دکتر محمد چمنی

Milk production and fertility are important traits for genetic evaluation of bulls in breeding programs. The goal of this research was to investigate the reproduction and fertility status in Iranian Holstein dairy cattle and effect of days open on the milk production and genetic ranking of bulls. A total number of 706,653 test day records of first parity of 78,517 Holstein cows in 448 herds during the years from 1991 to 2016 were used. The phenotypic and genetic relationship of the amount of milk production in 270 days and the number of open days and their genetic parameters were estimated through a two-trait model. Also data were analyzed using a random regression model and predicted the breeding values of bulls. The results showed that in the studied population, 7.7 and 60% of the cows in the herds became pregnant by 45 and 112 days after calving, respectively and 54.6% of successful pregnancies occur after 90 days in milk. The heritability of 270 days milk and open days and their genetic correlation were estimated of to be 0.257 (±0.016) and 0.0314 (±0.004) and 0.538 (±0.06) respectively. The range of estimated heritability of 270 days milk for first to ninth groups were 0.11-0.26. Days open was a source of variation of the parameter. The results showed that number of open days affected the predicted breeding value of bulls and their ranking. It is concluded that, in sire evaluation programs in order to increase the accuracy of breeding value prediction of the sires it is necessary to include the variable of number of open days in the statistical models.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine and their mixtures on performance, blood and immune parameters, liver enzymes and expression of interleukin-6 and interferon gamma genes in broiler chickens.

Birds fed on a Corn-Soybean. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design with a 3×3 factorial arrangement with 9 treatments and 4 replications, each replication containing 15 birds. (540 Ross 308 broiler chickens). The experimental diets included the control diet (without zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine) and the levels of 50 and 100 mg / kg zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine.

The results showed that the use of mixture of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine increased feed intake and weight at the end of broiler chickens breeding (P<0.05). Among the experimental groups, 100 zinc hydroxide (mg/kg of feed) had the blood and immune parameters (P<0.05). The use of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine in the diet of broiler chickens has significant effect on liver enzyme (P<0.05). The different levels of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine decreased the expression of interleukin-6 and increased gamma interferon liver genes.ConclusionsIn general, it can be stated that the mixture containing 100 zinc hydroxide (mg/kg of feed) has the most effect on performance improvement, blood and immune parameters and100 zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine (mg/kg of feed) expression of liver genes in broiler chickens.The results showed that the use of mixture of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine increased feed intake and weight at the end of broiler chickens breeding (P<0.05). Among the experimental groups, 100 zinc hydroxide (mg/kg of feed) had the blood and immune parameters (P<0.05). The use of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine in the diet of broiler chickens has significant effect on liver enzyme (P<0.05). The different levels of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine decreased the expression of interleukin-6 and increased gamma interferon liver genes.

In general, it can be stated that the mixture containing 100 zinc hydroxide (mg/kg of feed) has the most effect on performance improvement, blood and immune parameters and100 zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine (mg/kg of feed) expression of liver genes in broiler chickens.

