حسین بقولی

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is one of the most common personality disorders, highlighting a pressing need for research due to its profound effects on individuals, families, and society at large. This study aims to investigate the foundational concepts and principles underlying Borderline Personality Disorder.

The research utilizes a descriptive-analytical approach based on library resources.

The findings indicate that there are numerous contributing factors associated with Borderline Personality Disorder. Certain studies suggest that childhood maltreatment, especially emotional abuse, serves as a significant risk factor in the development of various personality disorders, including BPD. Furthermore, an extremely dysfunctional and chaotic family environment may trigger characteristics linked to Borderline Personality Disorder. Additional research has demonstrated that increased activity in the behavioral inhibition system may make individuals more susceptible to internalizing disorders, while heightened activity in the behavioral activation system can result in impulsive behavior and promote the onset of externalizing disorders.

Considering that feelings of emptiness and persistent anxiety are common in internalizing disorders alongside impulsivity, reckless behavior, and suicidal tendencies found in externalizing disorders, it seems that individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder exhibit heightened sensitivity within both brain-behavior systems.

Considering that in the families of patients with borderline personality disorder, parents tend to trivialize their child's painful emotional experiences and even attribute them to the child's personal defects. The present study was conducted with the aim of quantitatively combining the results of research related to borderline personality disorder in 2023.

This study is applied in its purpose and employs a mixed-method approach. Using meta-synthesis and the fourth version of Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software, it searched for articles related to borderline personality disorder in children under 8 years old in reliable Persian-language databases, including the Research Institute for Information Science and Technology database, the Jihad University of Tehran database, the Comprehensive Internal Journals System, the Human Sciences Portal, the Noor Specialized Journals database, the Tebyin Digital Library, the Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology, and foreign databases including Springer, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Dart-Europe.eu, Etd.Lsu.edu, and Zpid.de, which were eligible to enter the research and related to the causes and factors of borderline personality disorder. The statistical population of the research consisted of articles published between 2013 and 2023in the field of borderline personality disorder. After retrieving the relevant works, 38 domestic articles and 27 foreign articles met the research criteria and were selected for analysis.

The results of the meta-analysis of 45 variables showed that the variables, primary emotional characteristics, self-esteem, depression, psychological pain, object relations, trauma, mentalization, emotional dysregulation, self-worth, difficulty in regulating emotions, mindfulness, negative spiritual coping, communication skills, psychological flexibility, and self-compassion had the most significant impact on borderline personality disorder. The findings also showed heterogeneity among the observed effect sizes, indicating the existence of mediating variables influencing the research results.

A review of the studies indicates that borderline personality disorder is associated with multiple factors. These interconnections highlight the complexity of the disorder and the necessity for multidimensional therapeutic approaches tailored to the individual needs of each patient.

The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Hoffman's cognitive behavioral therapy on disease anxiety, emotional regulation, and resilience in women suffering from coronaanxiety. The method of the current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and a three-month follow-up phase. The statistical population of the research was all women suffering from corona anxiety visiting the clinics and counseling centers of Tehran in 2022, 30 people were selected in a targeted way and were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Measurement tools included Salkovskis et al.'s illness anxiety questionnaire (2002, HAI), Gross and John's (2003, ERQ) emotion regulation, and Conner and Davidson's (2003, CD-RIS) resilience. The experimental group of Hoffman and Otto (2018) had cognitive behavioral intervention in 8 sessions of 90 minutes twice a week and the control group did not receive any intervention. To analyze the data, the method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used with SPSS-26 software. The results of the one-way analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference between the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up scores of disease anxiety, emotion regulation, and resilience in the control and experimental groups (P<0.01). Therefore, Hoffmann's cognitive behavioral therapy has been effective on disease anxiety, emotional regulation, and resilience in women suffering from Corona anxiety, and this effectiveness was also lasting and ultimately, it improved the anxiety of Corona.

The purpose of the present study was to explain the role of sexual satisfaction, intimacy, commitment and marital compatibility in marital stability with emphasis on couples with children.

In terms of the purpose of the present research, and in terms of the method, it is one of the descriptive researches of correlation with the application of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research was the couples of Shiraz city in the first half of 2023, from which 250 couples (500 people in total) were selected as samples. The research tools were Adams and Jones Marital Commitment Questionnaire (1997), Marital Intimacy Scale (1983), Spanier Marital Compatibility Questionnaire (1976) and Sexual Satisfaction Subscale from Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1989). Data analysis was performed using spss-27 and Amos-26 software, respectively, by applying Pearson's correlation coefficient, multivariate regression and maximum likelihood, taking into account the maximum error level of 5% (P<0.05).

