سیده مریم موسوی

The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of schema therapy on the perception of social interactions and lovemaking in married students. The method of the current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population included all married students of Islamic Azad University, Rasht branch in 2023. The required sample size for each group was determined to be 15 people and a total of 30 married people (n = 30); First, they were selected by the available sampling method and after screening, they were placed in control and experimental groups by simple random method. To collect data, the Social Interaction Perception Questionnaire (SIQ; Kalish & Edelstein, 1996) and Sternberg Triangular Love Scale (TLS; Sternberg, 1997) were used. The experimental group received schema-based group therapy for eight 90-minute sessions once a week, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data analysis was done with the statistical test of multivariate covariance analysis. The results showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there was a significant difference at the level of 0.05 between the mean scores of the post-test of social interactions and lovemaking in the two experimental and control groups. In general, it can be concluded that schema therapy had an effective role in improving social interactions and lovemaking in married students.

The present study was conducted to investigate the structural model of the relationship between mindfulness and loneliness with the mediating role of psychological distress among students with emotional breakdown experiences. The present research method was the descriptive-correlation type of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this research were all female students of Rasht Azad University in the academic year 2022-2023; among them, 314 students were selected as samples by purposive sampling method. Research questionnaires included: the loneliness scale (LS) (Asher et al., 1984), The mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) (Baer et al., 2006), and the psychological distress scale (K10) (Kessler et al., 2002). The data was analyzed by structural equation analysis method. The findings showed that the model had a good fit. The estimating of the direct effect of mindfulness on loneliness was negative and meaningful; the direct effect of mindfulness on psychological distress was negative and significant; and the direct impact of psychological distress on loneliness was positive and significant (P<0.05). Also, the indirect impact of psychological distress in the relationship between mindfulness and loneliness was negative and significant (P<0.05). From the above findings, it can be concluded that the mediating role of psychological distress in the relationship between mindfulness and loneliness in students with emotional breakdown experiences was confirmed.

Difficulty in achieving desired academic emotions and reduced academic enthusiasm in students with specific learning disabilities are common challenges that require increasing attention, and research on effective solutions is an undeniable necessity. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation on academic emotions and academic enthusiasm in students with specific learning disabilities. The research method was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all secondary school students (seventh to ninth grades) referred to a specialized center affiliated with the Education Department of Rasht in the academic year 2023 to 2024. From the statistical population, 30 students with specific learning disabilities (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group) were selected using the convenience sampling method and completed the Academic Emotions (Pekran et al., 2005) and Academic Enthusiasm (Fredericks et al., 2004) questionnaires as a pre-test. Then, the experimental group underwent cognitive rehabilitation (Captain Log, 2020) for 12 60-minute sessions once or twice a week, while the control group did not receive any intervention; then, both groups were post-tested. The obtained data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance. The research findings showed that cognitive rehabilitation is effective in improving positive academic emotions in students with specific learning disabilities (P<0.01). Similarly, cognitive rehabilitation is effective in reducing negative academic emotions in students with specific learning disabilities (P<0.01). Also, cognitive rehabilitation is effective in improving academic enthusiasm in students with specific learning disabilities (P<0.01). These results demonstrate important direct and indirect clinical applications of cognitive rehabilitation intervention in improving academic emotions and academic enthusiasm in students with specific learning disabilities.

The present study was conducted to predict sexual relationship anxiety based on sexual self-concept and sexual schemas in men with heart failure. The present research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included men with heart failure who were referred to Shahid Dr. Lavasani Hospital in Tehran in the first 6 months (April to September) of 2023, and 287 of them were selected as a sample using a purposive sampling method. Data were collected through Davis et al.'s Sexual Communication Anxiety Scale (SCAS, 2006), Snell's Multi-dimensional Sexual Self-concept Questionnaire (MSSCQ, 1995), and Anderson et al.'s Men's Sexual Self-Schema (MSSS, 1999). Multiple regression was used to analyze the data. The findings of the research showed that sexual self-concept and sexual schemas were able to predict sexual relationship anxiety (p<0.05) and explained 54.1% of the variable variance of sexual relationship anxiety. Therefore, it can be concluded that sexual self-concept and sexual schemas play a significant role in predicting sexual relationship anxiety and the need to pay attention to these factors to reduce sexual relationship anxiety in men with heart failure seems essential.

