مهرداد شریعتی

Pre-eclampsia (PE) can cause brain damage before birth. However, its mechanism is not clear. The present study evaluated the effect of cinnamic acid (CIN) on the expression of inflammatory cytokines of the forebrain and neuronal damage in the hippocampus of PE model fetuses induced with l-NAME.

25 pregnant female rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control group (no treatment), PE+NS group (daily injection of 250 mg l-NAME from embryonic day (ED) 15 to 20 to induce PE and then one hour later normal saline gavage), PE+CIN25, PE+CIN50 and PE+CIN100 groups (CIN gavage with doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg, respectively, one hour after l-NAME injection). On the ED21, after cesarean section, the fetal brain was dissected. The content of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in the forebrain and cell density in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the fetal hippocampus were measured.

A significant increase in TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in the forebrain along with a decrease in neuronal density in the CA1/CA3 regions was seen in the PE+NS group compared to the control group (p<0.05). While in the groups receiving CIN, they showed a significant decrease in TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in the forebrain and an increase in CA1/CA3 neuronal density compared to the PE+NS group (p<0.05).

CIN improved the inflammation and reduced cell damage in the hippocampus of PE model fetuses through modulating the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the fetal forebrain.

Curcumin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of curcumin on changes in the serum concentration of LH, FSH , testosterone hormones and testicular tissue induced by methotrexate in adult male rats.

In this experimental study, 30 adult male Wistar rats with an approximate weight of 230-260 grams were divided into 6 groups of 5 each. Control group, sham group: 1 ml of distilled water as a solvent, experimental group 1: methotrexate (5 mg/kg), experimental group 2: curcumin (400 mg/kg), experimental group 3: methotrexate (5 mg/kg) + curcumin (200 mg/kg), experimental group 4 : methotrexate (5 mg/kg) + curcumin (400 mg/kg). After 28 days of treatment in the form of gavage injection, blood was taken directly from the heart to measure the serum concentration of  LH, FSH and testosterone hormones. The testicles were removed and tissue changes were examined after hematoxylin-eosin staining. The data results were analyzed based on one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test.

In the group receiving methotrexate, the level of testosterone hormone, the number of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, sperm and leydig decreased and the serum level of LH and FSH increased significantly compared to the control and sham groups. In the groups receiving methotrexate + curcumin, curcumin was able to compensate the adverse effects caused by methotrexat (P <0.05).

Curcumin can improve the changes in serum testosterone, FSH, LH concentration and testicular tissue induced by methotrexate in adult male rats.

Heavy metals such as lead have negative effects on different tissues of the body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the aqueous-ethanolic extract of parsley leaves (Petroselinum crispum) on the antioxidant content of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and the expression of the Bak gene as an active gene in the apoptosis pathway in the liver tissue of adult male rats.

Rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 10 including control, Sham, experimental1 (20 mg/kg lead acetate), experimental2 (200 mg/kg extract), experimental3 (20 mg/kg lead acetate and 100 mg/kg extract) and experimental4 (20 mg/kg lead acetate and 200 mg/kg extract) were divided. The length of the study period in all groups was 21 days. At the end of the study, blood samples were taken to measure GSH and GPX and liver tissue samples were taken to evaluate Bak gene by real time-PCR method.

Lead acetate decreased the antioxidant content of GSH and GPX in rats and in contrast increased the expression of Bak gene. Administering aqueous-ethanolic extract of parsley leaves in rats treated with lead acetate, increased the antioxidant content of GSH and GPX and decreased Bak gene expression.

Lead acetate has negative effects on liver tissue by reducing the antioxidant content and increasing the expression of apoptosis genes. However, it seems that the aqueous-ethanolic extract of parsley leaves with antioxidant effects can counteract the harmful effects of lead acetate and improve the antioxidant content and modulate the genes involved in the apoptosis of rat liver tissue.