The findings of the research showed that marital compatibility (0.39) covered marital satisfaction (0.77), two-person solidarity (0.59), two-person agreement (0.80) and expression of affection (0.76); Marital intimacy (0.22), sexual satisfaction (0.16) and marital commitment (0.23) covering commitment to spouse (0.64), commitment to marriage (0.79) and feeling of commitment (0.78) affect marital stability (P<0.05). According to the findings, the fit indices showed favorable values, which indicated the approval of the developed model.

Based on the findings; Sexual satisfaction, intimacy, commitment, and marital compatibility have a significant effect on marital stability, which, as a result, overshadows the desired functioning of the family, followed by parenting and raising the next generation; Therefore, it is suggested to the experts in the field of psychology and family and marriage counseling, as well as the supervisors and officials of this field, to take into account the effectiveness of their plans at the micro level of the family and at the macro level of the society and adjust the treatment solutions according to these two areas

Tthis study compare the cognitive emotional regulation strategies, anxiety sensitivity and parenting style in mother of adolescences with anxiety symptoms and normal adolescences.The sample was selected in two stages and in the form of cluster samplanig.it includes seven ,eight and nine grade which was studding in 4 district of shiraz city's high schools in 1397-1398.they completed the beck anxiety questionnaires and dass anxiety questionnaires then due the cutting point of these questionnaires 100 students was selected and divided to the group(50mothers of adolescences with anxiety symptoms and50 mother of normal adolescences)they filled Garnefski and Karaj questionnaire and also Taylor and Kaks questionnaire and Bamrind questionnaire.to analyze the data the on way analysis of variance and tukey's test were used.The results show Thad there are significant differences between the average of two groups.in terms of cognitive emotion regulation the difference was in adapted strategies and non-adapted strategies the average of adaptive strategies was higher in normal mother and the average of nonadaptive strategies was higher in mother of anxiety group.In anxiety sensitivity there are significant differences in all of sub scales in both group of mothers and the average of anxiety group in all sub scale was higher than normal group.in parenting style the significant differences is in authoritarian style and easy parenting style.in this way the anxiety group in both scales has higher average than normal group. The result showed that parenting styles ,cognitive emotion regulation strategies and their reaction to anxiety symptom is a factor in health of adolescents.

Parents of children with autism suffer more problems than parents of normal children and even than parents of children with other developmental disorders. Perhaps the most important problem for mothers with autism is the disruption of maternal imaginations and dreams or maternal representations during pregnancy. Maternal representations refer to a process in which the mother has emotional, emotional experiences and a mutual relationship with her fetus and expands the maternal identity for herself. Attachment between mother and fetus is the first and most important relationship that is related to the way and quality of mother-child communication. There is evidence of the development of attachment between mother and fetus during pregnancy, which is reflected in mothers' behaviors. A mother who becomes attached to her fetus during pregnancy is ready to establish a pleasant relationship with the baby after delivery and allow him to develop a safe and healthy attachment. Some evidence shows that the emergence of the mother's attachment to the fetus is a predictor of the mother's attitude and performance after childbirth, the mother's interaction with the infant, and attachment patterns after the birth of the child. Considering the effect of the child's characteristics and the context of care in each stage of development of children with autism disorder, to achieve a specific path, it is necessary to explain the changes in the representation of mothers with autism disorder. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to develop a structural model of attachment safety and maternal self-concept based on maternal representations before birth in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder in Shiraz city in 2022.

The descriptive study method was based on the structural equation modeling method, and its statistical population included all mothers with children on the autism spectrum who enrolled their children in exceptional schools and also had a case in the Autism Association of Shiraz. Their number was 987 in 1401. Using available sampling method, 360 mothers of affected children were selected who were willing to participate in the research. The research tools included the Middle Attachment Relationships Questionnaire (KCAQ) - Children's Attachment in the Middle Period by Halpern and Kapenberg (2006), Self-Concept Questionnaire (1983), and Carnelly's Mother-Fetus Attachment Behavior Questionnaire (1981). Data were analyzed using structural equation method and AMOS software.

The results showed that there is a significant and increasing (direct) relationship between acceptance of the mother's role, accessibility, differentiation between self and fetus, and self-sacrifice with attachment safety. In other words, it can be said that the improvement and increase in the mentioned variables lead to an increase in attachment safety in mothers of children with autism disorder. There is a meaningful and increasing (direct) relationship between accepting the role of the mother, attributing characteristics to the fetus, distinguishing between self and fetus, and self-sacrifice with maternal self-concept. The results of the structural model in Table 6 indicate that acceptance of the maternal, accessibility, differentiation between self and fetus and selflessness have a significant and incremental (direct) relationship with attachment security. In other words, it can be said that the improvement and increase in the mentioned variables lead to an increase in attachment safety in mothers of children with autism. According to the path coefficients and based on the coefficient of determination index (R2), 3, 7, 2, and 9 percent of the changes in attachment safety are explained by acceptance of the maternal role, interaction with the fetus, differentiation between self and fetus, and self-sacrifice. Also, the intensity of the relationship between self-sacrifice and the safety of attachment was higher than in other relationships investigated. The results of the model in Figure 4 showed that there was no statistically significant relationship between attributing characteristics to the fetus and safety of attachment in the studied population (p<0.05).