 The power of narratives is such that they can immerse readers in their world and transform them. Narratives can transport readers to various places and times. With this in mind, the current study sought to compare the ability to maintain effort and interest over the long term, as well as resilience, across different levels of engagement with a success narrative.

 This comparative study involved the selection of 200 middle school students (2019) from both girls' and boys' schools in the first district of Rasht, utilizing a convenience sampling method. Initially, they were provided with five short stories on success for study. Following their reading of the stories, students completed the Transportation Scale - Short Form (Appel et al., 2015), the Short Grit Scale (Duckworth & Quinn, 2009), and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (Connor & Davidson, 2003). The Transportation Scale - Short Form (Appell et al., 2015) was employed to measure students' levels of engagement with the narrative on success. Finally, the data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance with the SPSS24 software.

 The findings revealed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of their ability to maintain effort and interest in long-term goals as well as resilience (P < 0.01). Participants in the high-level narrative transportation group demonstrated greater capacity for sustaining effort and interest in long-term goals (29.52) and resilience (67.05) (P<0.01).

 Drawing from the obtained results, one could posit that storytelling serves as a distinct form of motivation and catalyst for success, prompting students to engage deeply with narratives and be impacted by their substance, consequently fostering heightened motivation and emotional enrichment.

 Resilience and interpersonal sensitivity are factors affecting mental health and psychological well-being.  Regarding the importance of this issue, this study was conducted to determining the relationship between differentiation, resilience and interpersonal sensitivity based on the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in university students.

 The method of research is a correlation and path analysis. The 376 students of Islamic Azad University, Rasht branch participated in this study in 2023 with available sampling method. Data were collected using emotion regulation questionnaires, Connor and Davidson resilience scale, short form of self-differentiation questionnaire, and interpersonal sensitivity scale. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation method and path analysis test and SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA) and IBM SPSS AMOS-24 software.

 The mean (SD) age of woman was 23.8 (3.1) and man was 23.4 (3.4). With increasing differentiation, resilience increased too (r=0.358, P=0.001) and interpersonal sensitivity decreased (r=0.619, P=0.001). Also, with the increase in the differentiation of compromised strategies of cognitive regulation was increased (r=0.308, P=0.001) and non-compromised strategies of cognitive regulation decreased
(r=-0.411, P=0.001,). Differentiation with the mediation of cognitive emotion regulation guides predicted a total of 45% of the variance of interpersonal sensitivity and 27% of the variance of resilience.

 The study showed that high differentiation by reducing non-compromised strategies and by increasing compromised strategies of cognitive emotion regulation decreased interpersonal sensitivity and increased resilience.

The present study aimed to model the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome based on perceived stress with the mediating role of emotion regulation and sleep quality in female students. The research method was a descriptive correlation of the path analysis type and structural equation model. The statistical population of this study was the female students of Rasht Islamic Azad University in 2022. In this study, 250 people participated in an online survey in an accessible way. To collect data, the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSS; Cohen et al., 1983), Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Gross & John., 2003), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; Buysse et al., 1989), and Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST; Steiner et al., 2003) were used. To analyze the data, the path analysis method was used. Based on the findings, the proposed model had a good fit. The direct effect of perceived stress on reappraisal, suppression, sleep quality, and premenstrual syndrome was significant. Also, the direct effect of sleep quality on premenstrual syndrome was significant. The results showed that only the mediating role of sleep quality in the relationship between stress and premenstrual syndromes was significant (P<0.05); In fact, sleep quality had a mediating role in the relationship between stress and PMS. Based on this, it can be concluded that stress had an effective role in the increase of premenstrual syndrome both directly and due to its effect on the quality of sleep.

The psychological well-being of nurses is one of the main factors of mental health, and identifying the factors affecting it is of great importance. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the structural relationships between perceived social support and general self-efficacy with psychological well-being and mediation of resilience in nurses.

This research is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of this study are the nurses of educational and treatment centers affiliated to Gilan University of Medical Sciences in Rasht city, in 2023. 280 nurses participated in the convenience method. Data with demographic questionnaire, "Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support", "General Self Efficacy Scale", "Ryff's Psychological Wellbeing Scales" and "Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale". The validity of the instruments was calculated by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was done in SPSS. 24 and Amos. 24.