High temperature causes oxidative stress in the body of animals. Selenium is a trace mineral that affects the health and performance of the body in stressful conditions. There are limited studies on the effects of different doses of selenium in long-term heat stress conditions on physiological parameters and health indicators. This study was conducted to determine the effects of different doses of selenium from selenium-methionine supplement on the antioxidant status (glutathione concentration, activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase), liver and kidney health index (the activity of transferase enzymes and creatinine concentration) and concentration of metabolism-related hormones (insulin, cortisol, triiodothyronine and tetra-iodothyronine). In a completely randomized design, 25 female rats were randomly divided into five groups and five replicates. Five rats were placed at standard temperature during the experiment period and the rest of the rats were placed under heat stress (38 ± 2 °C for 6 hours/day). Rats in the negative control group (without heat stress) and positive control (heat stress) were fed with standard pellets without additive and the other three groups were fed with standard pellets plus 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 mg selenium/kg as a selenium-methionine supplement for 30 days. Rats receiving selenium had more hemoglobin and alanine transaminase enzyme activity (P=0.001) compared to the positive control group. Cortisol concentration in the positive control group was higher than the negative control group (P=0.001). Adding selenium to the diet of rats under heat stress decreased (P=0.001) the concentration of cortisol, and increased the concentration of insulin and triiodothyronine compared to the positive control group. The serum malondialdehyde of the positive control was higher than the negative control and other experimental groups (P=0.001). According to the results of this study, heat stress causes oxidative stress in the body and causes changes in the hormonal concentration and the activity of the body's enzymes. In overall, it can be concluded that higher selenium supplementation (0.45 mg/kg) is optimal for improving the liver and kidney indices, hormone concentration and antioxidant response in rats under heat stress conditions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using normal and nanoencapsulated of lavender and chicory essential oils on performance, carcass characteristics and humoral immunity of broilers. A total of 1050 one-day-old chickens (mixed male and female in equal proportions) of Ross 308 strain were used in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments, 5 replicates and 30 chickens per replicate. Experimental treatments include: 1) basal diet without additives (control), 2 and 3) basal diet containing 100 g / ton of chicory and lavender essential oil, respectively, 4 and 5) basal diet containing 100 g / ton of chicory and lavender nanoencapsulated essential oil, respectively. 6) The basal diet contained 100 grams per ton of chicory essential oil and 100 grams per ton of lavender essential oil and 7) The basal diet contained 100 grams per ton of chicory nanoencapsulated essential oil and 100 grams per ton of lavender nanoencapsulated essential oil. At 42 days of age, highest body weight, production index, carcass percentage, relative breast weight and antibody titer in response to injection of sheep red blood cells, immunoglobulin G and M, as well as the lowest feed intake and feed conversion ratio were observed in the group fed with chicory and lavender nanoencapsulated essential oils (P<0.05). Based on the results, the simultaneous addition of 100 g / ton of chicory and lavender nanoencapsulated essential oils in the diet of broilers is recommended.

This study, was conducted in one of the rangeland of Lar National Park, Estarkolak and Malek Cheshmeh area (3176 hectares) to estimate the amount of metabolizable energy and daily requirement of animal. In this research, to determine the weight of various classes of Zandi sheep grazing in the Lar National Park rangelands of Estarkolak and Malek Cheshmeh region, three prevalent flocks of Zandi race were selected randomly and from each flock, 60 heads of animals including 20 heads of ewe ageing 3 years old, 20 heads of ewe aging 4 years old, 5 heads of ram aging 3 years old, 5 heads of ram aging 4 years old and 10 heads of lamb aging 3 months were signed and selected in two phases, one at the beginning of the season and the other at the end of season. In the study area, first a topographic map with a scale of 1: 25000 was prepared and the location of the plots was randomly determined on the map and then the rangeland. Inside each plot, all grazable animal plants were identified and according to the size and height, one centimeter of soil surface was harvested. The forage species grazed by sheep at the flowering stage were identified and collected in this rangeland (41 plant species). Having utilized the mean weight of ewes aging 3 and 4 years, the weight of the sheep glazing in the studied region was estimated to be equal to 48.54 ±2.44 kg. The forage species grazed by sheep at the flowering stage were identified and collected in this rangeland. The mean percentage of CP, ADF, DMD and the amount of ME in every kg of dry forage were determined 12.8, 37.54, 57.74 and 7.81 mega joule, respectively. Metabolizable energy and animal daily requirement based on dry matter in maintenance condition for animal unit equivalent of this rangeland were estimated 10.29 mega joule and 1.31 kg respectively. Using the results of this study, new grazing capacity can be determined for this rangeland.