The structural model of attachment safety and maternal self-concept based on maternal representations before birth in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder had a favorable level of adaptation. This breakthrough may be very challenging. The formation and consolidation of new skills such as expressing emotions, mutual interactions, regulating behaviors, and internalizing the mental representation of the caregiver's availability requires a new level of flexibility in the mother; Especially the mother of autistic children. A noteworthy point in the mothers investigated in this research, who had an autistic child, this caused a change in the mother's feedback about the relationship with the child, increased anxiety in coping with his needs, and created challenges in the daily interaction between the child and the caregiver; A problem that may lead to a change in the behavior based on the mother's sensitivity and consequently to the transformation of the child's internal working model. In fact, in this example, it is not the unsafe working models of the mother herself that is the main factor affecting the representation and sensitivity of the child, but rather the inconsistency and stability in the care system and, as a result, the desire for insecurity in children due to the inability of the caregiver. Accompanying the developmental characteristics of the child, accepting them, and aligning the current representations and caring behavior with these characteristics.

Social anxiety disorder is characterized by the fear of negative evaluation. This psychological construct results in individual’s poor functioning.

The present research aimed to compare the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness therapy on the fear of negative evaluation in individuals with social anxiety disorder.

This quasi-experimental study, with a pretest-posttest control group design, was conducted on a population of individuals with social anxiety symptoms, who were referred to the psychological clinics of Shiraz, Iran, in 2019. Sampling was performed using the convenience sampling method. After initial evaluations, 45 people were randomly divided into three equal groups (two intervention groups and one control group). The CBT protocol proposed by Hoffman and Otto (2008) and the Acceptance and Mindfulness protocol by Fleming and Kukowski (2007) were used to implement the interventions (12 two-hour sessions). The participants also completed the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) by Connor et al. (2000) and the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale by Leary (1983) before and after the intervention. Data analysis was performed in SPSS-24, using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

The results of MANCOVA test showed a significant difference between the scores of the control and experimental groups (P<0.001). Compared to the control group, the fear of negative evaluation reduced in the experimental groups. Although there was no significant difference between the two treatment approaches (P>0.05), the effect of mindfulness treatment was slightly higher than CBT.

In this study, comparison of the two mindfulness and CBT approaches indicated no significant difference between these two methods in reducing the fear of negative evaluation among individuals with social anxiety. Therefore; it is suggested to use acombination of these two methods to reduce the fear of negative evaluation.

Background &

In social anxiety disorder, a person is afraid of the possible scrutiny of others and is worried about doing something that may cause him embarrassment or humiliation (1). One of the important psychological constructs related to social anxiety disorder is rumination (6 and 7). Some results also indicate the indirect effects of rumination on social anxiety (8). Rumination is a maladaptive way to deal with negative emotions that people focus on their negative self-referential thoughts and repeat them in their mind instead of more adaptive processing of their emotions. Rumination and worry are the central core of the cognitive processes of many psychological and functional injuries in people (9). In addition to rumination, another psychological construct related to social anxiety is social self-efficacy (11). Social self-efficacy is based on the concept of self-efficacy in Albert Bandura's theory of social cognitive learning, and it expresses people's estimation of their ability to establish and maintain interpersonal relationships (13). The widespread prevalence of social anxiety, along with the disabilities and problems arising from it and the psychological, emotional and economic costs it imposes on the individual and the society, shows the necessity of addressing the explanatory models and treatment methods of this disorder. Among the treatments that are widely used in the field of reducing negative emotions in people with social anxiety disorder is cognitive behavioral therapy (16 and 17). This treatment reduces physiological arousal in social situations, using Cognitive restructuring, reforming the information processing system and reducing negative thoughts about oneself, tries to reduce negative cognitive components (18). Among the various treatments that were examined, the findings of various researches have considered mindfulness therapy as a useful intervention in people with social anxiety. Correlation results also show that increasing mindfulness is related to reducing social anxiety symptoms and better performance (21). Mindfulness-based treatments aim to reduce negative reactions to cognitive, social, and physical processes, through training the two skills of awareness and acceptance (22). The main emphasis of this treatment is targeted attention, moment by moment and non-judgmental. People are trained to be aware of their thoughts, emotions and physical sensations without any kind of judgment and to accept them (23). In this research, an attempt has been made to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness therapy on negative rumination and social self-efficacy in people with social anxiety disorder.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test design, and control group. The research population included all applicants who referred to psychiatric clinics in Shiraz in 2018 with the signs of social anxiety disorder. selected from the aforementioned community based on the cut-off score after being measured with the clinical interview based on DSM_5 and social anxiety scale (Connor et al., 2000). Then, three groups of 15 people were randomly selected, and then two intervention groups (cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness therapy) and a control group were randomly named.
The tools of this study include the social anxiety scale of Connor et al., SPIN, the rumination scale of Hoeksma and Maro (1991): the social self-efficacy scale of Smith and Betz (2000).
Cognitive behavioral therapy based on the model of Hoffman and Otto (2008) was used for cognitive behavioral therapy training, which included 12 2-hour group training sessions and 2 individual training sessions for each client in order to adjust the treatment according to the needs and conditions of each client. For the training of mindfulness therapy, the group therapy protocol based on acceptance and mindfulness of Fleming and Kukowski (2000) was used, which included 12 2-hour group training sessions and 2 individual training sessions for each client in order to adjust the treatment according to the needs and conditions of each client. In order to test the data, multivariate covariance analysis and Benferoni's post hoc test were used.

