یعقوب قلندری

Due to its unique geopolitical features and resources, the Persian Gulf region has been very economically attractive for Western countries. The field of energy and energy technologies has caused regional and extra-regional countries to be attracted to this region. On the other hand, the energy-based political economy of the Persian Gulf region is entering a period of profound change as it intersects with the emergence of a younger leadership among US strategic partners such as Saudi Arabia and Qatar. Countries such as the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait have also moved to adopt long-term plans to diversify their economies, strengthen the private sector, and create jobs for a growing workforce. On the other hand, moving towards renewable energies and new energy technologies is growing in line with the diversification of the economies of these countries. These efforts in the field of energy have caused more cooperation and convergence between these countries to increase and increase stability and sustainable development in the region and provide opportunities for cooperation between the countries of the region. This research seeks to discuss and examine the factors involved in the convergence of the countries of the region in the field of energy and to answer the question of what role and place energy has in the convergence of the countries of the Persian Gulf region.

The purpose of the research:

Considering the high importance of the economy category and the energy component in the international system, the most important goals and necessities are described as follows:- The spread of challenges among the Persian Gulf countries and the creation of divergence in the economic field Interference of extra-regional countries in the current affairs of the Persian Gulf region and preventing convergence between the countries of the region Lack of agreement on the issue of energy pricing (oil and energy carriers) and consequently the pressure on trans-regional countries and great powers to receive energy at a low price. Extending economic divergence to political and security areas; Creating a crisis in the relations between the Persian Gulf countries

This article tries to answer the question raised in this research with a descriptive method. The data collection method in this research is consolidated and based on field and library methods. This means that to use the conceptual framework and necessary information to investigate the issue, library resources were used and books, articles, and websites in Latin and Persian languages were used. Also, statistical data has been used to enrich the work and show real data. In addition, five people were selected from among the specialists and professors of the university, and they were asked questions in the form of a semi-structured interview.

The findings of the research show that convergence in the Persian Gulf environment is associated with challenges, one of these areas being energy. They are the first; dependence of great powers on Persian Gulf energy and second; The role of the Persian Gulf in the energy transit of the Caspian basin. The research also concludes that while challenges remain, strategic energy cooperation remains a key pillar of regional unity and stability in the Persian Gulf, highlighting its vital role in the global energy landscape.

What we have been looking for in this research is the answer to the question that was stated at the beginning; "What is the role and position of the energy component on the convergence of the countries of the Persian Gulf region?" we answered in this article. The statistical population of this research is the countries of the Persian Gulf, as it has been stated, the Persian Gulf was considered a peripheral land in the past geopolitical theories, but in the new geopolitical theories, this sea has become the land of "heartland" or "axis" or the center of centers. One of the most important reasons for the importance of this region is the presence of huge energy resources (oil and gas), which have always been the focus of great powers.Convergence in the general field between the Persian Gulf countries should be summarized in a few cases, the main of which are; oil and gas, common religion, common geopolitics, the Palestinian issue, the importance of the Strait of Hormuz, and the regional countries' dependence on it, cooperation in environmental fields, cooperation in the field of agriculture, cooperation in the field of transportation, research, scientific, educational and sports cooperation, cooperation in the framework of Organizations (OPEC Organization), active cooperation in the fight against terrorism.But the focus of this research has been mostly in the field of energy, where the most important capacities in this field are; First; the dependence of great powers on Persian Gulf energy and second; The role of the Persian Gulf in the energy transit of the Caspian basin. In the area of the first case that was mentioned, the developed countries and the great eastern powers, including India and China, have been in dire need of the oil resources of the Persian Gulf in the past years, and in the past years, they tried to attract the oil of the Persian Gulf countries with large contracts. They have had their position. On the other hand, the Western powers, including the European Union, could not meet their needs through the United States, so they came to the Persian Gulf. In the long run, this component can create a need for a new organization in addition to OPEC, through which all the countries of the Persian Gulf can achieve convergence.On the other hand, the Persian Gulf can have the energy of the Caspian basin in the direction of transit. For a long time, Russia has sought to gain access to the Persian Gulf and then to open waters, but it has never been able to achieve it easily. Iran'sroute can be the best way for Russia and other Caspian countries to reach this important region, and through that, the countries of the Persian Gulf can achieve convergence in the economic field with the cooperation and transit of these resources.Also, in this research, the theoretical framework of neo-functionalism has been used. Because neo-functionalists want to achieve political integration from economic integration. It seems that due to the cooperation of all the countries of the region, according to the historical and cultural foundations, regional convergence can be achieved. As stated; Political integration is a process by which political actors in several distinct national groups are trying to transfer their loyalty, expectations and political actions to a new center. Institutions that have more powers and demands than the previous governments. According to the economic capacities and existing capacities in the field of energy, the countries of the Persian Gulf can create organizations in this field; that these organizations provide more closeness and convergence with continuous and structured meetings.One of the most important factors that fuel the convergence in the energy field of the Persian Gulf is the dependence of the great economic and political powers of the world on the energy resources of this region. The increasing demand for oil and natural gas has made the countries of this region the main suppliers of these resources in the world. This interdependence requires cooperation and convergence to ensure the stability and security of energy supply and demand.Powerful countries such as the United States, China, the European Union, and Japan increasingly rely on oil and gas imports from the Persian Gulf region. This dependence creates a strong incentive for these countries to ensure stable access to energy resources by maintaining peaceful diplomatic and political relations with the countries of the region.In addition, major economic powers have made huge investments in the field of exploration, extraction and refining of energy resources in the Persian Gulf. These investments create common interests between these countries and the countries of the region, which, in turn, helps convergence in the field of energy and the overall stability of the region.The Persian Gulf region also plays a vital role in energy transit from the Caspian Sea to global markets. Caspian Sea countries, including the Republic of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan, have significant reserves of oil and natural gas. However, due to the lack of access to deep water ports, these countries face challenges in exporting these resources to global markets.In this regard, transit routes through the Persian Gulf countries are considered an ideal option for exporting energy from the Caspian Sea basin. Pipelines and export terminals in this region provide the possibility of oil and gas transfer to global markets through the Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf.Cooperation between the countries of the Persian Gulf and the countries of the Caspian Sea in the field of energy transit provides the basis for joint investments, infrastructure development, and mutual benefits. This, in turn, helps convergence and stability in these two strategic regions.

