سمیه غلامی

The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the methods of influencing and neutralizing peer pressure in students' drug use.

The research employed a qualitative approach based on phenomenology. The research population consisted of students residing in the dormitories of Larestan Higher Education Complex during the academic year 2023-2024. Thirty individuals were purposefully selected using data saturation technique. Data collection was conducted through in-depth semi-structured interviews, and data analysis was performed using the Colaizzi's method.

Following the analysis of the interviews, four main categories were identified: absent peer influence, passive influence methods, active peer influence methods, and effective coping methods. The most significant coping strategy was the utilization of time perspective concerning career, education, health, and the fear of drug addiction.

Given the efficacy of coping strategies in managing peer influence, these methods can be utilized to educate individuals on how to resist peer pressure. This discovery highlights the importance of implementing strategies to address peer influence in the agenda of university health officials.

This study aimed to compare the school bonding and interpersonal problems in students with unsupervised and abused families with normal families in Bandar Lengeh. The sample consisted of 152 normal students and 81 unsupervised or abused students. Normal students were selected by the multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected through two questionnaires: school bonding (Rezaei Sharif et al., 2014) and interpersonal problems (Barkham, 1996). The results of multivariate analysis of variance of school bonding in unsupervised and abused students' groups and normal students showed that there is no significant difference between school bonding scores. In other words, unsupervised or abused student groups and normal students are no different in terms of school bonding. The results also showed that there is a significant difference between interpersonal problems in the unsupervised or abused students' groups and normal students in the two dimensions of considering others and the dimension of support and participation. According to the research findings, it can be concluded that there is a difference between interpersonal problems in students with unsupervised or abused families with normal behavioral disorders.

The objective of this study is to find out whether the self-sacrificing veterans as role models have succeeded to institutionalize religiousness and the degree of adherence to it, as one of the important factors in the emergence of the spirit of self-sacrifice in their children, in passing on their values.

To answer this question, the present study was conducted to compare the dimensions of religiousness and religious identity of two generations: veteran parents and their children. This study was an applied one in terms of purpose and a descriptive-post-event one in terms of nature and method. The statistical population included all freedmen of imposed war and veterans of Bandar-e Lengeh city and all their male children aged 20 to 30 years from among whom 25 fathers and 25 male children were selected through purposive sampling and were assessed using two religiosity questionnaires: Glock and Stark (1965) and Serajzadeh’s religious identity questionnaire (2013).

The findings show that the average religious identity of the children in emotional dimension (M=21.6) and ritual dimension (M=21.5) is higher than their parents’ average of the two dimensions: emotional (M=20.4) and ritual (20.5); and the parents are higher in the belief dimension (M=22.2) than their children (M=16.5). In addition, the average scores of young people in the intellectual dimension (M=16.5) and consequence of religiousness (M=19.9) were higher than their parents in the intellectual dimension (M=13.1) and consequence of religiousness (M=18.4). The parents are also higher in the belief dimension (M=20.3) than their children (M=16.6).

In general, the parents of the present study do not experience a different intellectual atmosphere with their children.

The present study analyzes the story of the Alchemist Story by Paulo Coelho based on Maslow's theory. The purpose of this article is to achieve a deep understanding of the main character of Santiago's story by analyzing the comparative content and matching the text of the story with Maslow's chain of needs; how Santiago fulfilled Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs starting with the journey to the treasure. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is divided into five categories: Physiology, Security, Love and Belonging, Self-Esteem and Self-Actualization. At the level of physical needs, Santiago could easily meet his needs. When he started his journey towards realizing his need for security, he faced major challenges, but he was able to overcome them with the power of faith. The need for love and self-esteem was satisfied enough to pave his way to self-realization. Spirituality helped him a lot in passing through the sufferings of the path of self-realization. The result of the comparative study of Santiago's personality with Maslow's needs showed that despite all the difficulties, Santiago was able to fulfill the needs from the lowest level to the highest level and achieve the only task of humans, which is to realize the personal legend. A detailed description of how to meet the needs is provided in the article.