Changes related to thyroid hormones cause gonadal dysfunction and infertility Present study aimed at determining the effect of Dosin ( Sativa Nigella and honey mixture) on sex stroids and spermatogenesis following Methimazole induction of hypothyroidism in rats.

In this experimental study, 60 adult male Wistar rats aged about 10-11 weeks were randomly divided into six groups of ten, including the control group, The Sham group,experimental group 1; the adminstration of methimazol  at dose of 25 mg/kg for 10 day  , experimental group 2; the adminstration of Dosin alone at dose of 200 mg/kg for 21 days, groups Experiments 3 and 4 ; the adminstration of Dosin at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg for 21 days, were divided. At the end of the experiment, blood was taken from the heart of the animals and the serum concentrations of dihydrotestosterone, androsterone, dihydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione were measured. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was also performed to examine testicular tissue changes.

The amount of dihydrotestosterone, dihydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione in experimental groups 3 and 4 showed a significant increase compared to experimental group 1. The amount of androsterone in experimental group 4 increased compared to experimental group 1.In experimental groups 3 and 4, primary spermatocyte cells, spermatids and the amount of epididymal sperm storage showed a significant increase compared to experimental group 1.

 Based on the results, black seed and honey (ducin) improve and multiply the cells of spermatogenic germ line in rats with hypothyroidism

The studies have shown that sex steroids affected cancer cells at the cellular and molecular level. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-proliferation effects of testosterone on colorectal cancer (HCT) cell lines and caspase-3, -8 and -9 activity level.

In this laboratory-experimental study, cells were randomly divided into control group (no exposure to hormone) and groups exposed to 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/ml of testosterone. The cytotoxic effect of the extract was measured using MTT assay method. Caspase-3, -8 and -9 activity level was evaluated by ELISA method. The data were statistically analyzed between groups using student’s t-test and ANOVA (Tukey).

0.1, 1 and 10 mg/ml of testosterone significantly reduced the viability of HCT cells compared to the control group (P

Lead is a heavy metal that enters the body as an environmental contaminant through the gastrointestinal tract or respiratory tract. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of aqueous alcoholic extract of Parsley leaf (Petroselinum crispum) on pituitary-thyroid hormones in adult male rats following lead acetate poisoning.

The present experimental study was conducted in 2020 at the Islamic Azad University, Kazeron Branch. Forty-eight adult male Wistar rats were included in the study, which were divided into 6 groups of 8, including control and control groups (solvent treatment). Four experimental groups were treated with 200 mg / kg lead acetate, 200 mg / kg parsley leaf extract and simultaneously treated with lead acetate and 100 and 200 mg / kg parsley leaves. All prescriptions were performed by gavage for 21 days. Finally, after anesthesia of mice and blood sampling from animal hearts, serum levels of T4, T3 and TSH hormones were measured by ELISA method. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey test.

The results indicated that serum levels of lead acetate T4 and T3 increased in animals receiving lead acetate and TSH showed a significant decrease at the level of p <0.05, while in animals treated with lead acetate and parsley leaf extract decreased T4 and T3 hormones. T3 and TSH increase are significant.

The data of the present study indicated that the hydroalcoholic extract of parsley leaves was able to moderate the increase in thyroid hormones caused by lead poisoning.

Alcohol consumption can cause hepatitis and long-term cirrhosis of the liver. Curcumin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of curcumin in the prevention and treatment of liver damage caused by overuse of ethanol.

In this experimental study, 30 adult male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups of 5. The control group received only normal water and food daily. The sham group received only 2cc of olive oil daily. The experimental group1 received only 100 mg / kg curcumin daily. Experimental group 2 daily received 2 cc Ethanol30%. The experimental group3 daily received Ethanol 30%  and 50mg/kg of curcumin and experimentl group 4 daily received Ethanol30% and 100 mg/kg.  of  curcumin. The animals received water, ethanol, curcumin, and food orally daily for 28 days. At the end of the test period, blood samples were taken from the hearts of the animals. Serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, GGT and arginase as well as serum albumin, total protein and blood urea nitrogen were measured. Animal liver tissue was removed in different groups. Hematoxylin-eosin staining method was used to test the testicular tissue.