The proposed model has good fit based on fit indices (df/ x2= 2.596, CFI=0.982, NFI=0.971 and RMSEA=0.078). In addition, perceived social support (β=0.307), general self-efficacy (β=0.218) and resilience (β=0.350) have a positive and significant direct correlation with psychological well-being, as well as perceived social support (β=0.340) and self-efficacy (β=0.553) have a positive and significant direct correlation with resilience (P<0.05).Also, perceived social support (β=0.350) and general self-efficacy (β=0.411) have a positive and significant correlation with psychological well-being through the mediation of resilience (P<0.05).

Perceived social support and general self-efficacy increase and improve psychological well-being directly and indirectly through resilience. In order to improve the psychological well-being of nurses, it is suggested to hold educational workshops under the title of general self-efficacy, perceived social support and resilience.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of hypnotherapy on the anxiety dimensions of 3 to 10-year-old children with autism during dental interventions.

The research method used was descriptive correlation and structural equation modeling through path analysis. The statistical population of this study included children with autism spectrum disorder who were referred to a private dental office located in Dana Complex, Busar Bridge, Rasht, Iran. A sample of 32 children with autism spectrum disorder, categorized as having mild to moderate levels based on the Wechsler-Hosh-Behr questionnaire recorded in their medical records, was selected using purposive sampling. They were then randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups, each comprising 16 participants. The sample size of 32 was chosen to account for potential dropouts. The experimental group received 8 sessions of hypnosis based on mindfulness, which was conducted by the first partner of the project, who had completed hypnotherapy courses. Data were collected using the Social Support Appraisals Scale (SSAS), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and Relapse Prediction Scale (RPS) questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using stepwise regression and structural equation modeling with SPSS-23 and Smart-PLS software.

The results showed significant correlations between the research variables, and all research hypotheses were confirmed.

Dental clinics are common places that induce fear and anxiety in dental patients, especially in children with autism spectrum disorder. This leads to negative emotions in the patients. Therefore, hypnotherapy is potentially a powerful method to control and reduce these negative factors, helping to better prepare their minds for optimal dental services.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being with the mediating role of resilience in people with migraine. The design of the research was descriptive kind of correlational study. The statistical population of this study was people suffering from migraine in Rasht city in 2022, whose approximate number is estimated to be 3000 people. In this research, 216 people were selected by convenience sampling method. Freiburg Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form (FMI-SF) (Wallach et al., 2006), Riff Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (RSPWB) (Ryff and Keyes, 1995) and Resilience Scale-Connor Davidson (CD-RISC) (Connor and Davidson, 2003). Data analysis was done using SPSS and Amos software versions 24 and structural equation modeling test. The proposed model had a good fit. The direct effects of mindfulness on resilience, mindfulness on psychological well-being and resilience on psychological well-being were significant; Also, the results showed that resilience played a mediating role between mindfulness and psychological well-being (P<0.05). In general, it can be concluded that resilience is one of the underlying mechanisms of the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being in people with migraine; Based on this, it is suggested to implement educational and therapeutic programs focused on mindfulness and resilience in order to improve the psychological well-being of these people.

Stress is a common problem during adolescence and is the cause of many mood disorders and anxiety; which requires timely interventions. The present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" on stress symptoms in female high school students.

This research was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test and control group that was conducted in the academic year of 2019-2020 in the statistical population of female students in the first secondary school of Someh Sara. 40 students participated in this study voluntarily and with simple random by lottery method were assigned to the intervention and control groups. But in the post-test phase, each group was reduced to 16 people. Data were collected using a questionnaire of demographic characteristics and " Stress Symptoms Inventory". Content validity index and reliability were checked and confirmed by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha and stability by retesting method. After receiving the pretest, the intervention group underwent "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" in 8 sessions. During this period, the control group did not receive any intervention, both groups then completed the post-test. Data analysis was performed in SPSS .21.

The intervention played an effective role in reducing Physical symptoms (F= 68.855,  P= 0.001) and cognitive (F=22.458, P=0.001), behavioral (F=33.472, P=0.001) symptoms and also, the total score (F = 78.221, P=0.001) of the intervention group. In contrast, the intervention had no effect on emotional symptoms (F= 3.795, P= 0.062). In total, "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" was able to explain 0.73 of the changes in the overall score of stress symptoms in the intervention group.

"Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" has played an effective role in reducing stress symptoms in adolescents. Therefore, it is suggested that therapists and health care providers consider the importance of this treatment in reducing stress in adolescents.

The extreme use of digital tools is one of the most influential factors in academic achievement. Meanwhile, using the Internet is the most common occupation among students. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of systematic desensitization and self-regulation on the studentschr('39') dependence on the Internet.

The present study was a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. Forty-five students with the highest scores in the Kimberly Young (1995) Internet Addiction Questionnaire were selected by convenient sampling from Rasht city over the academic year 2018-2019, and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and a control group. After 12 sessions of systematic desensitization and self-regulation interventions, the Internet Addiction Questionnaire was administered again. Statistical data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance and SPSS-21 statistical software.

The results showed that regular desensitization and self-regulation training was effective on studentschr('39') dependence to the Internet (P <0.01). Also, self-regulation had a greater effect on studentschr('39') Internet dependence than the systematic desensitization (P< 0/001).

Systematic desensitization with behavioral changes, and self-regulation with cognitive changes, reduce the Internet dependence; therefore, these two educational approaches can be used to reduce studentschr('39') Internet dependence.

 Resilience and life expectancy of patients are among the most crucial psychological concepts that have been mentioned in previous research for their importance in effectively dealing with cancer-related problems. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention on resilience and life expectancy of gastrointestinal cancers patients.

 The present study is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included patients with various gastrointestinal cancers in Rasht who referred to medical centers (Razi hospital and Beasat clinic) in the period from September to January 2019-2020; 60 participants were selected by random sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental (n = 30) and control (n = 30) groups. The experimental group received 8 sessions of mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention compared to the control group. Research tools included the Connor-Davidson Resilience Questionnaire (Connor & Davidson, 2002) and the Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1991). Data were analyzed by SPSS24 by using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

 Based on the findings, mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention improved resilience and life expectancy of the experimental group participants (p<0.01).

 Improving resilience and life expectancy is recognized as a critical part of the cancer treatment process. The present study shows that mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention with emphasis on relaxation techniques such as meditation can be an effective way to improve resilience and life expectancy in patients with gastrointestinal cancers which ultimately lead to increased patient adaptation. Therefore, it is recommended to utilize mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention to enhance coping capability of the cancer patients.

People experience different levels of anxiety associated with the 2019 Coronavirus 19, which may affect their lives. The present study aimed to investigate the role of health anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and somatosensory amplification in predicting of students' COVID-19 anxiety. The research design was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study included students of Guilan University in 2020. By using available sampling method, through online calling, 200 students participated in the study. Data were collected from the Covid-19 Anxiety Scale (Wheaton et al), Short-term health Anxiety Measurement (Salkovskis et al), Anxiety Sensitivity Index (Taylor et al), and somatosensory amplification Scale (Barsky et al). The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation tests and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that health anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and somatosensory amplification were positively and significantly correlated with COVID-19 anxiety. Regression results showed that these variables significantly predicted 55% of the new coronavirus anxiety. It seems that the high anxiety level of COVID-19 in students, can enhance their anxiety and sensitivity about health state and they would exaggerate physical and emotional symptoms. Thus, the University's psychological and Counseling Services must take steps to reduce the anxiety of COVID-19 and increase students' awareness.

While marital relationship can be a source of many pleasurable experiences, it can also bring about the most painful experiences. In this regard, marital infidelity is one of the negative experiences related to married life. This is a topic that has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent decades and is known as the most harmful experience related to married life. Studies indicate the need to pay attention to the extent of the phenomenon of marital infidelity. In fact, marital infidelity can have far-reaching negative consequences, such as anger towards oneself and onechr('39')s spouse, feelings of embarrassment, loss of trust, loss of identity and sense of specialness, decreased purposefulness, interpersonal problems, decreased self-esteem, mental health problems, guilt and depression for the betrayed person. These injuries can be more prominent in women. This issue indicates the need to examine the dimensions related to marital infidelity and provide interventions to deal with its negative consequences in women affected by infidelity. In this regard, there is evidence of a prominent relationship between cognitive and metacognitive beliefs as well as cognitive flexibility with the experience of marital infidelity. Given the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility to marital infidelity, interventions to improve these abilities in women damaged by marital infidelity are essential. In this regard, cognitive interventions, and specifically treatment based on acceptance and commitment, are very useful for women affected by marital infidelity. In fact, acceptance and commitment interventions emphasize cognitive components and aim to change dysfunctional cognitions. In this regard, acceptance and commitment therapy can be considered as an effective intervention to improve the metacognitive beliefs and psychological resilience of women affected by infidelity. A subject that has received few specific studies. Overall, given the relatively high prevalence of marital infidelity, the negative consequences of infidelity, the need for psychological interventions, the ineffectiveness of many intervention programs, and limited interventional studies, providing an effective intervention for victims of infidelity, especially women as the more vulnerable group is very much needed. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment on metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility of women damaged by marital infidelity.