The results showed that the intervention groups of cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based therapy significantly reduced negative rumination and increased social self-efficacy compared to the control group; It also shows that cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness did not have different effectiveness in the components of symptom-oriented rumination and antecedent-consequence-oriented rumination. However, in the field of rumination and social self-efficacy, mindfulness therapy has been more effective compared to cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Considering that mindfulness as a lifestyle, consistent with human nature, has the ability to influence people's emotional system, i.e. their thoughts, physical sensations, raw emotions and action impulses, change people's outlook on life and the quality of their relationship with themselves. , others and the world, with compassionate and realistic acceptance. With the help of mindfulness techniques, people learn to observe without judgment and criticism, along with compassion towards themselves and others; By observing stressful and sad thoughts and emotions, they learn to identify negative thought patterns before they become a vicious cycle. Thus, in the long term, mindfulness creates many changes in people's mood and level of happiness and health. It seems that mindfulness techniques improve social self-efficacy. Mindfulness helps people make informed decisions and communicate effectively by increasing psychosocial and interpersonal skills; Develop coping skills and personal management and have a healthy and fruitful life.

emotion management is one of the positive personality traits that has been the focus of many psychologists in recent years. Improving emotion management can improve people's quality of life and job performance. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of group training of emotion regulation on the job performance of doctors and nurses in general hospitals in Isfahan city during the Corona crisis.

Methods and Materials: 

The design of this research is a semi-experimental type of pre-test, post-test and follow-up with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of this research included all the doctors and nurses of the general hospitals of Isfahan city in the first three months (April, May and June) of 2021. 40 doctors and nurses in Isfahan city were selected as the research sample using available sampling method. The experimental group received the emotion regulation training package for 8 sessions; the control group did not receive any training. The follow-up was done after three months. Repeated measurement test was used to analyze the results. The data was analyzed using SPSS software

The analysis of the obtained findings shows that the average scores of the job performance of the people according to the group (control and experiment) after adjusting the pre-test has a significant difference (p<0.05) and the experimental group after receiving adjustment training. Excitement shows higher job performance.

Therefore, it can be said that emotion regulation training increases general positive orientation, positive cognitive processes, and positive emotional functioning of people, and therefore improves the job performance of doctors and nurses during the outbreak of Corona.

The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of group counseling as a treatment focused on compassion on social relationships and emotional pain in women with breast cancer. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a three-month follow-up period. The statistical population included all married women suffering from breast cancer who were referred to Inicito Cancer Center in Aburihan, Mehyar Charitable Institution, and Shahadai Hospital in Tehran in 2022. 40 people were randomly selected into two groups using a purposive sampling method. 20 people were placed. In this research, once a week, the experimental group received group counseling in the form of compassion-focused therapy during 8 sessions of 90 minutes. Data were collected using the Pain Perception Questionnaire (MGPQ, Melzak, 1975) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF, 2007). The results of mixed variance analysis with repeated measurement showed a difference between the pre-test and post-test stages (p<0.05) and follow-up pre-test (p<0.05) in the variable of social relations. , d =-6.46), and in the variable of emotional pain, the difference between the pre-test and post-test stage (p < 0.05) and pre-test and follow-up (p < 0.05) significant was reported. According to the findings of the present research, it seems that the role of group counseling as a treatment focused on compassion should be paid attention to in improving social relationships and reducing emotional pain in women with breast cancer.