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of Protexin and vitamin C on blood-immune cells, lymphoid organs’ weight, and blood antioxidant concentrations of broiler chickens under heat stress (HS). A total of 400 one-day-old broiler chickens were used in a completely randomized design. Experimental groups included a negative control (without additive, no HS), positive control (without additive, HS), vitamin C, Protexin, and the combination of Protexin and vitamin C groups. Birds were exposed to chronic HS (35±1˚C, humidity: 65-70%) for 7 hours daily from days 14 to 35. Eight birds from each treatment were slaughtered on days 14 and 28 and the relative weight of lymphoid organs including the spleen, Bursa of Fabricius, and thymus were calculated. The number of immune cells was assessed weekly. The blood antioxidants concentration was evaluated weekly. According to the results, VitC+Protexin group showed the highest Bursa spleen and thymus weight during HS (P≤0.05). Also, protexin group showed a higher thymus and spleen weight during HS than the positive control (P≤0.05). HS reduced the ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes (P≤0.05). However, the addition of vitamin C and Proteoxin reduced the count of heterophils compared to the positive control during HS. The results showed that vitamin C significantly increased the concentration of superoxide dismutase and catalase and decreased the concentration of glutathione peroxidase in the broiler's blood during HS (P≤0.05). According to the results of this study, the VitC+Protexin showed a better performance than other groups. the concentration of glutathione peroxidase in the broilers blood during HS (P≤0.05).

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of in ovo feeding of carbohydrates and antioxidants in the stored incubating eggs. To perform this experiment, 1200 hatching eggs from the broiler hens of Cob 500 strain were distributed after storage in two time intervals of 3 and 14 days for amniotic injection on the 17.5th embryonic day in a completely randomized design with 10 treatments and 5 iterations (each iteration with 24 eggs). The experimental treatments include: 1) negative control (without injection), 2) positive control (injection of 0.5 ml normal saline solution), 3) injection of 0.5 ml carbohydrate solution, 4) injection of 0.5 ml antioxidant solution and 5) injection of 0.5 ml of a mixture of carbohydrate and antioxidant solution. The percentage of losses in the treatments of mixed carbohydrates and antioxidants in both periods was less than the control (P<0.05). Crypt depth and length-to-width ratio of intestinal villi, as well as the glycogen in the thigh muscle of the chickens hatched from the eggs injected with carbohydrates, a mixture of carbohydrates and antioxidants during two storage periods of 3 and 14 days, had a significant improvement compared to the control (P<0.05). Blood glucose concentration of the chickens hatched from the eggs injected with carbohydrates, antioxidants, and their mixtures with 3 days of storage had a significant increase compared to the control (P<0.05). Total antioxidant capacity in the chickens hatched from the eggs injected with antioxidants and 3 days of storage had a significant increase compared to the control (P<0.05). The results show that the injection of carbohydrates, antioxidants, and a mixture of carbohydrates and antioxidants in the pre-hatching period would be effective on the stored fertile eggs.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fosfomycin antibiotic as well as yeast probiotics of S. bulardii and S. cerevisiae on performance, antioxidant activity and expression of interleukin-6 gene in Holstein calves. In order to test, 20 newborn Holstein calves were distributed in 5 treatments and 4 replications (each replication including 1 calf) for 60 days after feeding with colostrum in a completely randomized design from the age of 3 days. Experimental treatment diets include 1: control (without antibiotics and probiotics), 2: fosfomycin (0.165 g/kg BW), 3: milk-soluble S. boulardii (1 g/kg BW), 4: milk-soluble S. cerevisiae (1 g/kg BW) and 5: A mixture of S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae were dissolved in milk (1 g/kg BW each). The amount of feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio of none of the treatments were not significantly different from the control (P>0.05). The amount of serum glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes as well as the amount of interleukin-6 gene expression in the whole period in calves that used a mixture of S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae had the highest significant difference with the control (P<0.05). In general, the use of a mixture of yeast probiotics had a greater effect on the antioxidant system and immune system of calves than their separate use and also compared to antibiotics in calves nutrition.

