دکتر موسی عابدینی

One of the important issues in the field of tourism is recognizing the potentials, ranking the infrastructures and tourist attractions in different areas of a city and the balanced distribution of these infrastructures and facilities. Bostan Abad city with its many natural, historical and cultural attractions can attract many tourists every year. The purpose of this article is to prioritize the tourist attractions of Bostan Abad city.

This research was developed using a descriptive-analytical and survey method, and the F-TOPSIS model was used to analyze the data. The statistical population of this research is the number of 30 people who are active in the tourism sector, and the required information was collected using the questionnaire tool. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire to the extent of 85%.

The results of fuzzy TOPSIS model, the touristic places of Bostan Abad city can be prioritized in the following order for tourists to visit. According to the results of the TOPSIS fuzzy model, the tourist places of Bostan Abad city, Bostan Abad mineral spa, ranked first with a score of 530, Qorigol Lake ranked second with a score of (0.528), Agh Bulaq cave, and ranked third with a score of (0.478). Master Shahriar's father's house with a score of (0.465) ranks fourth and Shahiordi valley, Sahand ski resort, historical town of Ojan, Khaste Qasim grave, Janbahan mosque and the dam and caravansera of Al-Khalaj village respectively with a score of (0.460), (0.460), (0.435), (0.415), (0.370) and (0.361) are ranked fifth to tenth.

Multi-criteria decision-making methods combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enable the simultaneous evaluation of various environmental, infrastructural, and security criteria, assisting in the optimal selection of locations for the establishment of military bases. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to locate military bases in Meshginshahr County using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) model and GIS.

To achieve the research objective, a survey method was first employed by designing a questionnaire to collect expert opinions on the factors influencing the siting of military bases in the study area. In the next step, necessary data layers were digitized based on existing maps, and a database was created in the ArcGIS environment. Data weighting was carried out using the ANP method. Finally, the zoning map of the study area was prepared by integrating and overlaying the selected layers.

The results indicated that 15.67% of the county's area falls within the "highly suitable" class and 17.97% within the "suitable" class, mainly located in the central and eastern parts of the county. In contrast, 25.55% is categorized as "unsuitable" and 21.48% as "highly unsuitable," primarily found in the mountainous and steep western and southern regions.This study demonstrated that integrating multi-criteria decision-making models with GIS spatial analysis can significantly assist in optimizing the site selection of military bases while minimizing environmental and security conflicts.

Floods are one of the natural phenomena that can cause significant damage to infrastructure, farmlands, and the environment. This phenomenon primarily occurs due to heavy rainfall, snowmelt, or a combination of these factors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to map flood hazard zones and examine their relationship with land use using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) model in the Razi Chay watershed in Ardabil Province.

In this study, data from Landsat 8 satellite imagery from 2022, a 30-meter ASTER DEM map, a 1:50,000 scale topographic map, a 1:250,000 scale geological map, and other detailed information of the studied watershed were utilized. Ten parameters influencing flood occurrence were analyzed, including elevation, slope, slope aspect, vegetation cover, geological formations, distance from the river, flow direction, land use, precipitation, and drainage density. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) model was employed to determine the importance of each variable.

Among the studied parameters, slope (with a weight of 30%), elevation (with a weight of 21%), and land use (with a weight of 17%) were assigned the highest weights, indicating their significant influence in controlling flood occurrence in the Razi Chay watershed. The results show that approximately 36% of the Razi Chay watershed falls within high-risk and very high-risk zones. These areas are typically located in the lower part of the watershed, often at the confluence of the two main streams. Considering the spatial distribution of settlements in the region, it can be concluded that most of the settlements in the lower part of the watershed are exposed to flood risks

Floods cause significant destruction to the economic and social structures of societies each year, resulting in substantial financial and human losses. One of the contributing factors to flooding is urban development around rivers. Due to climate change, Iran has become increasingly susceptible to floods in recent decades, particularly because of its hot, dry, and semi-arid climate. The aim of this research is to conduct flood zoning of the Godar watershed using the HEC-RAS hydraulic model. To achieve this, we first determined the area’s runoff characteristics using satellite images from 2018, a land use map, and the SCS runoff curve number model. Next, we simulated the flood discharge for the basin with return periods of 25, 50, 100, and 200 years using the HEC-HMS hydrological model. Subsequently, we prepared the flood zoning map for the Godar watershed area, encompassing the cities of Naghadeh and Oshnavieh, based on the desired return periods with the help of the HEC-RAS hydraulic model. The results indicate that as the return periods increase, the area of the flood zone in the Godar watershed expands, with increases of 1,255 hectares for the 25-year return period, 1,316 hectares for the 50-year return period, 1,370 hectares for the 100-year return period, and 1,419.7 hectares for the 200-year return period. The results of this study showed that the longer the return period, the larger the area affected by the flood. Studies also show that the HEC-HMS model is suitable for estimating discharge in basins that lack hydrometric stations. The results of this study may be useful in flood management and help reduce the vulnerability of this river to floods.