The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population included all women damaged by marital infidelity who referred to the Islamic Revolutionary Tribunal of Sangar in 2018. Among them, 30 women were selected by convenience sampling method and then randomly assigned to experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The data collection tools included demographic questionnaire, Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ-30; Wells & Cartwright-Hatton, 2004), and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II; Bond et al., 2011). Acceptance and commitment group therapy was administered to the experimental groups in 8 sessions of 2 hours weekly. Finally, the data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results indicated that the acceptance and commitment group therapy significantly affect metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility (p<0.01).

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment on metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility of women damaged by marital infidelity. According to the findings of the study, group therapy based on acceptance and commitment was able to affect the metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility of women damaged by marital infidelity and improve their metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility. In explaining this issue, it can be acknowledged that the acceptance and commitment intervention in the present study, by emphasizing cognitive processes such as connection with the present, committed actions and acceptance, could bring about positive changes in the metacognitive structure of women damaged by marital infidelity. Through learning the acceptance process, participants learned to accept events and thoughts completely and without defense, as they are. In other words, they were taught that although their situation is sensitive and distressing, they should not prevent negative thoughts from entering their minds, but should be able to show the best performance by accepting these thoughts. The other component was self-observation. Participants found that they should perceive thoughts as they are and in a pure form and look at thoughts as a phrase or an image or a form, not as a consistent concept. That is, thoughts should not be described based on analysis, judgment, evaluation, and belief, so that it is possible to separate thoughts. The intervention also improved metacognitive beliefs through its effects on uncontrollability, the risk of negative thoughts, cognitive conflict, and positive beliefs about worry. In addition, the intervention program improved psychological flexibility, that is, staying connected to the present moment despite unpleasant thoughts, feelings, and physical conditions, so that behaviors are selected based on personal situation and values. Based on the results of the present study, acceptance and commitment group therapy can reduce negative consequence of marital infidelity and increase adjustment in women damaged by marital infidelity by enhancing their metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility. Therefore, it is recommended to increase adjustment in women damaged by marital infidelity.

During the COVID-19 epidemic, different individuals experience different levels of anxiety associated with COVID-19, and many of them cite the Internet and online health information. The aim of the present study was to compare the online health information utilization, online shared identity, and online shared information usage in different levels of COVID-19 anxiety. In this causal-comparative study, the statistical population of the study consisted of college students of Faculty of Literature and Humanities of Guilan University during COVID-19 outbreak in 2020. Among them, 387 students were selected by convenience sampling method and responded to COVID-19 Anxiety Questionnaire, Online Health Information Utilization Questionnaire, and Identity Bubble Reinforcement Scale. Considering the high and low total scores of the COVID-19 Anxiety Questionnaire, participants were divided into high-level COVID-19 anxiety (n=100) and low-level COVID-19 anxiety (n=100) groups. The results indicated individuals with high level of COVID-19 anxiety got higher scores in online health information utilization and online shared identity compared to individuals in low-level COVID-19 anxiety group (p <0/01). Admittedly, online shared identity is more prominent in individuals in high-level COVID-19 anxiety group and they rely more on health information available on the Internet.