Test anxiety is a type of situational anxiety (certain phobia) that has a certain state of general anxiety including phenomenological, physiological, and behavioral responses to fear of failure and negatively affects one's quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on reducing anxiety symptoms and improving the quality of life of students with test anxiety. The present study was an experimental study (with pre-test, post-test, and a 3-month post hoc study) in which repeated measures analysis of variance with control group were used. From among the first period high school male students of CHENAR SHAHIJAN in Fars province, 50 individuals with test anxiety disorder were selected and assigned into experimental and control groups. Data were collected using Friedman & Jacob Test Anxiety Inventory (1997) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument- Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF). The treatment protocol comprised using Wildermouth Cognitive Behavioral Therapy techniques in 9 sessions of one and a half hour weekly. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni’s post hoc test using SPSS 22. The results showed that the psychological intervention in the post-test and post hoc reduced students' test anxiety scores in three dimensions of social humiliation, cognitive error and stress, and improved their quality of life. Cognitive behavioral therapy causes significant changes (p

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of death in women with many physical and psychological complications, and the aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment on health anxiety, psychological well-being and body image in women with mastectomy breast cancer. It is the city of Shiraz where they visited Amir Shiraz Hospital in 2022.

The current research was of semi-experimental type, pre-test, post-test with control group and follow-up test. The subject population included a sample of 45 people who were randomly measured. The research tools included Weisman and Beck, health anxiety questionnaire, Riff psychological well-being questionnaire and Kash, Mikola and Brown body image questionnaire. The research data were used to test the hypotheses using the multivariate covariance method and the Sheffe and Benferoni post hoc tests, and the data were analyzed using the SPSS software.

The findings of this research showed that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment had a significant effect on the research variables. health anxiety (F=77.822, p<0.05) body image (F=37.609, p<0.05) psychological well-being (F=8.637, P<0.05) 

Because the underlying principles of the treatment are based on acceptance and commitment in order to increase psychological flexibility, therefore, this treatment can be used in clinical settings along with other common treatments.

Breast cancer is one of the common diseases in women that threatens their physical and mental health. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based stress reduction program on psychological well-being, health anxiety, and body image in women with mastectomy breast cancer.

The present study is quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up group design. The statistical population of this research included all women with breast cancer who underwent mastectomy surgery and were referred to Namazi and Amir Shiraz hospitals in 2021. A total of 30 women with breast cancer were selected in a purposeful way and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). Data collection was done using the demographic form and psychological well-being questionnaire, health anxiety inventory, and body image concern inventory. After the pre-test, the experimental group underwent 8 sessions of a 90-minute stress reduction program based on mindfulness. The instruments were completed by the experimental and control groups in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. Data analysis was done in SPSS software version 24 with a significance level (p<0.05).

The average scores of psychological well-being, health anxiety, and body image before training in the experimental and control groups were 29.67±4.98 and 29.47±6.62, 56.73±5.41 and 56.33±5.73, 57.67±4.73 and 57.40±3.96 respectively. There was a significant difference between the mindfulness experiment group and the control group after training (p<0.001). The largest effect size was related to body image (0.69), health anxiety (0.61), and psychological well-being (0.58).

The stress reduction program based on mindfulness led to increases in psychological well-being, a decrease in health anxiety, and concern about body image. Therefore suggested that this program be used for the rehabilitation of women with breast cancer who have undergone mastectomy surgery.

Background &

Adolescence is considered a transition period from childhood to adulthood. According to the results of research related to adolescence, contrary to humanistic approaches that consider this period without tension and conflict, they consider this period as a stormy period full of chaos, tension, and stress. One of the major problems identified during adolescence is the occurrence of intense emotions. Excitement is a psychological structure that affects all aspects of human life and is affected by it. Emotions are psycho-biological, purposeful, and social phenomena, instinctive phenomena that appear in different people under appropriate conditions, are not affected by social conditions and learning, and call for appropriate physiological responses. Anger is one of the psychological-biological emotions that play an important and effective role in the lives of all human beings. Anger is an emotion that usually appears as a result of a person's reaction to the unacceptable behavior of others. In other words, anger is one of the most important and comprehensive emotions in a person's existence, and it plays a key role in providing self-esteem, physical and mental health, and protecting him during threats. Anger directs a person's energy and strength to overcome unjustified obstacles, and correct and manage them. Although anger is one of the physiological and sometimes useful emotions and is also necessary for the protection of the individual, it has a significant relationship with aggression, mental disorders, and complex physical diseases, Incorrect expression causes problems in Family, interpersonal and occupational spheres and it also leads to a negative evaluation of the individual by others, negative self-concept, and low self-confidence. Personality is the aspect of human life that allows us to predict how a person will behave in certain situations. Each person behaves specially and has unique expectations, capabilities, needs, and behavioral skills based on his personality model. Personality includes five factors neuroticism, extroversion, experience-seeking, agreement-seeking, and conscientiousness, and each of these factors consists of a set of traits and characteristics. Personality disorders are also underlying factors of anger and aggression in teenagers. Inefficient behaviors are very different from the individual's cultural expectations and can cause major concern for the individual and others and disrupt the individual's social and professional functions. Personality disorders are disorders related to inconsistent and stable characteristics and ways of perceiving, communicating, and thinking about oneself and the world. Considering the importance of adolescence and individual, family, social, cultural, law enforcement, and psychological efforts for the protection of adolescents, as well as the importance of proper management of interpersonal anger emotions and the destructive effects of personality disorders in pushing adolescents to break norms, delinquency, law Breaking, criminality, suicide, and suicide, so the researchers investigated the relationship between the experience of interpersonal anger based on personality traits and disorders in teenagers.