in order to investigate the efficiency and accuracy of the gene expression programming method in predicting the suspended load sedimentation of the Navroud River in Gilan province using the software (GEP), from the data of average rainfall, average runoff discharge, average maximum temperature , the average minimum temperature and the average annual temperature of the basin, as input variables, as well as the observational suspended load sediment data at the Kharggil Aslam hydrometric station, as the output variable in the joint statistical period of 20 years (from the water year 74-75 until 93-94) was used. For this purpose, the amount of sediments of the suspended load of the basin using the gauge curve method, the average amount of rainfall using the method of precipitation curves using the Kriging model in the GIS software environment and the values of three annual temperature indices through the relations of the thermal gradient of the region for the statistical years It was estimated differently. In order to achieve the appropriate structure between the inputs and the output of the model, the information of the first 13 statistical years was used to train the program and the remaining 7 years were used for its verification, and in order to identify the effective inputs, 6 patterns were used. Various were designed based on the combination of input data. Finally, to determine the most suitable relationship for predicting basin sediments, two valid indicators of root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (2R) were used. The results showed that, with the structure of average rainfall, average runoff, average maximum and average annual temperature of the basin, the correlation coefficient (2R) between the calculated and observed data in the verification period reached its highest value (84%) And the value of the RMSE index reaches its lowest value (1.06).

Land subsidence is one of the environmental hazards that humanity has faced in recent decades due to excessive extraction of groundwater resources in alluvial areas. This phenomenon, like other hazards (earthquakes, droughts, floods, storms, landslides, etc.), is considered an obstacle to socio-economic and civil development. The Neyshabur Plain is one of the most important plains in Khorasan Razavi Province in terms of agriculture and population density, which is located in the northeast of Iran with an arid and semi-arid climate. In this study, Sentinel 1A satellite images were used in a 5-year period (2017 to 2022) to monitor the rate of subsidence within the city of Neyshabur. The main objective of the present study is to investigate the effects of land subsidence awareness on responsible tourism within the city of Neyshabur. The results of radar interferometry studies showed that 18 cm of subsidence occurred in the study area during a 5-year period. Data from piezometric wells in the area were used to determine the cause of land subsidence, and their changes were examined during the period 1370-1398. The registered subsidence rates for each period were 4 cm for 2017-2018 (1395-1396), about 6 cm for the period 2018-2019 (1396-1397), 5 cm for the period 2019-2020 (1397-1398), 2 cm for the period 2020-2021 (1398-1399), and 1 cm for the period 2021-2022 (1399-1400). The results of the study showed that there is a close relationship between the decline in groundwater levels and areas with land subsidence in the city of Neyshabur, which has affected responsible tourism. Especially in the northern part of the city, which has the highest groundwater level decline of 36.78 meters and is also in a high subsidence risk zone. According to the analysis of the results obtained in SPSS and Smart Pls software, all factor loading scores were higher than 0.5, Cronbach's alpha for both main values ​​was confirmed and more than 0.7, and the AVE coefficients were also obtained more than 0.5, and validity and reliability were confirmed. Finally, the effect of awareness of subsidence on responsible tourism was confirmed, indicating that awareness of Neyshabur subsidence, as an environmental challenge, has affected tourists' tourism decisions.

Today, the tourism industry has become one of the main sources of income and employment creation at the international level. Identifying the geotourism potential and tourist attractions of each region, along with proper planning, can help develop this industry and attract tourists. Despite having high tourism capabilities, the tourist village of Bileh Darq has remained unknown due to lack of attention and investment, insufficient advertising, etc. The main objective of this research was to investigate the ecotourism capabilities of Bileh Darq village using the Pereira model.

This region has always been of great interest to tourists due to its many natural attractions (ecotourism and geotourism). This research has investigated and analyzed the geotourism and ecotourism capabilities of the village of Bileh Daragh using the Pereira model. For this purpose, using the opinions of experts, local people and tourists, questions designed for the Pereira model (40 questionnaires) were conducted, tested and analyzed.

After calculating the data with the Pereira model, the geomorphological grade of the region was 3.7, which was obtained from the scientific value indices of 4.25 and the complementary value indices of 3.05. In addition, the management grade of the researched area was 7.6, which was obtained from the calculation of the conservation value indices of 2.05 and the functional value indices of 4.65. Finally, the tourist village of Bileh Daragh has obtained a score of 14 out of a maximum of 20 points in total values, which indicates the high ecotourism capabilities. However, the region's geotourism attractions remain unknown due to lack of investment and adequate advertising. The results of this study can help tourism managers and planners to plan properly and develop the tourism industry and attract tourists with scientific support and considering the region's geotourism capabilities.