This study was aimed to investigate whether bee colonies can use the starch and how the Protexin can influence the feed consumption, hive population and mortality at farm and cage conditions. For this purpose, 36 hives were randomly allocated into six different groups and fed with one of the experimental treatments as the first experiment. The control group have only received sugar syrup, the 2nd group received sugar syrup supplemented with one g/L of Protexin (P), the 3rd group received sugar syrup supplemented with 10% of the starch (S10), the 4th group fed with sugar syrup supplemented with 20% of the starch (S20), the 5th group received sugar syrup supplemented with 10% starch and 1g/L of the Protoxin (S10P) and the 6th group fed with sugar syrup supplemented with 20% of starch and 1g/L of the Protoxin (S20P). In the second experiment, the newly emerged bees were kept in a cage and incubated for 21 days. After hatching they were also fed with the above-mentioned experimental treatments. At the end of both experiments, feed intake hive adult and larvae population were evaluated before and after overwintering. In the 2nd experiment the consumption of sugar syrup, sugar paste and the rate of bee losses during the cage storage period. The results of 1st experiment showed that the group S20P1 has the higher egg production and feed intake when compared to the other groups (P≤0.05). Moreover, the feed intake of S20P and S10P was statistically higher than S20 and S10 respectively (P≤0.05). The sugar consumption of S10P and S20P was statistically higher than control (P≤0.05) but have not significant differences with other the groups (P≥0.05). Cumulative consumption of sugar syrup was higher in S10P and S20P groups than the control group (P≤0.05). Honey bee losses in the third week and cumulative mortality (total losses in the first to third weeks) were the lowest in the S20P group compared to S20 group (P≤0.05). It is concluded that, the use of Protexin improves feed intake and reduces bee mortality.

Protein nutrition and amino acid (AA) supply have a positive effect on survival and immunity of bee colonies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of L-Methionine, L-Lysin, and L-Threonine on body weight, protein, and lipid reservation of honey bees. For this purpose, 78 beehives were randomly allocated into 13 groups and received one of the experimental treatments. Groups Met-1, Met-2 and Met-3 received 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 gram in L-Methionine sugar nectar respectively. Groups Lys-1, Lys-2 and Lys-3 received 1.51, 3.02- and 6.05-gram L-Lysin in sugar nectar respectively, moreover, groups Thr-1, Thr-2, Thr-3 received 0.572, 1.145- and 2.29-gram L-Threonine in sugar nectar. In addition, the combination of three different levels of three different AA were considered as (L-Methionine, L-Lysin, and L-Threonine) MLT-1, MLT-2 and MLT-3 respectively. A group has also considered as control that did not receive any additional AA supplements. The body weight, body protein and lipid content have been assessed at the end of the experiment. The results of this study indicated that MLT-3 group showed higher body weight and protein content comparing to the other groups (p≤0.05). In addition, MLT-1 and MLT-2 showed higher body weight compared to the rest of the treatments (p≤0.05). Based on the result of this study, different levels of L-Methionine caused higher protein reservations compared to the control group (p≤0.05). The results show that L-Methionine, L-Lysin, and L-Threonine did not affect body lipid reservation of honey bees (p≥0.05). In conclusion, the addition of a combination of L-Methionine, L-Lysin, and L-Threonine to diet, can increase body protein reserve and bodyweight leading to increase the productivity and survival of honey bee colonies.

Being aware of the animals` food requirement, the amount of available forage in the rangeland and forage quality is necessary as the first step in successful management of animals and rangeland. Therefore, determining the weight of various animals` classes grazing in the rangeland and their conversion factor regarding country`s animal unit is an essential issue. In this research, to determine the weight of various classes of Zandi sheep grazing in the Lar National Park rangelands of Aroo region, three prevalent flocks of Zandi race were selected randomly and from each flock, 60 heads of animals including 20 heads of ewe ageing 3 years old, 20 heads of ewe aging 4 years old, 5 heads of ram aging 3 years old, 5 heads of ram aging 4 years old and 10 heads of lamb aging 3 months were signed and selected in two phases, one at the beginning of the season and the other at the end of season. Having utilized the mean weight of ewes aging 3 and 4 years, the weight of the sheep glazing in the studied region was estimated to be equal to 1.65±48.03 kg. Various kinds of forage being glazed by the sheep were identified and collected in this rangeland through two phases of flowering and seeding. The mean percentage of CP, ADF, DMD and ME in every kg of dry forage equaled to 11.56, 37.78, 56.88, 7.69 mega joule, respectively.

