a different reading of the ʿĀshūra event and this had a great impact on the Qajar society. Therefore, sometimes the essence of the event has been distorted, misunderstood, and misused.

The purpose of this article is to explain the labor phenomenon of Iranians in Iraq based on lived experience. The main issue is to achieve the laboring reality of Iranian nomads in Iraq based on their lived experience. The current research seeks to answer the question that the collective labor phenomenon was based on what rules and methods? Most of the research data were collected using semi-structured interviews and partly from the National Archives of Documents. The method of data analysis is phenomenology. The findings of the research show that during the Pahlavi period, about 10,000 Iranian workers - a majority of the Kurdish tribes of Ilam - were continuously engaged in labor and porters in Iraq (Basra and Baghdad). The most important factors of workers' migration were poverty, unemployment and World War II. Laboring was a cooperative work based on an organization called "Jokeh". Each Jokeh consisted of one headman, two loaders, two rowers, 8 to 16 porters, and 3 to 5 substitute members. Also, the entry of workers into political-social movements was one of the consequences of the labor phenomenon in Iraq. In the documentary narrative, the phenomenon of Iranian laboring and porters in Iraq is considered a source of shame for the Pahlavi government. In the narration of the lived experience of laboring and porting, based on the requirements of that time, it evoked zeal and physical strength.

The purpose of this research is to review the theory of history by criticizing of the Theory of History Error. In other word, the research has two concerns, the first is the need to explain the necessity of the theory of history and the second is to revise the theory of history error. The main question of the research is what is the theory of history? And how can recognize an error in the theory of history? This research has been done by historical method of error analysis in six stages. Findings show the knowledge of history has been sacrificed of conflict between Marxism and opponents Marx’s theory of history. In other word, one of the harmful consequences of WWII was the destruction of the knowledge of history. Opponents of Marxism, such as Popper, have attacked the roots of historical knowledge by formulating the theory of history error. Therefore, revising the theory of history error is an important step towards improving the science of history. The theory of history error is based on error assumptions; because, history is not knowledge based on unique events and historical knowledge is formed based on common historical experiences. Also, the assumption of the impossibility of the theory of history is a mistake; because, history is an important part of any social theory. Although the error of the theory of history has been disastrous so far, it is not appropriate to completely reject the knowledge of history. The growing wave of violence in the world and the signs of countries preparing to start of WWIII show that repressing the knowledge of history has not led to the expansion of global peace and security.

The main issue of the present research is to illuminate the process of passing from the land ownership and its reasons, the strategic conditions and the consequences of this phenomenon in the political economy of Iran from the tobacco movement to the land reform. This qualitative study has taken advantage of documents and library sources and survey method of research. The findings clarify that the architype of land ownership has undergone changes from the middle of Qajar era (1175-1304). The change from feudalism to land ownership caused the stabilization of private land ownership and this issue has led to the increase of authority of the central government in the rural centers. This process developed in line with the advancement in Iran can be considered as the elements effective on the occurrence of Islamic revolution

The purpose of this article is presentation a new analytics from Nomads Settlement policy in the Pahlavi period in western Iran. The main issue of the article is explanation of economic factors of settlement policy and also refers to its consequences. Data were collected from the archive of documents and library resources based on targeted sampling and analyzed by grounded theory method. Findings show changing macroeconomic policies of the state from axial distribution to axial production had important effects on the social identity of the tribes. This change was means lack of government support from peasant workforce focused in rural and nomadic areas. Along with the changing economic policies government demand declined sharply for buy services of paramilitary forces. Most important executive strategies of the government for nomadic identity change was to impose severe restrictions for nomination on the one hand and providing free farming facilities on the other hand. The most important consequences of tribal settlement program in western Iran as follow: The collapse of tribal system, transforming nomadic identity, organizational looting, the prevalence of wage labor and upgrading the social class of nomads.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical framework for studying the political-social history of States in the Iran. In this paper, the main indicators of the ambition of State in Iran have been investigated. In other words, the paper intends to present the theory of the "ambitious States” as an alternative approach to explaining the most important events of the social-political history of Iran. Historical sources of library data have been investigated to provide “ambitious analysis". In the historical method of ambitious analysis, ambitious indicators are determined in several stages based on the continuous comparison of common characteristics. The results indicate that ambition creates a special political-social condition for influencing and encouraging and the role of the State in creating it is noticeable. In an ambitious political system, the divine and political laws of society are regulated only in order to the growing and development of the ambition. By regulating laws in the direction of ambitious growth, the share of State tax is reduced year by year and the assets of an ambitious minority are added. When the wealth of the State becomes empty, discrimination, rents and corruption appear. The monopolistic ambitious State and the circle represent the symbol of monopolyism and ambition. The main criteria for recognizing the ambition of the State are: distributive economics, distributive justice, monopolyism, support for unproductive workforce, religion and politics unity, a dysfunctional State and regulation, and so on. Outcome of the ambitious State is discrimination, bribe, rent, corruption and revolution.