Soil erosion is one of the environmental problems that is a threat to natural resources, agriculture and environment, and in this regard, time and place information of soil erosion plays an effective role in management measures, erosion control and watershed management. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the amount of soil erosion in Kozehh Topraghi watershed with the model (RUSLE) and its relationship with vegetation indicators. To achieve the goal of the research, the RUSLE experimental model, which includes R, K, LS, C and P factors, has been used. For this purpose, using the rain gauge data obtained from the Meteorological Organization, the soil texture layer 1:250000 of Iran, the digital model of 30 meters height of Aster and also the satellite image of Landsat 8 OLI have been prepared in the environment of the geographic information system (GIS) and after overlapping layers, the amount of annual soil erosion at the basin level was estimated. In the next step, the geomorphic and vegetation indices that are effective in the occurrence of soil erosion include topographic moisture index (TWI), waterway power index (SPI), domain curvature index (Curvatore), section curvature index (Profil Curvatore), surface curvature index (Plan) Curvatore) and Normal Vegetation Index (NDVI) were created in ArcMap environment and zoning maps were prepared. In line with this, GIS 10.8, ENVI 5.6, Excel, Word software were used to prepare maps as well as analysis. The results of this study showed that the amount of soil erosion for the whole basin was estimated between 0 and 26.63 tons per hectare per year. In another study, the relationship between geomorphic indices and vegetation cover with annual soil erosion rate was conducted, and the results showed that surface curvature indices and normal vegetation cover are the most influential with correlation coefficients of 0.39 and 0.26, respectively, compared to other indices. Also, Curvatore has the least effect with a value of 0.021. Therefore, it is concluded that based on the results obtained from the analysis of parameters related to erosion in the RUSLE model, as well as the indicators used in relation to soil erosion, finally, the surface curvature index and the vegetation index as an influencing factor compared to other parameters have the highest performance in the estimation of watershed soil erosion. The results of this research confirm the possibility of combining effective geomorphic and vegetation indicators on erosion, as well as the possibility of using other effective indicators and RS and GIS capabilities to quantitatively estimate soil erosion values. A

The environmental consequences of land subsidence are destructive, costly and irreparable, and include creating cracks on the surface of the earth, damaging human structures such as building foundations, streets, bridges, roads, and power transmission lines. Sewage is destruction of irrigation systems and fertile agricultural soils and damage to ancient sites. Remote sensing methods, unlike mapping data and topographical maps, which are in physical contact with terrestrial phenomena, are without the slightest interference on terrestrial phenomena, and measuring and evaluating changes in phenomena are evaluated from a distance. Short receiving time and high spatial accuracy of radar images have made it used as a general and widely used tool to estimate land subsidence. According to the statistics announced in the country of Iran, the adverse effects caused by land subsidence are not a low number and are rapidly developing and spreading in different regions of the country. Leave irreparable damage. Ardabil plain, with its rich underground water resources and good soil, has always been of interest in the last half century and has been a suitable place for providing drinking water and agriculture. With the boom of agriculture from the 1960s onwards and as a result the excessive harvest from the aforementioned table since 1363, the aforementioned source began to decline and the continuation of this situation in the following years caused this plain to become more critical.

In order to carry out this research, the data of 22 piezometric wells in the Ardabil plain have been used. The time period used in this research is a 7-year period from 1395 to 1402. The method used for the data of this section is the BRF method, as one of the methods of radial functions, which is used due to its low error value and high accuracy. SAR images of the European Space Agency's Sentinel 1 satellite in SLC format and with vv polarization have been used to find out the changes in land subsidence in the Ardabil plain. The images used by the Sentinel 1 satellite (in c-band with a wavelength of 5.6 cm) are in the group of sensors with medium resolution in terms of spatial resolution. The radar interferometry method provides the possibility of producing a digital model of the ground height, whose optimal height accuracy for c-band data with a wavelength of 5.6 cm is about 5 meters. This method is able to reveal surface changes in the ground in different intervals with millimeter accuracy by using at least 2 or more radar images. In this method, an artificial interferogram is produced with the help of digital elevation model of the earth and conversion of height into phase, and in this way, with the help of reverse DEM data, the phase effect caused by topography is calculated and removed from the phase difference values. The remaining phase difference belongs to the effect of surface displacement and atmosphere.