For mathematically-oriented investigators, DNA is a string. Therefore, they consider a DNA sequence as a string of symbols whose correlation structure can be characterized almost completely by all possible base-base correlation functions at any range, short or long or their corresponding power spectra. Long-range correlations between bases in the DNA sequence are a statistical feature found in the genome of many eukaryotes. The existence of long-range DNA correlations indicates the existence of DNA rearrangement or duplication processes. These types of phenomena are not directly applicable to breeding and are mostly used in evolutionary studies. Our basic assumption in this study was that by extracting long-range DNA correlations between all the different nucleotides within a gene, it is possible to achieve a degree of correlation between them in the first place and possibly better run SNP-based researches. Due to many furious issues, not all investigations of a complete characterization of long-scale correlation structure of DNA sequences were motivated by biology arena. Rather, many such investigations were motivated by the issues of mathematical modeling, cryptography language code detections, dynamical systems, stochastic processes, and noise detections. Perhaps due to this reason, long-scale correlation structure has not yet become part of the toolbox in the “mainstream” DNA sequence analysis in human genetics and breeding settings. Prediction of DNA correlations from a sequence with finite length could be done with, frequency-count estimator, indirect Bayesian estimator, direct Bayesian estimator. Here we followed the ideas by CorGen theory.

24 genes selected out of genes affecting milk yield of dairy cow. The number, length and length of each exon and its position on the chromosome were obtained from the NCBI gene bank and the sequences were saved in FASTA format. Using software previously designed in #C language, according to the research request, the accession numbers of the studied genes was entered and the appropriate output was obtained. CorGen software was used to calculate the long-range DNA correlations of the genes involved in milk production.

The results showed that there is a significant level of long-term correlation in DNA sequence of a number of genes such as EZR, FGG, KRT6A, RAB1A, EIF3L, TBC1D20, ZNF419, S100A16, MRPL3, TPPP3, PHF10. The reduction power of the fitting function of the power function was based on the long-range correlations obtained from genes of different lengths, in the range of 0.146 and 0.643, so it can be concluded that reducing the range of long-range correlations by increasing the interval between DNA sequence intervals does not follow a random process. And so, the fractal geometry of nature is also seen in these genes. This research was an attempt for the first to address long-DNA correlation in dairy cattle genes. There are at least two goals for this job. First, there has been discordant on the result of correlation structure in DNA sequences. Due to this matter of what the actual result is, some researches still believe that DNA sequences do not exhibit any feature long-range DNA correlation which cannot be explained by the basic known stochastic processes such as random sequence or Markov chain - with the first one having no correlation inherently in its theory and the second one considers only short-range correlations. Resolving this disagreement can be straightforward once everybody agrees to use the same measure of correlation, use the same estimator, and apply this estimator of the correlation to the same sequence. The second is to highlight more biologically-motivated study of correlation structure of long range DNA sequences especially in animal breeding. Although this research does not accomplish this task, the intention was to at least put forward the issue. Most of the current studies of correlation (especially the long range one) in DNA sequences are based-base base statistical correlations. This base-base correlation won't not be a powerful tool to reveal the correlation on a global scale or between larger blocks in DNA-sequences.

The genes studied have been shown to have high complexity and mode of invariant on their DNA. This type of analysis can be generalized to the work of breeding setting. A more complete characterization of long-range correlation between base pairs at both short and long distances became possible only as long DNA sequences became more commonly available. Now thanks to stupendous growth of DNA generating technologies, almost the entire whole genome of an organism can be sequences in low cost price with high speed time. Therefore, a raw data shall be available for many researchers who are looking for to check new DNA correlation hypotheses in handy DNA sequences. The claim of DNA base-base statistical correlation at long distances in DNA sequences is sought to be still a few steps away from finding a Naive organization principle of the genome.

The genes studied have been shown to have high complexity and mode of invariant on their DNA. This type of analysis can be generalized to the work of breeding setting. A more complete characterization of long-range correlation between base pairs at both short and long distances became possible only as long DNA sequences became more commonly available. Now thanks to stupendous growth of DNA generating technologies, almost the entire whole genome of an organism can be sequences in low cost price with high speed time. Therefore, a raw data shall be available for many researchers who are looking for to check new DNA correlation hypotheses in handy DNA sequences. The claim of DNA base-base statistical correlation at long distances in DNA sequences is sought to be still a few steps away from finding a Naive organization principle of the genome.

