توحید محمدزاده

On April 6, 2014, Saudi Arabia, with the formation of a coalition of Arab countries, began its air attack against the people of Yemen, claiming to support Abd Rabu Mansour Hadi, the resigned president of this country. In this operation, UAE, Bahrain and Kuwait were allies of Saudi Arabia and countries such as Sudan, Egypt, Jordan cooperated with Riyadh in delivering military weapons. This article examines the role of Oman in mediation to resolve the conflict in Yemen Oman's foreign policy has changed since the 1970s under the influence of Sultan Qaboos bin Said's policies to move away from the isolationism of Oman's previous ruler, Sultan Said Ibn Taimur, and to establish regional and international convergence. Oman has also tried to act as a mediator in some cases to resolve regional disputes. Oman's greater presence in regional policies, which it tries to promote by maintaining the principle of neutrality, and at the same time, the country's active but shadowy role in resolving regional conflicts, makes it necessary to examine the country's new foreign policies. Mediation is of particular importance as an effective tool to control conflict and settle disputes by peaceful means. Oman is one of the countries that has displayed mediating diplomacy due to its geopolitical and geocultural position. The research hypothesis is that Oman played a positive role in mediating the Saudi war against Yemen. This article describes the role and influence of Oman in the Yemen war by using the descriptiveanalytical method and using the theory of mediation. Oman is working with the cooperation of Saudi Arabia, the United Nations and the United States special representatives for Yemeni affairs and the Yemeni parties involved in this country with the aim of reaching a comprehensive political agreement to resolve the current crisis in the Republic of Yemen.

The 11th and 12th governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran were headed by Hojjat-ul-Islam Hassan Rouhani during the years 2013 to 2021. Based on the promises made in the elections as well as the existing international conditions, the Rouhani government had promised to connect with the West, remove international sanctions, reconcile with the world, and improve the economic situation and the movement of the centrifuge and the country's economy at the same time. Due to the fact that Rouhani knew the solution to the economic problems and fulfilling the election promises in interaction with the West, he started to tie all the country's problems to the issue of negotiation. The government's efforts finally led to the JCPOA between Iran and the 1+5 group in July 2014. This agreement led to a specific mechanism to limit Iran's nuclear programs, including changing the use of the Arak heavy water power plant, collecting most of the centrifuges from the Natanz and Fardo sites, and reducing uranium enrichment from 20% to 3.5%, but this issue didn’t satisfied Western governments and they sought to limit Iran's regional and missile programs. According to the nature of the Islamic Revolution and the principles of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the theory of constructivism has been used to describe the performance of the foreign policy in Hassan Rouhani's government.

The Yellow Vests movement is an anti-capitalist protest movement centered in Paris, France, which spread to other countries such as Belgium and the Netherlands very fast. Since mid of November 2018, tens of thousands of people known as the Yellow Vests, have been protesting against the government's policies.
Although widespread political protests are usual in France but the intensity of the yellow vest protesters has led to one of the worst riots in Paris that forced authorities to shut down parts of the country. The popularity of Macron has declined during these protests. Current situation threatens Macron’s authority and reduces France’s influence in the EU. More than one year and a half have passed since the beginning of these protests, and following the indifference of the French government to the demands of the people, this movement gradually became a movement against the capitalist policies of the government. Saturdays of France is the day of protesters to protest against capitalism. Before the spread of Corona Virus, these protests were holding all over the France. However, after the spreading of Corona virus all over the EU, protesters have taken their activities to the Social Media.

The international legal system, as an unorganized legal system, faces many difficulties in ensuring it's implementing its rules. Due to the lack of institutional mechanisms to counter and punish violations of international law, the international law system recognizes the right of each state to resort to countermeasures to counter violate international obligations and to compensate for damages.
The use of economic sanctions by some governments without the prior authorization of the Security Council and outside the United Nations Charter of Collective Security has made their legitimacy in line with international law uncertain. Some boycotters cite the principle of the freedom of governments to establish or sever their business relations with other states in justifying their actions. In some cases, the use of unilateral sanctions is seen as a tool to advance the national policy goals of powerful states. Whatever the ultimate goal of unilateral economic sanctions, the international obligations of governments within the framework of international human rights treaties must be taken into account.
Ignoring the detrimental effects of sanctions on the human rights situation in the target country not only destroys the legitimacy of these actions but also creates liability for governments or sanctions governments by international law. This article reviews the legitimacy of US sanctions against Iran and provides assessments of its non-compliance with international law and the effects of these sanctions.