Ethanol treatment significantly increased the activity levels of serum enzymes ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, arginase 1 and blood urea nitrogen compared to control, sham and experimental   group 1 (p˂0.05), while decreased albumin and the total protein levels (p˂0.05). In addition, ethanol treatment caused the accumulation of fat droplets, hyperemia, necrosis, apoptosis and eosinophilia of the cytoplasm in hepatocytes. However, co-administration of ethanol and curcumin significantly reduced ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, arginase 1 and BUN levels compared to the ethanol group (p˂0.05), while increased albumin and total protein levels (p˂0.05). Histopathologically, a decrease in structural changes in liver tissue and apoptosis was observed, resulting in the improvement of liver tissue.

The administration of curcumin can reduce ethanol-induced liver damage in rats and improve serum liver and blood parameters.

Acrylamide is a toxic and carcinogenic substance that is produced in starchy foods at high heat and has negative effects on the reproductive system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of N-acetylcysteine ​​as an antioxidant on changes in the expression of FAS and ERK genes as genes involved in apoptosis in the testes of rats treated with acrylamide.

Adult male Wistar rats were randomly grouped into 6 groups of 6. The control group did not receive any drug treatment, while the animals of the experimental group 1 received  50 mg/kg acrylamide by gavage and experimental group 2 received 40 mg/kg N-acetylcysteine intraperitoneally injection. The animals of experimental groups 3, 4 and 5 first received 50 mg/kg acrylamide by gavage and then received 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg N-acetylcysteine ​​intraperitoneally respectively, for 28 days. At the end of the study, FAS and ERK mRNA expression levels were measured by real-time PCR method.

In experimental group 1, there was a significant increase in FAS gene expression level (p˂0.05) and a significant decrease in ERK gene expression level (p˂0.05) compared to control and experimental group 2. In experimental groups 3 and 4, there was a significant increase in FAS gene expression level (p˂0.05) and a significant decrease in ERK gene expression level (p˂0.05) compared to the control group. In experimental group 5, there was no significant difference in the expression of FAS and ERK genes compared to the control group (p<0.05).

Acrylamide can induce apoptosis in testicular tissue by changing the expression of FAS and ERK genes. On the other hand, N-acetylcysteine ​​can improve the expression of FAS and ERK genes in the maximum dose (40 mg/kg) with antioxidant effects and inhibit acrylamide-induced apoptosis in testicular tissue.

Doxorubicin is one of the most commonly used anticancer drugs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Carob (Ceratonia Siliqua) on testicular tissue in adult rats treated with doxorubicin.

In this experimental study, 56 adult male Wistar rats were used in 8 groups of seven. The control group received only ordinary water and food. The sham group received distilled water at a dose of 3 mg / kg by intraperitoneal injection. The sham group 1 received dose of doxorubicin (3mg / kg) once weekly for 4 weeks intraperitoneally. The sham group 2 group received (600 mg / kg) maximum dose of hydroalcoholic extract of Carob (Ceratonia Siliqua)  for 48 days by  gavage method. Experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 received doxorubicin with  3 mg/kg once weekly for 4 weeks intraperitoneally and 150, 300 and 600 mg / kg  of hydroalcoholic extract of Carob (Ceratonia Siliqua) for 48 days with gavage  method. Hematoxylin-eosin staining method was used to test the testicular tissue.