The results of the investigation of piezometric wells in the area of Ardabil Plain show that the maximum drop in the underground water level is 48.77 meters in the southeast of Ardabil Plain and the lowest drop in the underground water level is 1.57 meters in the north. Eastern Ardabil plain was calculated. The amount of fluctuations in the water level of piezometric wells shows that the highest amount of fluctuations was in the area of Pirqavam wells, Arallovi Bozor and Khalil Abad lands. The lowest fluctuation was also observed in the area of Agchechai wells, Nojedeh. In the studied time period, the water level of Khalilabad piezometric well in 2015 was 2.96 meters, while in 1402, the water level in this area reached 46.3 meters. During 7 years, the water level has dropped by 43 meters, which indicates a critical situation in this sector. The lowest fluctuation of the water level is also for the Aghche-chai well. The land subsidence map of Ardabil plain shows that: the south-eastern parts of Ardabil city and also to some extent in the southern part have suffered ground subsidence due to the extraction of underground water. In the next order, the western parts of Ardabil city are prone to land subsidence. Based on this map, the maximum amount of ground subsidence has been calculated at around 598 mm in the area of Khalil Abad well. In the area of Khalil Abad well, the situation of underground water level drop is very critical and it has dropped by 43 meters during 7 years from 1395 to 1402. The overlapping results of the underground water level and co-depth curves with the results of radar interferometry show the accuracy of the findings in this section. Overlapping the location of the historical sites with the land subsidence map shows that, first of all, Tapraqlu hill (first millennium BC) is in the area of land subsidence with a rate of 250 mm.

The results of the application of this method revealed a very high level of land subsidence for the Ardabil plain (598 mm during a 7-year period). The southeastern areas of Ardabil plain have found a critical situation in recent years due to unprincipled exploitation and lack of proper management. Overlapping the location of the historical sites with the land subsidence map showed that Taparaglu hill with a rate of 250 mm and Ozrik Tepe-si with a rate of 69 mm are in the area of land subsidence, respectively. The three historic sites of Qala-Bovini, Niar Tepesi and Tezre Tepesi are also located in the area prone to land subsidence with rates of 27 mm, 46 mm and 49 mm, respectively. The cause of land subsidence in the Ardabil plain, according to the studies conducted on the changes in the underground water level, is the excessive exploitation of the underground water resources for the cultivation of agricultural products and providing the possibility of compaction of the underlying layers. In general, it can be said that the research results indicate the involvement of historical sites in the area of land subsidence.

Soil erosion is one of the most common types of soil degradation that has destructive effects on the environment and human life. The severity of soil erosion is usually estimated using various models. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyze the intensity of soil erosion hazard and its relationship with environmental factors in the Virmooni watershed in Guilan province,To achieve the research goal, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model was used, which includes the factors of rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, topography, vegetation cover, and soil conservation practices. For this purpose, data from rain gauges of the Iran Meteorological Organization, 1:250000 soil texture map of Iran, 30-meter ASTER Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and Landsat 8 OLI satellite image were prepared in the GIS environment. After overlaying the layers, the annual soil erosion amount in the watershed was estimated.In the next step, environmental factors that are effective in soil erosion occurrence were created in the GIS environment, including topographic wetness index, stream power index, slope curvature, profile curvature, surface curvature, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Finally, zoning maps were prepared. The results of this study showed that the soil erosion rate for the entire watershed was estimated to be between 0 and 1/80 tons per hectare per year. Among the effective factors of the studied model, the topography factor had the highest correlation (0/91) with soil erosion compared to other factors.In another study, the relationship between environmental factors and annual soil loss was investigated. The results showed that the NDVI had the highest correlation (R2=0.62) with soil erosion compared to other factors. The stream power index had the lowest correlation (R2=0.11). This research confirms the possibility of integrating environmental factors affecting soil erosion.

Riverbank erosion is a hydraulic process in which the tensile force of flowing water causes the separation of soil particles from the bank. River channel changes, bank erosion, and bank sedimentation are natural processes in alluvial rivers that can lead to the destruction of surrounding agricultural lands and damage to human infrastructure near the river.In this research, the Rasgen model (Levels 1, 2, and 3) was used to evaluate the condition of the Darehroud River and measure the extent of bank erosion. Level 1 was utilized to determine the channel type after calculating the river slope in the study area. Based on the slopes obtained from different sections, field observations of the river's cross-sections, and its planform during field studies, and considering the river classification system based on slope in Level 1 of Rasgen, the examined sections were categorized into Groups B and A.For this study, six sections from Gavlan village to Laqan village, spanning a length of 5 kilometers, were selected. After determining the river classification in Levels 1 and 2, the conditions of the Darehroud River were evaluated using Level 3 of the Rasgen system. The results indicate that sections 2, 5, and 6 (Group 4B) with total scores of 91, 85, and 111, respectively, and section 4A with a score of 87 are in a weak and unstable condition. In contrast, sections 1 and 3 (Type 4A) with scores of 91 and 87, respectively, are in a good and stable condition.Overall, the classification of the Darehroud River based on the Rasgen model (Levels 1, 2, and 3) provides a logical assessment that delivers more detailed and accurate information for river management applications.