The method of the current research is a correlational description. The statistical population included all teenagers aged 16 to 29 in Yasooj city, and in this research, 380 teenagers were selected and examined by cluster sampling. In this way, we divided the city of Yasooj into 5 regions, North, South, East, West, and Center, and randomly selected places from these regions and investigated the teenagers of that region and McCree (1992), Siegel's Multidimensional Anger Questionnaire (1986) and Millon's Multiaxial Clinical Questionnaire were examined.

The Pearson correlation results between the experience of anger and personality traits showed that anger has a positive relationship with neuroticism traits and a significant negative relationship with the personality traits of extroversion, experience-seeking, agreement-seeking, and conscientiousness. Also, the findings showed that avoidant personality disorders, depressed, antisocial, dramatic, dependent, narcissistic, other annoying, obsessive, borderline, anxious, depressive, alcohol dependent, and negative personality disorders are positively and significantly related to anger projection. The results of the regression analysis showed that the personality traits of neuroticism directly and the personality traits of experience-seeking, agreement-seeking, and conscientiousness can inversely predict adolescent interpersonal anger, as well as antisocial, narcissistic, anxious, and negative personality disorders. They directly predict adolescent interpersonal anger.

In general, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between interpersonal anger and personality traits and disorders in adolescents, and paying attention to personality and traits is known to be an important issue in adolescent psychology. Among the limitations that the researchers faced in this research, it is possible to point out that this research is limited to teenagers aged 16 to 29 in Yasooj city, and the possibility of generalizing the results to teenagers of other cities and other cultures should be cautious. Another limitation of this research was the cross-sectional nature of data collection, which was collected in a limited period of time. It is suggested that in future research, longitudinal studies should be conducted in which the role of personality traits and disorders in the projection of interpersonal anger is more tangible. Also, the present study was only a field study with a questionnaire method, and despite the advantages of this method, it is possible that deviation from this method may have occurred. Therefore, it is suggested to be investigated using other evaluation methods in future research. It is also suggested that future researchers examine this research more closely with regard to the role of control variables such as education level, work experience or employment, and economic, social, and family status.

This study aimed to explain the causal model of marital boredom based on emotional and social maturity among married people in Shiraz, Iran.

 This descriptive and correlational study was conducted on 362 married people (270 women and 92 men) married for 10 years and were selected by convenience sampling method. The data were collected using the Paynes' Marital Boredom Self-Report Scale (1996), Yashvir and Bhargava's Emotional Maturity Scale (EMS) (1991), and Rao's Social Maturity Scale (RSMS) (1973). In addition to descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and correlation matrix), inferential statistics (structural equation model) were used to analyze the data of the aforementioned scales collected from the sample population by AMOS software.

The results showed that emotional maturity predicts marital boredom negatively and significantly (P<0.01, β= -0.69); however, social maturity is not a significant predictor of marital boredom (P<0.01, β= -0.09). After calculating the model by considering the output correction indicators of AMOS software, this model was modified and fitted with eight indicators. In general, the results of this analysis confirmed a good model fit.

The causal model showed that emotional maturity is able to predict marital boredom negatively and significantly. However, social maturity is not a significant predictor of marital boredom.

The aim of study was to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive group therapy and cognitive behavioral group therapy on reducing severity of guilt sense, suicidal thoughts and hopelessness in major depression patients.

This is an experimental study with pre-test and post-test and follow up with experimental and control groups. The study population consisted of all patients with MDD in Shiraz. Participants were (n=60) patients with MDD. They were selected by targeted sampling and randomly assigned to MBCT (n=20), CBT (n=20), and control group (n=20). Measurement: Zung Williams’s inventory, Beck-II depression inventory, Beck suicide scale, Beck hopelessness scale, Mosher guilt sense scale.

MBCT is more effective for suicidal thoughts and guilt feeling components. MBCT and CBT interventions have the same significance level in the case of hopelessness.

MBCT could be main therapy in reducing severity of hopelessness, guit sense and suicidal thoughts in paitents with MDD.Keywords: comparing effectiveness, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy

Appreciation of the positive personality traits that have been considered by many psychologists in recent years. Improving gratitude can improve the quality of life and mental health in people. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness group emotion regulation training on promoting the mental health of physicians and nurses of public hospitals in Isfahan.