The mean body weight, number of spermatogonial cells, spermatocyte count, spermatocyte count and number of leydig cells in the experimental group receiving doxorubicin and 300 mg / kg dose of hydroalcoholic extract of Carob (Ceratonia Siliqua) increased significantly compared to the group receiving doxorubicin. In experimental groups receiving doxorubicin and 150 and 600 mg / kg doses of  hydroalcoholic extracts of Carob (Ceratonia Siliqua), the mean number of spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid and leydig cells decreased significantly compared to control and sham groups (P <0.05). Histologic studies also showed that the amount of  shrinkage  in testicular tissue in the experimental group receiving doxorubicin and 300 mg / kg dose of hydroalcoholic extract of Carob (Ceratonia Siliqua) , as compared with the group receiving doxorubicin, was decreased, which indicates the effect of this dose on the recovery of testicular tissue.

Hydroalcoholic extract of 300 mg / kg dose of Carob (Ceratonia Siliqua) has a protective effect on spermatogenesis poisoning  induced by doxorubicin.

Primidone is effective in the treatment of epilepsy. In this research the effects of primidone on LH, FSH, testosterone hormones, body weight and testicular tissue in adult male rats, was studied.

In this experimental study, 50 adult male Wistar rats, weighing approximately 180-200 g were divided into 5 groups of 10 animals. Groups: control group, Sham group and treatment at doses of 20, 40, 60 mg/kg, orally for 42 days (every other day) respectively. At the end, after determining the animal's body weight, blood samples was collected from the heart. Hormone concentrations of LH, FSH and testosterone were measured by RIA.Their testis were removed and weighed to evaluate the histological changes after hematoxylin-eosin staining.

The body weight, testis weight and leydig and sertoli cells in all experimental groups showed no significant changes compared to the control group. The plasma levels of LH and FSH in all experimental groups increase significantly compared to the control group. The plasma level of testosterone Hormone and number of  spermatogonia,primary spermatocyte and spermatid in all experimental groups decrease significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05).

primidone reduced levels of testosterone and increase levels of LH and FSH hormones.

Vitamin D is an essential vitamin of body that helps to grow and strengthen the bones. In the present study, the Protective effect of vitamin D on function and testicular tissue in adult rat treated with thioacetamide was studied.

In this experimental study, 48 adult male Wistar rat weighing 180-200 g were divided into 6 groups of 8. Control group did not receive any solvent or extract. Sham group received daily 1ml of distilled water as solvent for 25 days by gavage method. Experimental group1(negative sham); once daily, 1000 IU/kg of vitamin D was taken as gavage for 25 days. Experimental group1(positive sham); once daily, 50 mg/kg of thioacetamide was taken as gavage for 25 days. Experimental group 3 and 4 received doses of 500 and 1000 IU/kg of vitamin D with 50 mg/kg of thioacetamide by gavage method, respectively. On the 25th day, the final weighing was done and after anesthesia, the rats received direct blood sampling from the heart to measure the hormone levels of LH, FSH and testosterone. The testicles were removed and after weighing and preparing microscopic sections, staining with hematoxylin-eosin and at the end of the histological examination of the testicle. Data were analyzed based SPSS program and ANOVA.

The results showed that the mean right and left testicle weight and number of sertoli cells in all experimental groups did not change significantly compared to the control group.The mean body weight in all experimental groups was significantly lower that the control group. The mean serum concentration of testosterone , FSH hormones , number of primary spermatocyte and spermatid cells in experimental groups 2 and 3 were significantly lower than the control group. The mean serum concentration of LH hormone and number of leydig cells in experimental groups 2, 3 and 4 was significantly lower than the control group.The mean number of spermatogonia cells in the experimental group 2 showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (P<0.05). Experimental groups 3 and 4 have improved the damage of the structure of the seminiferous tubules and ther effects are dose dependent.

Possibly, vitamin D improves serum levels of testosterone, FSH, LH and spermatogenesis in adult rats treated with thioacetamide.

Primidone is effective in the treatment of epilepsy. In this research, effect of primidone on levels of liver enzymes and liver tissue change in adult male rats was studied.