Kermanshah was one of the most densely populated areas of royal property in the period of Qajar and First Pahlavi. The main issue of this paper is the clarify of why and how of the form of the royal ownership and the consequences of this type of ownership, on the farming of the Kermanshah region during the first Pahlavi period. The main purpose of the paper is to explain the causes and factors of the emergence and appearance of the royal estate in Kermanshah, during the first Pahlavi period. The present research approach is qualitative. The data were collected from library and library resources based on purposeful sampling and they were analyzed using grounded theory. The findings of the research showed that the main causes and factors were as the following: "Ancient Perspective of Ideology," "The collapse of the Islamic system", "Forces", "Modern system of modernity" and "Basic principles of agriculture", in the formation of the phenomenon of royal property in Kermanshah. The main results and implications of the phenomenon of royal estates in Kermanshah include: changing the pattern of agricultural and commercial development, establishing agricultural schools and specialized knowledge of land exploitation, establishing Shahabad sugar mill (Islamabad), Damming, developing irrigation network and agricultural mechanization

In this paper the consequences of land reform in western Iran have been investigated as the main issue and were also investigated the causes, factors and how to run the program. The research approach has been qualitative and the data was collected from the National Archives of Documents and Library Resources and analyzed via a grounded theory method. The findings showed that the implementation of land reform in Iran under the influence by the pressure of the global capitalist system, leaded to the rural business stagnation and the boom of urban investment. The government's support for large-scale investments has led to the bipolarization of agriculture. Expropriation of women and the extension of legal ownership was another important consequence of land reform in western Iran. The commercialization of agriculture, the emergence of a modern system of feudalism, the government's reliance on oil sales and the lack of land-based economics were among the main causes of the implementation of the land reform law in Iran.

The purpose of this article is the conceptualization of the consequences of the commercialization phenomenon in western Iran. The main issue of the paper is the explanation of the effect of agriculture commercialization, which is being examined that, why and how this phenomenon occurs. The research approach is qualitative. Data was collected from the archives of library documents and resources, based on targeted sampling. The method of analysis is grounded theory. The findings show that the evolutionary process of commercialization of agriculture in western Iran during the middle Qajar period to the end of the Pahlavi, led to the collapse of the Islamic system, the collapse of the rural landlord and the development of urbanization. Similarly, the two-polarization of agriculture, the development of the poles of capitalist agriculture, along with the expertise of land-use knowledge and the rise in the value of individual labor and the mechanization of agriculture, were among the other consequences of commercialization of agriculture in western Iran. The dependence of Iran's economic system, the global climate of global domination, and the need for international markets, have led to the production of commercial products, along with a huge disparity in the cultivation of commercial products (such as opium and beet), compared with the cultivation of wheat and barley, were among the major factors in changing the pattern of cultivation and development and the development of commercial agriculture in western Iran.

This paper intends to analyze the consequences of the distribution of natural resources (land and water) in the political and social structure, to present rent management theory as an alternative approach to explaining some of the historical events and the political and social issues of Iran. The main issue of the paper is the explanation of the consequences of the distribution of the natural resources in Iran during the Qajar period. The data was collected from the National Documents Archives and other library resources, and by historical method, the rent analysis was analyzed. The findings show that, in Iran's economic history, the government is placed as the largest distributor of natural resources (land and water) on the supply side, and society (capital and labor) is placed as the largest consumer, on the demand side. The structure of political and social institutions, based on the model of the implementation of social justice, in the distribution of natural resources, monolithically consolidates. This pattern has been one of the main factors behind the creation of rents and the establishment of rents management institution in the government. During the Qajar period, Thiol, conversion, the difference in prices and the salaries and wages of the princes, have been the most important channels for the distribution of rents, split from the rent government agency. These canals were blocked after the Constitutional Revolution, with the decisive action of the first parliament. The state rent agency was one of the main factors in the ineffectiveness of the tax system, the continued decline in government revenue, and the prevalence of bribes and corruption. The ultimate goal of distributing rents has been the exemption from tax payments. Other important consequences of rents include the transfer of major economic privileges and the occurrence of a constitutional revolution.

rehabilitation program changed the old system of traditional irrigation. Theconsequences of modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran are themain issue of the present paper. By studying this issue, the analysis of the reasons for themodernization and the explanation of the strategic conditions of the irrigation systemmodernization program, are as the objectives of this research. The present study has aqualitative approach. Data was collected from the archives of documents and otherlibrary resources, based on targeted sampling. To analyze the data, the grounded theorymethod is used. The findings show that, under the conditions of insufficient averageannual rainfall, it was imperative to use artificial irrigation techniques in agriculture. Thedevelopment of commercial agriculture, and the expansion of planting of crops, led tomore attention to artificial irrigation systems. The use of pressurized irrigation systems,along with other traditional irrigation techniques, is one of the most important strategicplans in modernizing the irrigation system. Modern damming, deep and semi-deepexcavation, irrigation network development and rehabilitation, and the integration oftraditional irrigation systems in regional irrigation administrations, including theactivities of an independent irrigation firm in western Iran. Increasing the level ofcultivation of cash products, such as opium, beet and cotton, was based on the importantimplications of modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran, utilizingmodern irrigation knowledge, increasing irrigation efficiency, reducing tension andimproving social relations.

Goal: To explore the development of landownership by women as the result of the1962 Land Reform. We want to show why and how expropriation of possession from women happened and what the consequences were.
Method/Research Design: Data is gathered from library and archival resources. An analysis was carried out according to grounded procedure.
Findings: Over the process of land reform women were denied ownership on a large scale. The reasons for expropriation from women were the Law of Land reform, the absence of female owners in the region, quota and quota-setting which was considered a masculine right by tradition in rural communities, and the collapse of the lord-servant system. Expropriation from women had implications, including the loss of social status, growing inequality between rural and urban women, some cases of suicide, and expansion of legal possession.

The present study aims at explicating the status of women in land ownership. The factors affected the emergence of female landlords in the West of Iranwill be discussed as the main research problem. The methodology was a qualitative one and the data were collected through documents and library sources andvia purposive sampling. Data analysis was conducted throughgrounded theory. The analysis and interpretation of the data indicated that a good number of landlordsin Kermanshah, during this time span, were women. The findings of the study reveal that the decline of tribal societies, the status of women in tribal society, the hereditary creed in Islam, and the law of documents and instruments registration were the main factors which led to the emergence of women landlords. The presence of women in the feudal system has had various consequences, including cash payment of feudalistic interest, matriarchy, and claiming the status of grand landlord.