Attachment styles can explain many of the psychological traits such as self-differentiation, cognitive flexibility, and marital intimacy that warrant attention to this variable. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between attachment styles with self-differentiation, cognitive flexibility and marital intimacy in married female students of Azad University. The research method was descriptive correlational. The statistical population of the study included all married female students of Islamic Azad University of Rasht. A sample of 300 people was selected as available and then the data were collected using the Adult Attachment Styles Questionnaires of Hazzan and Shaver (1987), Self-differentiation of Skorown and Friedlander (1998), Cognitive Flexibility Dennis and Vanderval (2010) and Walker, Skowronski & Thompson (2003) Marital Intimacy were collected. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. The findings showed that there is a positive relationship between self-differentiation and cognitive flexibility with secure attachment style and a significant negative correlation with avoidant and anxiety-ambivalent insecure attachment styles (P<0.05). Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between marital intimacy and secure attachment style and negative and ambivalent anxiety-insecure attachment style (P<0.01). Given the results and the importance of attachment styles in marital intimacy, it is suggested that more attention be paid to attachment styles at different ages in order to experience fewer problems in the future.

The purpose of the present study was to compare addiction memory intensity and self-control in successful and unsuccessful addiction withdrawal.

In this causal-comparative study, the population of the study consisted of male addicts who referred to Rasht addiction treatment clinics (District one) in 2018. Among them, 45 individuals with successful addiction withdrawal (more than 2 years) and 45 individuals with unsuccessful addiction withdrawal were selected using convenience sampling method. For data collection, Addiction Memory Intensity Scale (Chen et al., 2018) and Self-Control Scale-short version (Tangny et al., 2004) were used. Finally, the data were analyzed using multi-variate variance analysis.

According to the results, levels of addiction memory intensity and self-control were different in successful and unsuccessful individuals in addiction quit (p <0/01). In other words, successful individuals in addiction withdrawal received lower scores in addiction memory intensity and higher scores in self-control in comparison to unsuccessful individuals in addiction withdrawal (p <0/01).

Considering the results, addiction memory intensity and self-control are important factors that can be influential in successful addiction withdrawal. Hence, it is possible to increase success in addiction withdrawal by designing interventions that reduce addiction memory intensity and increase self-control.

Motivational processes underlie students' learning behaviors that can be influenced by various psychological factors. One of these variables is called mental toughness which different levels of it can affect students' academic performance. On the other hand, the capacity to sustain effort and interest for long-term goals is an effective factor related to academic success. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the role of psychological strength and the capacity to maintain effort and interest for long-term goals (stability) in predicting students' academic achievement.

This study is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all high school students in the first district of Rasht city in the academic year of 2018-19. The sample included 300 students from this papulation (150 female students and 150 male students) who were selected using convenience sampling method. Data were collected using the Educational Motivation Scale (Harter, 1981), Mental Toughness Questionnaire (Sheard, Golby, & Van Wersch, 2009), and Short Grit Scale (Duckworth & Quinn, 2009). Data were analyzed by SPSS software using Pearson correlation and multiple regression.

The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the effect of confidence (0.17), constancy (0.23), control (0.21) and grit (0.18) on students' academic motivation was positive and significant. Also, mental toughness and the capacity of sustaining effort and interest for long-term purposes (grit) significantly predict students' academic motivation (p <0.01). The results also showed that mental toughness, capacity of sustaining effort, and interest for long-term goals (grit) predict 17% of students' academic motivation.

According to the research findings, it was found that students who have long-term goals and have a clear plan for their academic future have a higher academic motivation. Also, students who achieve high scores in mental toughness show greater consistency and stability in their studies and will continue to study with a more sustainable motivation. It is therefore essential for teachers and families to focus more on these topics to strengthen students' mental toughness and grit.

Present study was conducted to investigate effectiveness of motivational enhancement therapy on addiction potential and stages of change readiness and treatment eagerness of addicts.

The research method was semi-experimental and its design was pretest. The population of the study consisted of male addicts who had presented to Rasht addiction treatment clinics of district 2 in 2019. Among which 80 individuals were recruited by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned into the experimental group and wait list control group. The experimental group subjected to 9 sessions of motivational enhancement therapy in comparison with the wait list control group. The Iranian Addiction Potential Scale and The Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale constituted the data collection instruments. Eventually, the data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance.

According to the results, motivational enhancement therapy has significant effect on addiction potential and stages of change readiness and treatment eagerness of addicts (p <0/01).

Considering the results, motivational enhancement therapy can be a beneficial intervention for reducing addiction potential and increasing readiness to quit drug use.