For this purpose, 40 adult male wistar rats, weighing approximately 180-200 g were divided into 5 groups of 8 animals. Groups: control group, Sham group and treatment at doses of 20, 40, 60 mg/kg, orally for 42 days (every other day) respectively. At the end of the experiment , body weight were measured in all groups and then the blood sample was taken from heart and serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP and GGT enzymes were measured. Furthermore, The pathological changes of the livers were studied after hematoxylin-eosin staining. The results were analyzed using ANOVA and T-test statistical analysis.

the results show that body weight in experimental groups had not a significant difference compared to control group. Serum level in AST, ALT, ALP, GGT in experimental groups had a significant increase compared to control group (p≤0/05). In tissue samples in experimental groups which were provided a higher level of necrosis was observed.

Primidone causes increase serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, GGT and liver necrosis.

Tranylcypromine is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI)-it is a nonselective and irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO). It is used as an antidepressant and anxuolytic agent in the clinical treatment of mood and anciety disorders, respectively. In this research, the effects of Tranylcypromine the serum concentrations of LH, FSH and Testosterone as well as changes in body weight and testicular tissue were studied in rats.

50 adult male Wistar rats with approximate weight of 200-250 gr were divided into 5 groups of 10 animals: the control ,sham group and three experimental groups receiving 40, 20 and 10 mg/ kg Tranylcypromine, respectively. The drug was orally administered for 21 days. Following wighting at the end of this period, blood samples were taken from each rats, centrifuged to obtain serum, and testis were removed,weighted and fixed to examine their possible histological changes. Serum samples were frozen at -20 Ԩ to be studied later. The serum cocentrations of LH, FSH and testosterone were measured by RIA. After tissue sectioning and staining with hematoxylin-eosin, testicular tissues were examined by light microscope. The SPSS and Excel software and ANOVA and Tukey tests were used for statistic analyze.

The results showed that 21 days consumption of maximum doses of Tranylcypromine, significantly increases concentrations of LH and FSH hormones and significantly reduce testosterone concentration in maximum doses and leydig cells in all three experimental groups (P≤0.05). In addition, no significant effect was observed in the body weight, testicular weight as well as Sertoli cells. Moreover, testicular tissue study indicates that 21 days of Tranylcypromine consumption significantly reduces spermatogony,spermatid , spermatocyte and thus, affects spermatogenesis.

Tranylcypromine drug reduced levels of testosterone and increase levels of LH and FSH hormones.

Diabetes affects the testicles by oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of N-acetylcysteine ​​on the number of spermatogenesis cells in diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 42 adult male Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups of 6. This study was carried out in two periods of 5 and 28 days. Thus, in the first period, the positive sham group and experimental groups received 1 ml streptozotocin solution in distilled water at 50 mg / kg for 5 days intraperitoneally. At the end of the sixth day, the blood glucose levels in rats reached 200 mg / dl. In the second period, control group without any injections, sham group received intraperitoneal injection of distilled water, positive control group without injection, negative sham group received 200 mg / kg of n-acetylcysteine ​​intraperitoneally for 28 days. Experimental group 1, 2 and 3, which included diabetic rats receiving 100, 200 and 400 mg / kg doses of N-acetylcysteine ​​intraperitoneally for 28 days, respectively. At the end of the experimental period, rats were under anesthetized anesthesia. The body weight of all animals was measured and the testicles were removed and examined after staining and staining by hematoxylin-eosin method.

Mean body weight, spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid and leydig showed a significant decrease in the positive sham group compared to the control group. The mean number of spermatogonium and leydig cells in all experimental groups showed a significant increase compared to the positive sham group. The mean number of spermatid cells in experimental groups 2 and 3 was significantly higher than the positive sham group. The mean number of spermatocyte cells in the experimental groups 3 was significantly higher than the positive sham group (P ≤ 0.05). Diabetes also led to pathological changes in the seminiferous tubes in diabetic rats. This is while different amounts of N-acetylcysteine have improved this in experimental groups.

The results showed that N-acetylcysteine protects the testicles against diabetes and improved the spermatogenesis process in streptozotocin induced diabetes.