The aim of this study was to determine the number of Internet dependency clusters and then compare different groups in social anxiety and depression. The present study population consisted of undergraduate female dormitory students of Shiraz University. 370 female students were selected using the multi-stage cluster random sampling method. For gathering data, of Young internet addiction test (IAT), Beck depression inventory (BDI), and social anxiety Liebowitz questionnaire (LSAS) were utilized. Data were analyzed by cluster analysis and MANOVA. The results of cluster analysis showed three clusters with the mind, moderate and severe degrees of internet addition (P≤ 0/001). Also, significant differences among 3 profiles were found in depression (P≤ 0/001) and social anxiety (P≤0/01). Mild Internet addiction clusters experience the least amount of depression. According to the results, it's necessary to examine internet addiction as a psychological problem and cultural educational and family systems plan to solve this problem.

The aim of this study was to investigate the experience of female-headed households under the auspices of the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation in terms of social humiliation. This qualitative study was performed by phenomenological method with purposeful sampling and using in-depth interviews with 20 women under the auspices of Imam Khomeini's Relief Foundation in Lengeh city in 1397. Data analysis was performed by the seven-step method of Klaizi (2009). Findings from the experience of individuals showed that this group of women faced humiliation in various ways as soon as they interacted with social groups such as family, relatives, neighbors, workplace, businessmen, and other social institutions. Among the factors leading to humiliation were low education, inability to find suitable jobs, financial poverty, and lack of spouse support. Womens' reactions to humiliation were silence due to fear of losing their jobs and social support, followed by stress, fear, tension and anxiety. Findings of this study can provide a clear picture of the lived experience of female-headed households regarding humiliation, and can be used for those who think about the well-being of them.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the quality of parent-child relationship and the level of child abuse of mothers who have to children (one with learning disabilities and one children with no learning disabilities).

60 mothers with one child with learning disability and one child without learning disability in 1397- 98 in Qeshm port were selected by purposeful sampling. The mothers completed the parent child relationship scale (PCRS) of Piyanta and their two children completed the Child Abuse Questionnaire. The results showed a significant difference between child with learning disorder and sibling without learning disorder in proximity, conflict, the positive relationship was (P≤0.0001).

The significant difference between the mean dimensions of parental child abuse among children with and without learning disabilities was such that child abuse scores (P≤0.0001) and physical abuse child (P≤0.0001). There was a significant difference between neglect and neglect (P ≤0.01). In fact, mothers of children with learning disabilities are more likely to abuse their children than other children without learning disabilities and to have a lower affinity and positive relationship with them and to experience more conflict with them.

These results have shed light on the necessity of taking some actions in order to protect the children with learning disabilities. Take parenting training to parents and legal protection from these children as examples.

Stuttering is a disorder that affects speech or speech. Stuttering begins in childhood and negatively affects a personchr('39')s social relationships and self-esteem. The purpose of the present study was to the intervention effect of puppet play therapy on the inferiority of students with stuttering in Sari.

This research is in the framework of a quasi-experimental research method with a single-subject design structure using a multi-step baseline design. The sample group was selected by convenience sampling method. The subjects had three boys and a girl who stuttered with a feeling of inferiority. The tool for measuring the improvement (or reduction) of feeling inferior was the feeling of inferiority questionnaire. This questionnaire was completed by the subjects in three stages of baseline, intervention and follow-up.

To analyze the data, visual review of graphs (ups and downs of the dependent variable), indicators of recovery percentage, reduction percentage of scores, variability and effect size were used. Visual review, charts, trend change indicators, gradient, and effect size indicated a decrease in stuttering studentschr('39') inferiority.

Puppet play therapy intervention can be effective in reducing the feeling of inferiority of students who have stuttering and can be used as an effective and desirable strategy in this field.

The purpose of the present study was to design and evaluate the empathy curriculum model for high school female students. For this purpose, empathy curriculum elements were obtained by studying and analyzing the theoretical foundations and perspectives of the two disciplines of curriculum and psychology, and then the extent of its application was evaluated from the viewpoints of experts, executives and students.