Soil erosion is one of the important issues in the watersheds of Iran and can be considered as one of the most important barriers to achieving sustainable agriculture and natural resources. This study was conducted to compare the MPSYAK, EPM and BLM models using kappa statistical coefficient to assess soil erosion and sediment production in the Seymareh-e-Charnar catchment area. For this purpose, the position of 90 points of erosion points was determined in a field survey by a GPS device and these points were adapted to the final erosion maps.The evaluation of the results obtained from the models used by the Kappa statistical coefficient shows that the MPSYAK model with Kappa statistical coefficient is 0.91 compared to the APM and BLM models with a kappa statistical coefficient of 0.76 and 0.71 of greater accuracy In assessing the risk of erosion in the Seymareh Chenar catchment area. Also, the results of the overlaying of the final erosion mapwith erosion points showed that in the AP model, 81% of the points in the medium-risk zone, the BBL model had 37% of these points in the medium-risk zone and in the M-PSYAK model 90% of the specified points In the middle danger area.
Therefore, it can be said that the studied area is in the middle erosion class and the M-PSIAC model shows more accurate results for erosion evaluation in this basin. Based on the zoning done using the M-PSYAK model, 7.93, 14.45, 77.62% of the area of the area is located in very low, medium and low risk classes. Also, based on the APM model, 27.44%, 32.16%, 40.40% of the area of the area were in low, moderate, high risk classes, respectively. The results of this model estimated the coefficient of erosion intensity of 0.58 and the total sediment produced during one year was 1921183.6 cubic meters.

 Statement of the Problem: 

Landslides are among the most important geomorphological hazards in mountainous areas. Large-scale landslides often have significant social and economic impacts, making them one of the costliest natural disasters worldwide, causing considerable damage to individuals and infrastructure each year. Nowadays, due to climate change and human activities, the frequency, intensity, and impact of landslides have increased, posing significant threats to life and property. In recent years, with rapid socio-economic development, the spatial extent of human activities has also gradually expanded. The occurrence of heavy rainfall has increased the frequency of landslides in mountainous areas and the resulting economic losses have gradually increased, turning landslides into barriers to human environment development. Given the complex physics and diverse nature of triggering mechanisms (such as rainfall and earthquakes), dynamic landslide monitoring is vital for risk assessment and management. While small landslides constitute the majority of landslide events annually, large landslides are usually responsible for a significant portion of casualties and damages. In most parts of the world, identifying their locations and effects still faces many challenges due to the diversity of landslide types and morphologies, as well as the difficulty in collecting and updating survey forms. Therefore, the development of tools and techniques for identifying and monitoring these widespread gravitational processes is of great importance. Spatial assessment and preparation of hazard maps are fundamental strategies in landslide risk management. In the present study, spatial assessment and zoning of landslide risk in the Zemkan watershed in Kermanshah have been addressed. This watershed drains parts of the western slopes of the Zagros Mountainous area and has a high potential for landslides.

In order to assess the spatial risk of landslides in the watershed, studies of 13 factors affecting landslide occurrence were conducted, including elevation, slope, aspect, the Melton ruggedness number, surface convexity, length of slope, valley depth, TWI, precipitation, geological formations, distance from streams, distance from roads, and vegetation cover. In line with the research objectives, the necessary data were obtained from 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 topographic maps; 1:100,000 and 1:250,000 geological maps; Aster satellite images with a resolution of 27 meters; Sentinel satellite images (with a resolution of 10 meters) and Google Earth (GeoEye with an approximate resolution of 1 meter); climate data; field studies; and library resources. ArcGIS, ENVI, and SAGA GIS software were used for the preparation and preparation of thematic layers and the execution of research models. A catastrophe theory-based approach was employed for zoning and spatial prediction of landslide occurrence risk in the Zemkan watershed area. Functions of catastrophe theory were used in GIS environment to combine and overlay these factors. The model employed was used to address uncertainties associated with decision-making and data classification. In this model, the weight of criteria is determined by the internal mechanism of the system, which has a mathematical nature.

