دکتر محمد حسن رازنهان

The struggle for freedom was achieved with the issuance of the Constitutional Decree in 1324 AH. By adjusting the power of the monarchy and the rule of law, it was hoped that order, security, and justice would prevail in society; however, the emergence of conflicts among constitutionalists and the activities of anti-constitutional groups with the support of domestic and foreign elements led to the collapse of many social, security, and political systems in society. This research, using historical data in a descriptive-analytical manner and based on library and document studies, attempts to show how the problems of law enforcement and social insecurity resulting from the Constitutional Revolution paved the way for Reza Shah to come to power. The research findings indicate that the different understanding of the constitutionalists and representatives of the concept of law, internal opposition, the multiplicity of power centers, and the movements of local and ethnic leaders in the country caused social disintegration and insecurity in society, and the failed agreement of 1919, then the coup of 1299 and the seizure of power by Reza Khan, were in fact a response to the problems that had arisen in the country's order, security, and integrity.

Iran's strategic position has always been coveted by the colonialists due to the existence of oil wells in the north and south of Iran and its great importance in the world arena. During World War II, when Iran was occupied by the Soviet Union and Britain, and after the end of the war, Britain withdrew its forces from Iran, but the Soviet Union sought to gain concessions under the pretext of that. It was at this time that Ghavam's role as prime minister of Iran, which had relatively good relations with the Soviet Union, was evident in the evacuation of Soviet forces. The main question is what was the role of Ghavam Al-Saltanah in handing over the northern oil concession and what was its purpose? Ghavam's policy on this issue was very complicated, because he, as prime minister, had to protect Iran's interests, and on the other hand, he had to protect the interests of the Soviet Union, which had supported him. This article aims to examine the relationship between Iran and the Soviet Union during this period and why Ghavam handed over northern oil to the Soviet Union, and tried to discuss how to negotiate and resolve the issue of Soviet withdrawal from Iranian territory. The research method is also qualitative and has historically described and analyzed the events. Findings show; Ghavam's main purpose in handing over this concession was not to betray the country, but only as a means to expel Soviet forces from Iranian territory.

The three-year reign of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar has been filled with scenes of conflict between the monarchy and its supporters and constitutional elements. In the meantime, the use of powerful coercive forces to protect the monarchy was obvious. Silakhori Regiment from Lorestan region, which during the Qajar period, always succeeded in local conflicts and was known for its inherent courage and loyalty, was appointed as the Shah's bodyguard and was the vanguard of Mohammad Ali Shah's army in the case of bombing the parliament and arresting and killing constitutionalists. The purpose of the present study is to mention the reasons for Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar's attention and reliance on the Silakhuri regiment in the constitutional developments and also the impact of the regiment's performance on the society of that time. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is mainly library and based on documents. Examining the documents, it can be concluded that the conditions formed based on the indicators of the Shah's "perceived power" of the loyal military forces; "Mental hatred" of people in response to the actions and behavior of the government and the military forces attributed to it; Finally, the formation of "attitude of dignity" in the soldiers of the Silakhori regiment was due to the acquisition of a special position by Shah Qajar, and although it caused confrontation with his fellow countrymen, in the end, the occurrence of war and subsequent conflicts was inevitable and inevitable.

The Constitutional Revolution shook the foundations of the authoritarian system and some traditional traditions of the society Traditions that have been preserved unchanged for centuries and have been nurtured by political and religious agents.According to the author, the constitutional period,1285-1357,entered the cultural and social arenas rather than changing political institutions.One of these changes was the departure of women from the home environment and the demand for equal rights based on new ideas.The formation of women's free press and their activism created a favorable environment for women's development.The ZabaneZanan magazine was one of the most prestigious,fanatical newspapers in the field of women,which played a prominent role in the awakening of women during the three periods of publication from the Qajar period to the second Pahlavi.The purpose of this article is analyze newspaper data in relation to the social and political status of women,such as the need for education,the evolution of social,political and economic participation and legal activities in this era.This study aims to categorize and analyze women's social and cultural demands among the articles and speeches of the Zabane zanan magazine through descriptive and analytical methods and library studies.Women's rights activists sought the right to equal education compared to men,presence in the political and economic arena,improving health conditions and providing a general model of the role and importance of the mother in the family.trying to express the achievements of women in other societies,they tried to make Iranian women aware of their position and make them aware of their rights.

The present article seeks to answer the question of what effect Iranian clerics living in Iraq had on the developments of the first Pahlavi period and what was their reaction to Reza Shah's government's actions that had important consequences on religion and the position of the clergy in Iran? The main hypothesis is that Iranian clerics and religious authorities living in Iraq could not be the source of influence in the developments during Reza Shah's rule. This was rooted in various issues that have been examined in detail in this article. The research method in this article is based on the method of historical analysis and description. Historical documents and sources, research sources of domestic and foreign authors related to the first Pahlavi period, and journals are some of the sources used in this article.

Preserving territorial integrity is one of the vital ideas of any governments. As the Safavid dynasty took power in Iran, Iran's territorial integrity, which had previously been seriously threatened by domestic and foreign claimants, …. To consolidate their sovereignty, the Safavid rulers needed to define and solidify the elements that highlighted their differences from other countries, while establishing internal unity based on shared characteristics. In their sub-discourses, they introduced their value system, which included Shiism and Iranian nationality with several provinces within their territories, redefined another concept, and presented a way of survival based on other concepts by emphasizing differences in religion, nationality, language, culture, and so on. Accordingly, by employing discourse analysis from Ruth Wodak's perspective and focusing on the two basic notions of "self versus the other" and "survival," the present study aimed to analyze Iran's territorial integrity during this period and examine the features of this discourse.