The present study is a qualitative-quantitative method of consecutive exploration using qualitative subtractive analysis and quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest study with the control group in the quantitative section. The field of study in the qualitative part of the literature was empathy and sampling continued until theoretical saturation. The statistical population consisted of all female high school students in Nayriz. The sample consisted of 60 students who were selected by multistage cluster random sampling and were divided into experimental and control groups. For the experimental group, empathy training was performed in 8 sessions 60 minutes for each, while the control group received no intervention.

The proposed research model is designed in five sections: Topics, Goals, Outlines, Teaching Methods, and Assessment Methods and includes four main lessons: "Empathy", "Acceptance of Others", "Dynamic Listening" and "Understanding Others”. In developing this model, the most effective solutions were provided, such as pantomime, role-playing, over a hundred photographs, and emotion recognition and practice, and creative assignments to create empathy behaviors. In addition, the model sought to address gender and the cultural context of gender in how to express empathy and interactions. Another highlight of the program was the specialization of the adolescent-specific program, with examples and assignments centered around high school concerns. The model evaluation results were valid according to the curriculum and psychology experts' view of the designed model. Also, after implementing the empathy training curriculum model, a significant increase in empathy scores was observed. Perhaps the most important limitation of educational research today is the development of a paradigm whose task is to provide explanatory and explanatory services. Regardless of the need to test them through the use of empirical information, patterns are used to explain. The purpose of model building, such as developing hypotheses, is to provide a model for testing. It is clear that pattern creation, information gathering and pattern testing should be a seamless activity. Information is needed to validate a template and evaluate its elements, and testing a template may lead to reconstruction or formatting. However, the importance of model testing against empirical information must be emphasized. It is a tool for model validation, reality improvement and effective knowledge sharing through modeling for theoretical knowledge. Since pattern testing is emphasized against empirical information and is effective for pattern validation, the present model must also perform numerous studies and various temporal and spatial conditions to perform a useful model. Since empathy is an essential component of emotional intelligence in classifying UNICEF's life skills, teaching this skill will be effective in using appropriate teaching and assessment methods in the curriculum because the best approach in the curriculum is a skills-based approach to life.

This study aimed to identify how parents can answer to their children’s religious questions.

To achieve this objective, the phenomenological method was used. The statistical population included all parents with primary school children in Bandar Lengeh. The sample size was 35 people, and they were selected by purposive method according to the theoretical saturation limit. Data collection tools were also semi-organized and in-depth interviews. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed through the seven-step Colaizzi method.

The findings showed that there were 3 main themes along with some sub-themes. Children’s questions revolved around the questions about Allah, death, the Hereafter, the Prophet, Islam, the creation of the world, acts of worship, and natural disasters. Many parents used some incorrect methods such as inappropriate responses to cognitive development, language development, and comprehension. Furthermore, suppressing of children’s questions, presenting stereotyped answers, not answering their questions, postponing answers were used by parents, but some parents used the correct methods for answering religious questions, such as using allegory, answering, using the child’s tangible knowledge to answer, using games, providing correct answers in accordance with religious sources, and searching for better answers.

According to these findings that parents lack the necessary knowledge about cognitive development and educational methods, the institutions involved in education need to plan to teach the parents about answering children’s questions in accordance with principles such as cognitive scaffolding.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the phenomenon of identity cloaking under the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in second grade high school students in Bandar-lengeh.This research was carried out qualitatively and in a grounded method.

The research area in this study is all second-grade female secondary school students covered by the Relief Committee. A total of 20 students covered in the research participated in the study, which became accessible to theoretical saturation by targeted sampling. Then the data were analyzed by the method suggested by Strauss & Corbin consisting of coding (open, pivotal & optional).

A total of 50 and finally 33 initial codes were obtained from the interviews, and in the later stages of the analysis, the main phenomenon called identity concealment, contexts, causes, strategies and consequences were extracted from the interviews. Damage to respect is the avoidance of ridicule and the rejection of the causes of secrecy. The ground conditionis exposed in front of the people in higher social class. The school environment is a place where these students are vital that classmates and teachers do not notice.

These problems that facing these citizens show that should be more invistigated about changing society's attitude towards the poor as people with social credibility; something can also be found in religious believe.