In order to investigate the effects of different levels of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) and protein (CP) on growth performance, energy efficiency ratio (EER), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and immunity system response of broilers, a total of 640 Ross 308 broilers were used in a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement with completely randomized design including 8 treatments, 4 replication and 20 chicks in each replication. The increasing of ME with lower level of CP (22%) decreased ME and CP intakes up to 21 day of age and then the rising of CP level (24%) increased ME and CP intakes up to 42 day of age. The FCR of males improved inconsiderably by increasing of dietary ME level but the ME and CP intakes were slightly higher and females had higher EER and PER at 35 day of age. The antibody titer against SRBC enhanced by increasing of dietary ME level. The concentration of HDL and heart weight were higher in males. Enhancing of ME led to an increase in nitrogen excretion and higher protein level (24%) caused decrease in intestine weight. Therefore, the increasing of ME and CP up to the 3rd week and then the decreasing of CP up to the end of production period is recommended to optimize ME and CP intakes and improving EER and PER.

Knowledge of the daily nutrient requirements of grazing animals in rangelands of different climates is essential to calculate grazing capacity in rangeland plans. In this regard, the daily metabolizable energy requirement at the maintenance level for small wild ruminants grazing in Lar National Park rangelands were studied. For this purpose, according to the average values of forage quality indexes of rangeland species and their contribution to rangeland vegetable composition, the among of metabolizable energy was estimated in kg of dry forage rangelands and considering the daily metabolizable energy requirement of small wild ruminants, the amount of feed provided for the daily requirement of livestock was calculated to calculate the separate grazing capacity of these animals in the rangelands of the region. Using the animal unit weight of small wild ruminants, the required daily maintenance metabolizable energy for grazing animals were determined using equation method of MAFF and NRC standard in the studied rangelands. Forage species of grazing animals were identified and collected at flowering stage in the studied rangelands. Results also showed mean of percentage 12.42±0.17, 37.59±0.28, 57.81±0.28 and 7.89±0.07 were respectively for CP, ADF, DMD and ME (MJ) per kg dry forage was estimated. Also Daily metabolizable energy was calculated for grazing wild ruminants such as: male goat, female goat, ram and ewe. The results also showed daily metabolizable energy were 16.32±1.25, 14.07±1.36, 13.67±1.15 and 11.58±1.21 MJ/day and for daily requirement 2.06±0.25, 1.78±0.12, 1.71±0.17 and 1.46±0.25, respectively for male goat, female goat, ram and ewe.  Using the results of this study, we can determine the new and separate grazing capacity for wild ruminants in the study areas. The results also showed that because of the cost of determining the quality of forage, these results can be used to estimate the daily requirement of these livestock in different years.

Foot and Mouth Disease is a highly contagious disease of animal that is one of the major barriers to the provision of livestock health and livestock products. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of herbal medicines Ashitex and Imion on improving complications of Foot and Mouth Disease, decreasing stress hormones and increasing immune response in sick cows.

In this study, two herbal medicines, Ashitex and Imion, were orally sprayed and to investigate their effects on the improvement of complications of Foot and Mouth Disease, decrease of stress hormones and increase of immune response in cows affected by Foot and Mouth Disease. Ashitex and Imion, were orally sprayed to investigate their effects on improving the complications of Foot and Mouth Disease., reducing stress hormones and enhancing the immune response in cows with Foot and Mouth Disease. Ashitex is a blend of Turmeric, Myrrh, Mazoo and Liquorice, and Imion drug is based on Purple Coneflower. The experiment was performed on 75 cows with Foot and Mouth Disease. To obtain fully practical field results consistent with the cattle storage conditions, no changes were made to the storage conditions, such as feeding, light, temperature and other conditions, and only the cows were blocked and distributed in the prepared boxes. Treatments consisted of: 1-vinegar (control), 2-Ashitex, 3-Ashitex and Imion, 4-Vinegar and Imion, and 5-Vinegar and Ashitex. All treatments were applied for ten days. Ashitex was sprayed 20 ml twice daily. Imion was also given orally to the animal twice daily, 100 ml each time. At the beginning and end of the treatment period, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of the cows to examine interleukin II gene expression, immune responses, and changes in cortisol and corticosterone hormones.