Safavid kings not only compete against poetry and literature, but also, they were promoters and supporters of poets too. The evidence of this assertion is the Shahnameh, which had well-maintained its historical value during Safavid period as well. In this study, we have tried to answer the question why and for what reasons, Shahnameh was important to the Safavid kings by using the method of analysis and description and relying on the study of library sources? Accordingly, the findings of the study it is clear that the person of Shah Ismail I considered this noble work along with the Shiite religion as the second cohesive factor of the Iranian peoples; Because Shah Ismail I and his inheritors, first of all, considered themselves Iranians; They knew the descendants of the kings of ancient Iran and their successors and considered the Shahnameh as their identical document; Secondly, they were aware of the historical role of the Shahnameh in stabilizing the harmony of Iran throughout history, along with the Shiite religion, among the Shiite Iranians; Third, in the war against the Ottomans and the Uzbeks, the poems of the Shahnameh were recycled as a motivating dynamic for the Iranian soldiers. Therefore, they tried to spread the Shahnameh and appreciated it.

In the history of Iran, the prevalence of infectious diseases has always been one of the main causes of population reduction. These diseases have inflicted serious damages on the economy and society throughout history. Although there is little information about these diseases in the pre-Islamic period in historical texts, there are many detailed reports on the prevalence of infectious diseases, especially plague and cholera, and their mortality rate in the historical texts of the Islamic period; These reports provide valuable information for researchers who focus on this field. In the Safavid period, despite some advancements in general healthcare, and although the central government had established hospitals and healthcare centers, infectious diseases continued to be prevalent and caused huge mortalities; so much so that professional books on infectious diseases and especially on cholera were written in this period. This article seeks to make a historical study on the prevalence of infectious diseases in the Safavid period of Iran to examine the views of religious scholars, historians, physicians and travel book writers on the disease and the cause of its spread, as well as the therapies provided by Iranian and traditional physicians in the treatment of these diseases. Upon examining the historical texts of the Safavid period, it is clear that although most people, historians and clerics of this period thought that divine retribution is the main cause of these diseases, the doctors and a small number of historians believed natural factors such as polluted water and unfavorable weather were the main causes of infectious diseases. Therefore, it can be said that the epistemology and worldview of different social classes has played an important role in their beliefs on the treatment of infectious and contagious diseases.

Hassan Taghizade is a leader of Iran constitutional Revolution and also he is a political cultural and scientific person , he is so controversial and the most unknown political actor in Iran contemporary history. He was a person who had a lot of fan and also a lot of against and both of these groups had their reasons and their opinions . Fereydoon Adamiyat was one of the person who had a lot of criticism and insult about him in his writings . He not only criticized Taghizade severally in his writings but also he criticized and insulted everyone who protected and complimented and made him the most important person in constitutional Revolution . As far as Iraj Afshar and Mojtaba Minavi to Mrs . Lambton and Niki Kedi. In this research we follow the investigations of Adamiyat's opinions about Taghizade and understand its reasons sif they're true or false. Printed sources in libraries, documents and magazines archives, books written by Admit and Taghizadeh , different Iranian and foreign articles and the parliament’s minutes of meeting have been used to conduct the present research.

One of the noteworthy issues of Western tourists who have been in Iran, is how Georgians become Muslim, especially during and after the Safavid era. Most of these tourists have described Georgians as unstable and weak in their religion and consider their converting to Islam to be expedient and for benefits. From the viewpoint of Western tourists, Georgians at that time longed for a return to Christianity. However, the results of this study show that Georgians living in Iran during the reign of Shah Abbas I, especially Georgians migrating to different regions such as Isfahan and Mazandaran, contrary to this claim, were mainly from the weak class of Georgia and were not happy with the Christianity as the religion of the upper class and the rulers of Georgia. They have chosen Islam at the right time and, contrary to the claims of some Western tourists, have been steadfast in their new religion and specifically the Shiite religion, and in the long run have been a source of valuable services. Although in some cases there has been a return to Islam (due to the class differences in Georgia), it has been mainly related to some of the elders and relatives of the Georgian rulers who were forced to stay in Iran for some reason and rarely changed their religion according to their interests.

In Other Words, The Victim Of Crime Or Bad Act And Contrary To The Provisions Specified In A Society. Breaking The Law In One Way Or Another In All Sections Of Society Or Culture There And Just Not Certain. Given The Importance Of Nazareth As A Crucial Moment In History, Investigate The Crime As One Of The Most Important Events Of This Period Can Reveal Its Many Ambiguities In The Fields Of Committing Economic Crimes. Accordingly, In This Study We Try Economic Crimes Testament Naseri Typology And The Role Of Various Factors In This Phenomenon, Particularly In Its Dual Role Of Government Is. Therefore, Relying On Historical Documents And Library Resources Available And The Statistical Analysis Of Crimes Of This Period, The Description Of The Economic Situation Of Naseri Age, The Type Of Economic Crime In The Period Studied And Said Some Of The Factors Contributing To The Occurrence Of This Crime, As Far As Possible From The Viewpoint Of Analytical Thought. According To The Findings Obtained From Different Types Of Economic Crimes, The Murder Of A 7/58%, The Highest Rate Of Opium Drawing 2/0% Were Allocated To The Lowest. Although The Government Of Nazareth Was The Main Cause Of Action In Dealing With Criminals However Its Way To Provide Mass Media, And In Many Cases They Are Also Added On.