Methods and Materials:

 The design of this quasi-experimental study is pre-test, post-test and follow-up with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of this study included all physicians and nurses of public hospitals in Isfahan in the first three months (April, May and June) of 1400. The research sample was selected using available sampling method of 40 physicians and nurses in Isfahan. The experimental group received an emotion regulation training package for 8 sessions; the control group did not receive any training. Follow-up was done after a month. Covariance test was used to analyze the results. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.

Analysis of the findings shows that the mean scores of mental health of individuals according to the group (control and experiment) after adjusting the pre-test, there is a significant difference (p <0.05) and the experimental group after receiving adjustment training Excitement indicates higher mental health.

Therefore, it can be said that emotion regulation training increases the overall positive orientation, positive cognitive processes, and positive emotional function of individuals and therefore improves the mental health of physicians and nurses during the outbreak of Covid 19.

Patients with borderline personality disorder are known to have a clinically relevant heterogeneity in relation to severity of the disease and specific features, such as rage, rejection sensitivity, personality organization, or depression. There is little information about the importance of pathological narcissism for borderline patients (1). The limited evidence may be due in part to methodological difficulties in identifying Narcissistic clinical manifestations, which reflects disagreement among experts about this structure (2, 3). DSM diagnostic classifications appear as clusters of symptoms rather than being developed by a predetermined theory. The results are familiar but ambiguous. Classification is not effective enough. Among the dimensional models proposed to DSM to describe personality disorders, Kernberg's theory of object relations can be observed. For personality disorders, Kernberg eliminates these problems by shifting attention from borderline personality disorder to borderline personality organization (BPO). He places pathological narcissism on the subgroup of borderline personality organization. This conceptualization is a purely developmental theory, an explanation of the features of interpersonal relationships and defense mechanisms, and even including recommended therapies/treatment methods (4)A review of narcissistic descriptions based on clinical personality theories reveals that two types of vulnerable and grandiose narcissism are two areas of narcissistic personality disorder malfunction(5). Vulnerable narcissism is characterized by low self-esteem, self-criticism and devaluing , shame, social rejection sensitivity and isolation, Entitlement Rage, hiding the Self (6-8). Borderline personality disorder and vulnerable narcissism, although known as distinct structures but different qualitative structures, are interrelated (9). In fact, the characteristics of vulnerable narcissism may indicate a more general personality pathology similar to borderline personality disorder (10, 11).

The present study is descriptive and it has used of structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis. In this study, 102 women and 58 men who had consulted to were client psychiatric clinics in Shiraz participated and received a BPD diagnosis of by a psychiatrist. Patients were selected by convenience sampling and voluntary selection from among those who had consulted to these centers. Explaining the principle of confidentiality of information, patients signed the consent form and then, completed the questionnaire under the supervision of a psychologist present at the center. Enterance requirements were/ to be eligible to apply included having over the age of 18 and at least holding a diploma, no use of psychiatric drugs, no experience of psychosis and mania, no significant medical problems, no mental retardation and no heavy drug use. Two questionnaires of borderline personality disorder and pathological narcissism questionnaire were used to assess the characteristics of psychopathology. Borderline Personality Disorder Questionnaire: The borderline personality disorder questionnaire was developed by Leichsenring in 1999(12) in order to assess borderline personality traits in clinical and non-clinical samples and is answered as yes or no. The questionnaire is essentially a 53-item scale based on the Kernberg concept of borderline personality organization as well as the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria.Pathological narcissism questionnaire: The Pincus’ pathological narcissism scale is a 52-item measurement tool that scores based on the 6-point Likert scale from " Not at all like me " to " Very much like me ". This tool measures the two dimensions of grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism and has 7 dimensions or components including: contingent self-esteem (CSE), Self-Sacrificing Self-Enhancement (SSSE), Exploitativeness (EXP), Hiding the Self (HS), Grandiose Fantasy (GF), Devaluing (DV), and Entitlement Rage (ER).

Fit indicators show that all indicators are in the desired range, so the structural model of the research is approved. Findings showed that the variables of vulnerable narcissism have a positive and significant effect on fear of intimacy (0.37), damaged reality testing (0.55), primary defense mechanisms (0.62) and identity difiussion (0.69). Also, the grandiose narcissistic pathway coefficient with fear of intimacy (0.71), damaged reality testing (0.64), primary defense mechanisms (0.38) and identity disorder (0.26) is positive and significant. In other words, vulnerable narcissism and grandiose narcissism predict the dimensions of borderline personality disorder.