The second treatment (Ashitex) had the best performance on the appearance and general health of cows with Foot and Mouth Disease. The use of herbal medicine Ashitex improved the appearance and clinical conditions, as well as decreased stress hormones and increased expression of the gene effective in inflammation of cows with Foot and Mouth Disease. Imion also increased the production of immunoglobulin G in cows with previously vaccinated Foot and Mouth Disease and increased the immune response. According to the results of this study, it can be generally concluded that the combination of Turmeric, Licorice, Mazoo and Myrrh, as well as Purple Coneflower and extract and purify them can be effective in the treatment of Foot and Mouth Disease. Reduce, and maybe even retrofit.

According to the results, the use of these two herbal medicines due to their combined effect and faster return to normal status and production cycle than other treatments is recommended to treat Foot and Mouth Disease.

This study was conducted to investigate the ability of bees to consume starch as a substitute for nectar and influence a commercial probiotic namely Protexin® on starch absorption. In the first experiment, 36 honey bee hives were randomly allocated into six similar groups and fed using one of the diets, first group received sugar syrup as control treatment, second group received sugar syrup supplemented with 1 g/L of Protexin® (P), third group received sugar syrup supplemented with 10% of the starch (S10), fourth group fed using sugar syrup supplemented with 20% of the starch (S20), fifth group received sugar syrup supplemented with 10% starch and one g/L of Protexin® (S10P) and sixth group fed using sugar syrup supplemented with 20% of starch and one g/L of Protexin® (S20P). In the second experiment, newly emerged worker bees were kept in laboratory cages and fed using the above-mentioned experimental treatments for 21 days (at 34 ± 1 ˚C and 50% R.H.). At the end of both experiments, 100 worker bees from each treatment were selected to evaluate the starch absorption, the microbial population at the bee’s digestive tract, body weight, body protein, and lipid content. The results indicated that the starch absorption in the colonies fed by S20P treatment was significantly higher than that in the rest of the treated colonies (P≤0.05). The supplementation of diet with starch significantly enhanced their body weight, protein, and lipid content in both of the experiments (P≤0.05). Moreover, Protexin® increased the bee’s gut microbial population at colony and cage conditions (P≤0.05). It is concluded that the dietary supplementation of the corn starch and Protexin® could have a beneficial effect on the health and strength of the bee colonies.

Objective Herbal essential oils are added to the poultry diet for a variety of reasons, such as improving performance, production and increasing the level of immunity. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fennel and savory essential oils and their mixtures on growth performance, carcass characteristics, antioxidant parameters and hepatic interleukin-6 gene expression in broilers. Materials and methods The study was conducted in a completely randomized design with a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with 9 treatments and 4 replications, each replication containing 15 birds. (540 Ross 308 broiler chickens). The experimental diets included the levels of 0 g/kg, 0.15 g/kg and 0.25 g/kg of fennel and savory essential oils and their mixture. Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were calculated at starter (1-10 days), grower (11-24 days) and finisher (25-42 days). Each repeated three birds were bled at day 42. Interleukin-6 gene expression was performed on day 42. The ileum contents were sampled at 42 days of age to determine the microbial population.   Results The results showed that in the finisher (25-42), the experimental groups that received the essential oil had a lower conversion ratio than the control treatment. Among the experimental groups, the mixture of 0.25 fennel + 0.25 savory essential oils (g/kg feed) had the best production index (p<0.05). The essential oils used reduced the amount of malondialdehyde produced in the broiler drumstick (p<0.05). Herbal compounds increased the lactobacillus and reduced the coliforms and E. coli in the contents of the ileum. All savory supplementated groups except 0.25 (g/kg) + fennel 0.15 (g/kg) increased expression of hepatic interleukin-6 gene.   Conclusions Diets containing 0.25 (g/kg)fennel + 0.25 (g/kg) savory essential oils had the highest effect on improvment of the performance and expression of the broiler liver gene.