Qatar is a small country on the edge of the Persian Gulf, which during the past decades, relying on its oil and gas revenues, has been able to travel the path of development and progress and place itself in the position of major emerging economies in the world. This development process underwent changes during the last few years with events such as the COVID-19 epidemic and disputes with Saudi Arabia, but by re-establishing relations with Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries, it seeks to continue its economic and social development path with greater strength compared to the past. Now, the current research is trying to answer its main question by studying the economic and social situation of Qatar after 2019, "What will be the future economic and political developments of Qatar?" Answer with the method of qualitative research and gathering information from up-to-date internet sources. In this regard, according to the studies, in the coming years, Qatar will increase its revenues and, as a result, make wider investments in the non-oil sectors of its economy, due to its plans to develop the northern gas field (Southern Pars) and increase the sale of liquid gas. . In the social sector, emigration to Qatar will continue to be high as in the past, but with a steady trend, which will make the government's policy of censorship and monitoring of social issues not change, and in some cases, such as the content posted by users in cyberspace, will increase monitoring.

The digital age is changing the shape of our environment in many ways. In this regard, digital currencies have created a new development in the economic and financial dimensions of the international environment, from creating competitive advantages through manipulation of the global market through currency wars to evading sanctions. Entering the complex era of great power competition, this issue becomes more necessary. Considering the conditions of sanctions and also becoming a trans-regional power, the Islamic Republic of Iran should find ways through which it can carry out its exchanges and neutralize its payment barriers. Increasing its role in international trade is essential for Iran to do so. Now, the current research is trying to answer its central question, what is the part of digital currencies on the effect of currency wars in international trade, with secondary studies and descriptive-explanatory methods. According to the results, digital currencies - both governmental and non-governmental - with the confidentiality of transactions and without monitoring them allow governments to overcome currency and economic wars and with greater freedom of action in the international economy and to float in it. Also, using digital government currencies could lead to a new type of trade war that would overshadow the global market by accumulating reserves.

The victory of the Islamic revolution led to the formation of the discourse of resistance as an alternative to the hegemonic discourse of domination, and it was able to move from a marginalized discourse to the context of developments.  One of the most important examples of this acting can be explained in the discussion of regional order. This article has analyzed the role of resistance discourse in regional order by using the discourse theory of Lacla and Mouffe and using explanatory-analytical method. The proposed hypothesis is that the discourse of resistance after the victory of the Islamic revolution in Iran, with the creation of an Islamic discourse system, has been able to transform from a discourse marginalized by the discourse of domination into an active discourse in the context of regional and extra-regional policies, and with the negation of the hegemonic discourse of domination and non-compromise in contrast to its policies will create a new articulation, which ultimately has created a new pattern of high-efficiency order-making at the regional level. However, the discourse of resistance, while having structural, military, conceptual and ideological capacities, still has many challenges at various levels, domestic (such as economic challenges), regional (such as competing discourses) and extra-regional (such as the intervention of Western powers) that can seriously threaten its goals. The innovation of this article is explaining the regional regularization of the discourse of resistance while paying attention to its capacities and challenges.