The results of the research demonstrate the satisfactory performance of catastrophe theory functions in zoning the risk of landslides. The model accuracy, calculated using field mapping of landslide zones and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, was approximately 90%. Catastrophe theory-based modeling showed that slope factors with a coefficient of 1.3, precipitation with a coefficient of 1.2, elevation with a coefficient of 1.1, and geological formations with a coefficient of 1 are the most important variables affecting landslide occurrence in the Zemkan watershed. Over 32.4% of the study area fell into high and very high susceptibility classes. Several conditions have led to significant portions of the central and southern parts of the Zemkan watershed having a high landslide potential. In this regard, factors such as high elevation and slope, significant precipitation, the presence of landslide-sensitive geological formations such as marl, clayey limestone, and shale (Kazhomi formation), westward orientation perpendicular to westward winds, long slopes, high drainage density, and human interventions are noteworthy.

In the present study, a model based on catastrophe theory was utilized to mitigate uncertainties associated with decision-making and data classification. In this model, the weights of criteria are determined by the internal mechanism of the system, which has a mathematical nature. The results of the model are repeatable and generalizable, thereby reducing decision-making uncertainties and enabling the integration of multiple quantitative and qualitative data. The research findings indicate the effectiveness of catastrophe theory functions based on GIS in spatial assessment and zoning of landslide risk in the study area. The alignment of landslide field mapping with landslide risk zoning maps and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves indicates a model accuracy of approximately 90%. The model results show that slope, precipitation, elevation, and geology are the most important factors influencing landslide occurrence in the Zemkan watershed. A significant portion of the study area falls into high and very high susceptibility classes of landslides, indicating a considerable potential for landslides in the Zemkan watershed and the need for planning to mitigate the risks associated with landslide occurrence.

The aim of the current research is the zoning of floods in the Balikhlichai River with different return periods in Ardabil province. HEC-RAS hydraulic model was used for flood risk zoning and geometric data processing was done through HEC-GEORAS add-on. Then, using Hyfran software, the return periods of different floods were extracted. The main data required for this research include: 1:2000 topographic maps of Balikhlichai river, hydrometric data and boundary conditions of the river, which were obtained from the regional water organization of Ardabil province. Based on the analysis, the results of flood zoning with different return periods were determined. Flood zoning with a return period of two years, around 101 hectares of land around the river will be submerged and there will not be that much loss of life and money. Flood zoning with a return period of 10 years with an area of ​​131 hectares and the width of the flood zone is 399 meters. Flood zoning with a return period of 50 years will reach an area of ​​145.5 hectares and the width of the flood zone will be about 549 meters, which can cause financial and human losses. Finally, flood zoning with a return period of 200 years will be reached with an area of ​​153.5 hectares and a width of 591 meters, which will cause a lot of damage to the urban and rural areas around the Balikhlichai river. It is concluded that based on flood zoning with a return period of 50 and 200 years, it will be dangerous for human societies. Finally, in order to reduce human and financial losses based on the flood zoning of the Balikhlichai river, measures such as: not encroaching on the river boundary, preventing the change of land use to residential use and Proper drainage of river water is suggested based on flood zone.

This research performed for assessment of erosion condition of the Tajyar catchment located in NW of Iran with regard to the importance of soil erosion, especially in mountainous catchments. In this way, it was tried to estimate erosion and sediment yield rates using EPM and MPSIAC models based on ability of geographic information system (GIS). Data used involved maps, satellite photos, statistic of weather and water gage stations. Results indicated that it was considerable differences between the models with point of estimated erosion and sediment yield, so that estimated total sediment yield is equal to 99342/76 ton per year in MPSIAC model and 16089/37 ton per year in EPM model, it showed that studied catchment is placed in medium erosion class using MPSIAC model and in low erosion class using EPM model. Finally, it concluded that MPSIAC model has better efficiency than EPM model because involving more factors, joining influence of factors in hand and more accuracy of pointing tables and related equations in other hand. However calibration of MPSIAC model in order reduction of errors and more accurate prediction can give more good and trusty results

 the purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between land use changes and ground surface temperature in Parsabad city in Ardabil province using Google Earth Engine system. In this regard, the land use map of Parsabad city was prepared by calling the data of Sentinel 2 and Sentinel 1 satellites in the Google Earth Engine programming environment, and in the next step, its correctness and overall accuracy were validated using the Kappa coefficient. In the next step, the data of Sentinel 5 satellite was used to investigate the aerosols of the studied city, and its daily trend was calculated using the regression and skewness method during the period of 2023-2018. In the next step, the pollution density map of the studied city was drawn and by calling MODIS satellite data, temperature anomaly map and average temperature during the time period of (2018-2023) were prepared, and the night LST trend and the night LST thermal island profile chart in the mentioned time period In the summer months (July) with an average of 297 Kelvin, and minimum values are observed in the winter months (January) with an average of 270 Kelvin. Finally, by extracting the data of city aerosol density maps with average temperature in ArcMAP software environment, the correlation between these two phenomena was analyzed by simple linear regression method. The results showed that there was an inverse relationship between these two phenomena. Also, the amount of daily aerosols has been increasing since the middle of 2021 and its negative skewness has shown the increase of pollution in the inner city areas in recent years.