In this study, pathological narcissism, a recent German version of the scale showing that the vulnerable and grandiose type is associated with borderline disorder was assessed (1, 13). Research shows that great grandiose and vulnerable traits in personality disorders are commonly reported together (14). This research is consistent with the studies of Miller, 2008 and Euler and Stubby, 2018 Kampe et al. 2021(1, 10, 15). In Melanie Klein's theory, the concept of envy and the mechanism of splitting has been used. Envy is one of the most primitive and fundamental emotions. Envy is a two-way relationship that aims to seize the whole goodness that can be pulled out of the object regardless of the consequences. This can lead to the destruction and contamination of its good. Envy wants to be as good as object, but when this is considered impossible, it tries to tarnish the goodness of the object in order to eliminate the source of these envious feelings. Due to the sources of excessive threat to the child's environment, the mechanism of the primary splitting which is vital to the child's development and is associated with the idealization of the good object, destroyed and the very good source on which the baby depends on growth is attacked and lost. As a result, the possibility of obtaining good introspection is eliminated, and what is internalized is only the bad part of the object. The ego will inevitably be damaged. In this case, a gap is created between the person and the object, and this vulnerability may lead to a person turning away from one’s grandiose narcissistic traits from any connection and intimacy.Kernberg, 1976 emphasizes confronting or exposure to the patient's pathological defenses that weaken the ego and reduce its ability to reality testing. Vulnerable narcissism is negatively correlated with the use of mature defenses. From pathological perspective, defense mechanisms in narcissism are perceived as a developmental consequence of early experiences of rejection and devaling by the child's primary caregivers (15, 16).Instability in identity and narcissistic traits are significantly related to eachother (17); The grandiose narcissist has a relatively accurate view of oneself. If failure occurs due to the loss or frustration of the love object, because of the connection between one’s self-image and one's image of the object, Object-focused aggression will also have targeted oneself.Aggressive devaluation of the object leads to self-humiliation and degeneration of self-esteem, and the loss of self-esteem leads to latent narcissistic conflict. Regression to the previous stages of development causes the person's emotional fluctuation in loving parents with absolute power and despair of the love objects and is seen in the form of disturbances in the identification, inability and feeling of emptiness in the borderline or psychotic person.The main essence of narcissistic personality is the existence of a deficit in its structure, which arises from the incompleteness of the process and the coherence and integration of grandiose self and ideal object in ego reality-focused structure. The patient is not fully aware of the pathological nature and state of consciousness and this is due to the feeling of incompleteness and imperfection of his reality and the world around the self. This constant narcissistic structure in borderline disorder suffers from psychological incoherence and resorts to delusions and even illusions to cope with the unbearable feeling of splitting and loss of ideal objects (18).

Psychological empowerment of prisoners is one of the effective treatment programs for reducing the prevention of recurrence of crime. Due to the importance of this issue, the present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on the psychological capital and criminal thinking of prisoners in Bushehr city. The method of the present study was quasi-experimental and its design was pre-experimental-post-experimental-follow-up after two-month with the control group. The statistical population of this study was 895 male prisoners in Bushehr Central Prison in 2020. Forty prisoners were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control using a lottery. The research instruments included the Psychological Capital Questionnaire; PCQ (Luthans et al., 2007), and Criminal Thinking Scales; CTS (Knight et al., 2006). After receiving the pretest, acceptance and commitment therapy was performed in 8 sessions of 90 minutes for the intervention group, and the control group was on the waiting list. Data analysis was performed using Repeated measures ANOVA tests in SPSS-20. The results of the Bonferroni Subordinate Test showed the scores of self-efficacy, and optimism in the intervention group in the post-test stage increased significantly (P<0.05); However, this incremental effect remained significant in the follow-up phase in the component of self-efficacy (P<0.05); The results also showed that the scores of criminal thinking in the experimental group decreased in the post-test and follow-up stages (P<0.05). From the above results, it can be concluded that acceptance and commitment therapy is an effective intervention in improving self-efficacy, optimism and reducing criminal thinking in prisoners.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of motivational interviewing and matrix treatment with Cognitive-Behavioral Approach on depression and quality of life in marijuana users. Experimental research method along with pretest-posttest design used with three groups (two experimental groups, a motivational interviewing group, a matrix treatment group and a control group). The statistical population was all marijuana addicts in Shiraz. Statistical samples were selected from marijuana addicts referred to Mehrari Hospital in Shiraz. Individuals were randomly assigned to three groups (15 people in each group). Weir Scherborn quality of life Scale and Beck Depression were used to collect data. The results showed that matrix treatment and motivational interviewing were significantly different from the control group, but matrix treatment with motivational interviewing were not different in effectiveness. Therefore, both therapies can be used as adjunctive therapies in marijuana addicts.Keywords: motivational interviewing, matrix treatment with Cognitive-Behavioral Approach , depression, quality of life , marijuana users