آسیه ذوعلم

"Ta’wil" is one of the important subjects of Quranic sciences, with many applications in Quran and hadiths. "Ta’wil of the Qur'an" has an important place due to its connection with the field of understanding. Despite the fact that different theories have been proposed to express the meaning of Ta’wil in the Qur'an, numerous works of contemporary researchers trying to find this meaning indicate the lack of a comprehensive view. The current research tries to find the meaning of "Ta’wil" in Qur'an with descriptive-analytical method, through semantics. For this purpose, two methods "Distributional Corpus Analysis" and "the Theory of Radial Network" were used, to obtain the different meanings of Ta’wil in the Qur'an According to the Qur'anic context, and to analyse the relationship between the meanings of this word. Based on the distributional method, two general meanings of "referring to a criterion" and "origin of creating a phenomenon" were obtained for this word in Qur'an. The latter meaning has extended to four meanings: the interpretation of dreams (the origin of creating dreams), the purpose and meaning of the doer (the origin of the action), existential facts, and concepts of words (the origin of the Qur'an). By the theory of radial networks, the protoscene word "Al", meaning "tent pillar", forms a radial network of meaning for the root "Awl". One of the achievements of the evaluation of "Ta'wil" theories with the results of semantical study of this word, is the removal of the meaning of "the End" from the set of meanings.

The subject “Ta’wīl” has long been the focus of researchers and interpreters of the Qur'an, and the connection of this concept in the topic of the Quran (Ta’wīl of the Quran) with the issue of interpreting concepts has made it important. Despite examining the concept of Ta’wīl of the Qur'an in the views of the ancients, thinkers in recent centuries and especially in the contemporary period have tried to find the meaning of Ta’wīl in various topics in the Qur'an and hadiths by presenting theories. The current research has tried to provide the necessary bases for the presentation of future new theories by means of descriptive-analytical method, by recognizing the components of the most important theories of Ta’wīl in the Qur'an (and hadiths), evaluating and criticizing them. Some of the criticisms of the examined theories (Ibn Taymīyyah, Mullā Ṣadrā, Allāme Ṫabāṭabāī, Ma˓refat, Abū Zayd and Pākatchī) include: The rejection of the practical meaning of Ta’wil and the existence of an internal conflict in Ibn Taymiyyah's view, the contradictions of Allāme's theory with the Quranic application of “Ta’wīl of the Qur'an”, Not expressing the connection between the meanings of Ta’wīl, while cutting a narrative in the theory of Ma˓refat, The existence of a hidden interpretative presupposition in Abu Zayd's view and the lack of clear connection between different meanings of Ta’wīl in Pakatchī's view.

Analyzing polysemy in the theory of radial networks is according to prototype-based categorization. For this purpose, after determining the distinct meanings of a word as a category, its prominent member (prototype) is identified, and other members are displayed in a radial diagram around it. The current research, using the descriptive-analytical method, represents how polysemy analysis for lexical categories other than prepositions, and the application of that in the Qur'an, is performed. To draw the radial network of meaning, criteria for determining the prototype for these categories (reference meaning) have been introduced, which include: historically earliest attested meaning, predominance in the semantic network, predictability regarding other senses, having plausible cognitive antecedent, and relation to lived human experience. In the Qur'anic application, the root-oriented construction of Arabic words requires determining a prototype word for the root and considering the criterion of "brevity and lack of exact correspondence of weight and meaning". In the root "ẓhr", it is found that "ẓahr" is the prototypical word and "back of a person" is its reference meaning. Other words of this root having distinct meanings such as the invisible part, help, the back of animal, top, being obvious, going up, dominating, and awareness, have directly or indirectly been derived from it. dominating, and awareness, is taken from it.

“Multi-meaningfulness” referring to several meanings of a word is one of the disputed linguistic principles in the Qur’an, which is divided into two types of Lexical and Syntactic. Assuming the acceptance of this basis, due to the role of translation in conveying the message of the Qur’an, how to apply it in translation becomes important. This research seeks to find the correct way to apply multi-meaningfulness in the translation of the Qur’an and examine some translators’ opinions about its acceptance by the descriptive-analytical method. To translate multi-meaning phrases, several meanings are expressed with the conjunction “and” in order to avoid distortion and semantic loss by considering criteria such as non-conflict of meanings with each other and with definite reasons. Among the translators under review, Meshkini and Makarem have specified the acceptance of “Multi- meaningfulness” as well as Rezaei has applied this basis with different ranges and methods in translation. Safavi does not accept “Multi-meaningfulness” based on Al-Mizan, as well as Moezzi and Fouladvand have never stated several meanings in the translation of a phrase.

The Holy Qur'an establishes a system of meanings between words in which it explains and evaluates concepts based on its worldview. The method of constructivist semantics is a way of recognizing Qur'anic words in this system without any other presuppositions. "Farah" is one of the Qur'anic concepts that, although it has a positive value in some applications, has been criticized in more cases.Thus, Farah's interpretation of happiness reinforces the skepticism of the Qur'an's denial of his opposition to happiness, despite the positive nature of this concept in psychology. Accordingly, this research seeks to find the meaning of Farah in the Qur'an with a descriptive-analytical method and by using constructivist semantics, and then find the reason for its dominant condemnation.This study shows that in the Qur'an, the semantic components of Farah include pride and joy, and this word is divided into two types based on the superiority or non-superiority of the real factor of pride in it, in other words, the existence or non-existence of the component of reality.The Holy Qur'an lists a number of factors for disapproved Farah, including the blessings of the world, the escape from jihad, and the entanglement of believers.In contrast, the divine grace and mercy, which in the Qur'an refers only to spiritual blessings, is the only factor of admired Farah.

The abstract of a research is a summary of its basic contents that has a great impact on its introduction and dissemination in the scientific community. The degree of observance of abstract writing criteria (standards), which varies depending on the field of research, can be considered as an indicator for the methodical development of science in that field. Due to the quantitative and qualitative growth of Quranic and Hadith science publications in recent years and in order to improve the quality of abstract writing in this field, there is a need for some kind of practical modeling for researchers. Accordingly, the present study intends to analyze the extent of compliance with these criteria in some articles in this field statistically with objective samples after determining the most important content criteria for writing abstracts in articles in the field of Quran and Hadith sciences by descriptive-analytical method with critique. As a result, by looking at the global standards of abstract writing and based on the objectives of the abstract in the mentioned field, the criteria were determined as points whose presence or absence is necessary or preferable. For example, the necessity of the purpose, questions, method and most important results of the research and the absence of extra-textual content, old and slang content and synonymous words in the abstract can be mentioned. In the 61 articles reviewed by five journals in this field, among the necessary criteria for abstract writing, “research method” and among the preferred criteria, “necessity and importance of research” had the lowest percentage of observance.

Structural semantics of the Qur’an determines the meaning of vocabulary through Qur’anic text as well as syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. In this method, it is focused on the linguistic units of ‘word’ and ‘sentence’, regardless of ‘discourse’. Therefore, a part of the context of verses for understanding the meaning is not to be considered. Increasing the accuracy of structural semantics of the Qur’an, based on the descriptive-analytical method, the present research seeks to explore how to apply semantic relations between sentences and conceptual paradigmatic relations, in order to take advantage of textual context. Thus by defining semantic complementary, contradictory and booster relations between sentences, corresponding relations between words, more than what is determined through a single sentence, would be at hand. Also attention to conceptual paradigmatic relations, that is a description or exemplification of a concept, reveals more features of the word. In this regard, in addition to more syntagmatic and paradigmatic cases, the relation between words are determined more precisely as well.