This study seeks to measure the effectiveness of the citizenship skills training on the citizenship rights awareness and practice of these rights according to Law Thesis of Imam Sajjad (as) about citizenship rights. The study was done through a combination of qualitative-quantitative method. In the first part, using the qualitative method, the appropriate educational content was compiled from the law thesis. The quantitative part was performed in a quasi-experimental manner through pre-test-post-test with a control group. The sampling method in the qualitative phase of study was purposeful and there were 5 curriculum planning specialists. In the quantitative part, the statistical population included the first-grade junior high school teenagers of Bandar Lengeh. Using cluster sampling method, 60 people in two experimental and control groups of 30 were replaced. The study with a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test research design was conducted with a control group in 11 educational sessions. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire on ‘Awareness of Citizenship Rights’ and ‘Citizenship Behavior’ which had good validity and reliability. Independent T-test and multivariate analysis of variance were used to analyze the findings. The results showed that citizenship skills training increases teenagers’ awareness of citizenship rights and also changes their behavior. According to the findings of this study, social relations can be improved by focusing on teaching the curriculum based on Imam’s law thesis.

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the difference in the formative assessment and final assessment in high school students. To achieve this goal, sequential explanatory mixed method design was used. The population of the study at the quantitative stage was whole of the third grade (senior) high school students in Bastak and the countryside and sampling method was census. The population of qualitative step was all of the third grade high school students in Bastak and their teachers. 35 students and 20 teachers were selected using purposeful sampling. The research tool was semi-structured in the quantitative section and academic achievement scores in the qualitative section. The difference in the volume of the two tests, the difference in the difficulty of the two tests, the difference in the psychometric indices of the two tests, the difference in the psychosocial climate of the two tests, the lack of fit of the quality of teaching-learning, motivation and attitude (factors related to knowledge Students) and the manipulation of grades by teachers was one of the factors influencing the apparent difference between continuous and final grades.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate  the ways to strengthen and deepen praying culture in children. This is a qualitative research, on the basis of grounded theory method. The participants include 25 parents of a high school second grade students in Bander Lengeh. The selected parents were successful in educating their children to adhere to praying. The data were collected through semi-structured deep interview. Data analysis was carried out through three stages of open, pivotal and selective coding. Finally, a model was presented regarding conditions, grounds, and strategy. Validity of the study was provided by a non-member inspector and was evaluated by the members. The results of the final model indicated that parents should have a strong dedication to the religious development of their children in order to accustom them to ritual prayer. This general condition includes underlying factors such as creating a religious attitude in life, modeling, belief-behavior consistency, and promotion of personal growth. Strategies that parents can use are functions that they perform in the pre-birth age, pre-maturity age, maturity age, and post-maturity age of  their child(ren). The effective parenting measures in order to control the interfering variables in the training path are adoption of positive and effective parenting style, using problem solving skills and environment immunization. In general, children's adherence to praying does not accidentally and requires careful planning, study, and parental follow-up from pre-birth age of their offspring.

Problematic computer use is a growing social issue which is being debated worldwide. This study examined the prevalence of internet addition among Tabriz university students and its relationship with emotional and social feeling of loneliness.

372 students of Tabriz University (200 male students and 172 female students) were selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling. For gathering data, of Young internet addiction test (1998), loneliness questionnaire Woodworth (1986) emotional and social loneliness Russell questionnaire (1996) were utilized.

Data were analyzed by cluster analysis and MANOVA. The results of cluster analysis showed three clusters with mind (M= 21.6), moderate (M= 36.8) and severe (M= 47.8) degrees of internet addition. Also significant differences among 3 profiles were found in emotional loneliness [F (130/5, P≤ 0/001] and social isolation [F (123.45, P≤ 0/001].

Given the rising percentage of students suffer from Internet addiction and emotional-social isolation, it is therefore necessary to consider the phenomenon of Internet addiction as a psychological problem by cultural and educational planners and the family system. In order to prevent this phenomenon, it is necessary to provide the necessary knowledge at the community level about signs and symptoms of addiction to the Internet.