, the purpose of the current research is to assess and zonate the risk of flooding using the MFFPI model in Shafarood watershed, Gilan province. In this regard, in order to achieve the goals of the research, 6 parameters of the MFFPI model were used, including the parameters of slope, slope, flow density, soil texture, rock permeability, and land use. For this purpose, Landsat 8 satellite images, topographic map with a scale of 1:50000, geology 1:100000 of Razvanshahr city (taken from the Natural Resources Organization) were used to extract and prepare functional maps. In the next step, the mentioned maps were produced in the Arc Map environment. Finally, based on the scoring table of the MFFPI model, each of the maps extracted using the Raster Calculator plugin was given a weight corresponding to the classification class, and the weighted layers of the parameters of domain curvature, slope, flow density, soil texture, rock permeability, and land use were produced. In the last step, by combining the 6 parameters of the studied model, the final flash flood zoning map for the Shafarood watershed was prepared and produced in 5 classes (very low, low, medium, high and very high risk). The results of the final flood zoning showed that the areas of the southern and southwestern parts of the basin had very high and high risk potential, and on the other hand, the central parts of the basin had medium and low risk potential. The results of this research can help managers and relevant officials to identify and deal with possible flood risks in the future, especially in areas with high flood risk potential, to prevent financial and life losses for the studied area by making correct decisions.

Active geomorphology studies the dynamic and dynamic processes that are effective in the formation of the earth and its features (Taghian and Malekzadeh, 1401; Keller and Pinter, 2002). Geomorphic indices can be used as a useful and efficient tool in investigating tectonic and neotectonic activities, because by using them, you can easily identify areas that have experienced fast or slow tectonic activities in the past (Abedini, 2015). These indicators show the relationship between tectonics and surface effects well, and with the knowledge of this relationship, tectonic events can be interpreted by examining the shapes and unevenness of the earth's surface (Morisava and Hack, 2020).Iranian plateau is a folded alpine region. Currently, it is under pressure from all sides and neotectonic movements are still continuing in it. The occurrence of frequent earthquakes in Iran is one of the consequences of active neotectonic movements at present. The location of the epicenter of most of the recorded earthquakes along the two folded and young belts of the northern and southern margins (Alborz and Zagros), Iran, shows this connection well (Berberian & King, 1981). Almost no region in the world can be found that has not been affected by neotectonic changes during the last few thousand years (Keller & Pinter, 2002).

The Dizj Safar Ali Chai watershed is located in the 100,000th sheet of Varzeghan in a part of the Alborz-Azerbaijan tectonic unit that includes Qara Dagh and Arsbaran mountains, and it is one of the sub-basins of the Varzeghan watershed in East Azerbaijan province. (figure 1). Barracks and alluvial cones can be seen on the southern edge of Varzeghan around the Dizaj Safar Ali Chai river. Due to the hard rock units and the mountainous nature of the region and the high slope of the rivers in the northern part of the basin, they have often created narrow valleys. Except for the southern part of the region, which consists of Pliocene deposits and has smooth and worn surfaces, the rest of the region is formed of sharp and rough ridges due to the presence of hard rocks despite rainfall and erosion. Locally and regionally, due to the processes Chemical weathering and alteration, mountains with worn and smooth surfaces are also observed. In Figure (1), the geographical location of the studied area is presented. Figure 1- Geographical location of the studied area, source: authors, 2022.

The AF values for the studied basin are calculated as 300. As can be seen, the degree of symmetry in the Safar Ali basin is low and indicates the uplift on the left bank of the main waterway and tectonic activities and asymmetry (Figure 8 and Table 1). This index reflects the balance between erosion forces (with a tendency to create sinusoidal fronts) and tectonic forces with a tendency to create straight fronts (Verios et al., 2004). Different researchers have expressed different values to indicate the level of activity of the basin by this index (Table 4) and (Figure 10), numerical values close to 1 of the Smf index indicate mountains that are associated with active uplift and have straight fronts and depressions and outwards. They have less impact, but if the amount of uplift is reduced or becomes zero, the erosion process starts and shapes the mountain forehead in a sinusoidal and irregular manner, which becomes more irregular with the passage of time. Therefore, the increase in the slope of the mountain front (Smf index) indicates the tectonic stability of that front. The level of the slope of the mountain front in the Safar Ali watershed is 2.16, which is semi-active. In general, the lower this value is, the more active the area is. The obtained value indicates the semi-active tectonics in the region. Figure (10) shows the SMF index map of the studied basin.

Paying attention and understanding the dynamics and dynamics of the natural environment with a systemic and basin approach is of great importance and necessity in regional development and construction planning, because the accurate knowledge of these features can lead to the improvement of the environment and prevent the occurrence of hazards and financial and life losses. reduce Knowing the morphotectonic and morphodynamic issues and features in the Safar Ali drainage basin, the main purpose of this research was to investigate and analyze the amount of tectonic activities using geomorphological indicators such as asymmetry indicators (Af), drainage density index (D) and hypsometric integral. , the amount of sinuosity or meandering of the river (RS), the sinuosity of the mountain front (smf) and the ratio of the basin shape (BS) indicate the tectonic activity in the Safar Ali Dizaj catchment, and according to these results, it can be said that the Safar Ali Dizaj basin It has relatively high and active tectonic activity and its level is related to the proximity to the main or active faults of the region. The study and investigation of geomorphological and morphometric indicators in Dizj Safar Ali basin indicates that tectonics is active in the region. The results of this research showed that the Dizaj Safar Ali basin has a relatively high and semi-active tectonic activity, and its level is related to the proximity to the main or active faults in the region. Due to the existence of many faults around, near and inside the Dizj basin. Safar Ali and tectonic activity in the region, it can be said that the intensification of morphodynamic activity in the Safar Ali basin is related to and affected by tectonic factors in this basin. Finally, due to the presence of numerous faults in Varzghan region and near and within the study area, tectonic movements and earthquakes and range processes (creep, subsidence, landslides and soliflexion) are not far from expected in the area. Therefore, officials and subordinate organizations should apply special measures in civil works and constructions in this area in order to reduce the occurrence of human and financial losses and not to harm the well-being and comfort of the people.

Soil erosion is one of the serious environmental threats that can affect the political, social and economic aspects of countries. One of the widely used experimental models for estimating the amount of soil erosion is the modified global soil erosion equation known as the RUSLE model. The purpose of this research is to analyze and zonate the amount of soil erosion and its relationship with hydrogeomorphic indicators and vegetation cover of Khiavchai Meshkinshahr watershed in Ardabil province. RUSLE model factors include rain erosion (R), soil erodibility (K), topography (LS), vegetation (C) and protection operations (P). respectively, by using rainfall data, soil texture layer, digital model of height and land use were prepared in the environment of geographic information system (GIS) and after overlapping the layers, the amount of annual soil erosion between 0 and 150.54 tons per hectare per year in The area level was estimated. In the next step, the hydrogeomorphic and vegetation indices that are effective in soil erosion include topographic moisture index (TWI), waterway capacity index (SPI), domain curvature index (Curvatore), section curvature index (Profil Curvatore), surface curvature index (Plan) Curvatore) and Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI) were created in ArcMap environment and zoning maps were prepared. The results of this research also showed that the topography factor with a correlation coefficient of 0.92% had the greatest impact on the estimation of annual soil erosion by the RUSLE model. In another study, the relationship between hydrogeomorphic indices and vegetation cover with annual soil erosion rate was conducted, and the results showed that normal vegetation cover indices and cross-sectional curvature were the most and least effective with correlation coefficients of 0.57 and 0.05, respectively, compared to other indices.The results of this research confirm the possibility of combining the effective indicators of hydrogeomorphic and vegetation on erosion, as well as the possibility of using other effective indicators and the capabilities of RS and GIS to quantitatively estimate the amounts of soil erosion.

The phenomenon of land subsidence is one of the dangers that has occurred in many areas of the plains of our country in recent years and has led to many problems. Identifying areas subject to land subsidence and estimating its rate has an important role in managing and controlling this phenomenon. The radar interferometry technique is a powerful tool in estimation and has the amount of ground subsidence with an accuracy in the millimeter range using phase observations. In this research, the data of Sentinel 1A satellite from 2017 to 2021 have been used in order to monitor the subsidence that happened in Chenaran city by sensor-radar interference method. To investigate the subsidence of Chenaran city, radar interferometric method, Sentinel 1 satellite images and available information of piezometric wells in the area were used and the piezometric changes of the water level of the wells were analyzed. According to the results of the current research, the amount of land subsidence for each period is 9 cm for 2017-2018, 10 cm for 2018-2019, 10 cm for 2020-2019, and 13 cm for 2020-2021. be Also, the results of the radar interferometric technique showed that during the statistical period, 42 cm of subsidence occurred in the studied area. In addition, the areas with severe land subsidence, especially in the areas of Seyed Abad, Akhlamed, Haji Abad, Chahcheh, Hashem Abad, Kalate Sheikha, etc., corresponded to the areas with the highest level of underground water level drop. In general, the most important and main cause of land subsidence in the studied area is the excessive extraction of underground water resources, which has caused the dangers of land subsidence.