The Mediterranean Sea has a very important geopolitical position, which has made it enjoy a special place in the structure of the international system. The Mediterranean Sea is called the Mediterranean because it is located between Europe, Africa and Asia and has a very special and unique position. The Mediterranean is connected to the Atlantic Ocean from the west through Gibraltar, between two European and African countries, Spain and Morocco. On the northeast side, it is connected to Marmara and the Black Sea through Turkey and the Dardanelles, and at the bottom, that is, in the southeast, it passes through Egypt and connects to the Red Sea with the 192-kilometer Suez Canal, which is an important part of Egypt's foreign exchange income. Be related to the Mediterranean.Overall, the Mediterranean Sea is a densely populated region with a complex political history that includes many different ethnic groups. This has led to the creation of a complex and fragmented political map. Today, 21 countries with an area of 2 to 2.4 million square kilometers have coastlines in the Mediterranean Sea, including Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Slovenia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey. This sea has large energy reserves, which has caused regional and extra-regional powers to seek to increase their sphere of influence in the Mediterranean (El Rhazi, et.al, 2020: 1). This importance has doubled in the last few years.Since the early 2000s, a new big game has been formed among regional and extra-regional actors over access to fossil energy fields in the Mediterranean. Along with this capacity, discussions about exploration, production processes and resource transfer options have continued. Although the current situation in the region started 20 years ago, the historical process of offshore drilling in the Eastern Mediterranean dates back to the 1960s. During this time, Egypt and Israel have carried out various drilling operations. Also, each of the Mediterranean coastal governments have declared an exclusive and economic zone, 200 miles long, for the exploitation of energy resources in the seabed. Israel, Egypt, South Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria and Palestine are countries that have potential energy resources and natural gas discoveries are being made in the eastern Mediterranean. The most well-known discoveries in the eastern Mediterranean are the Tamar and Leviathan regions, which were discovered in 2009 and 2010; In total, there are 900 billion cubic meters of gas in these two regions. It is worth noting that 35 trillion cubic meters of natural gas have been discovered in the waters of Israel and Cyprus, and there is a possibility of finding another 85 trillion cubic meters of natural gas reservoirs on the coasts of Syria, Lebanon and Palestine (Demir, Tekir, 2017: 4). These two fields were the biggest deep gas discoveries in the world at that time. Later, the discovery of the Aphrodite field in 2011 and the Zohr gas field in 2015 changed the position of the Mediterranean Sea from regional to global. The proven reserves of hydrocarbons and new discoveries in the Eastern Mediterranean may not be comparable to the reserves of Saudi Arabia, Iran, Qatar, Russia and the UAE, which will turn the entire region or any of the countries that own it into a global energy player, but it can play an important role in the global market. especially in Europe; It can also be an important energy transfer pathway. According to the latest estimates, the oil and gas capacity of the Mediterranean region is approximately 5 billion barrels and more than 13.5 trillion cubic meters, respectively (Kavaz, 2021: 4). The discovery of a significant amount of extensive energy resources in the Eastern Mediterranean has turned this region into a multidimensional competitive environment. Europe plans to turn the Mediterranean into one of its main energy supply points, and so far it has taken great steps in this direction.In this research, considering the vastness of the Mediterranean Sea and the variety of commercial activities in it, we want to study the importance of the Mediterranean Sea for regional and extra-regional powers by emphasizing the energy field, and we are looking for an answer to the question that the importance of the Mediterranean Sea for regional powers and What is a metaregion from the perspective of energy? And what is the importance of the Mediterranean Sea in the evolution of the world energy market? And what role does the Mediterranean Sea play in transferring energy to other parts of the world? In this article, we are looking for answers to these questions by using documentary sources and analytical descriptive method. This research is important from the point of view that solving many current disputes or reaching future agreements in the Mediterranean is possible by understanding the importance of energy in the region, and it is possible to draw various regional models in this field, which can ultimately lead to regional cooperation and increasing peace and lead to stability. The necessity of the present research is that almost among scientific researches, the gap of comprehensive study of this issue is felt, which has caused many developments in the Mediterranean to remain unknown to the audience.The Mediterranean is always very important as a strategic area for regional countries and great powers. The Mediterranean is one of the main energy supply areas of Europe, which can reduce Europe's dependence on Russian gas. As a result, both Mediterranean basin countries are looking for European markets and West Asian countries are looking to transfer their gas to Europe through the Mediterranean. According to what has been said, in the past few years, the Mediterranean has become more important and many regional and extra-regional powers are seeking to increase their presence and influence in this area. Reducing dependence on Russian energy, guaranteeing investment contracts for American oil companies and ensuring European energy security are among the most important reasons for the importance of the Mediterranean Sea for extra-regional powers in the energy debate.  Also, for regional powers, becoming an energy hub, participating in energy corridors, concluding multilateral contracts in the field of energy and transferring liquefied natural gas are among the most important reasons for the importance of energy discoveries in the Mediterranean for the countries of the region. With the calming of the internal conditions and the establishment of political stability in Syria and Lebanon, these two countries can also play the role of transit and bring oil and gas from the Middle East to Europe. In the meantime, the Islamic Republic of Iran can play a prominent role in supplying energy to Europe, especially in the current war between Russia and Ukraine.

Political aesthetics seeks to bring the marginalized actors back to the realm of politics with the aim of "redistributing the tangible" and criticizing conventional politics, which in Jacques Rancière's view is called "policing." In this text, we try to express the approach and thought of different thinkers and thinkers about aesthetics, and then by expressing the components of political affairs and the challenges of political subjects in different eras with the help of Ransier's aesthetic approach to politics, eliminate the shortcomings of this. Approach and add new components to it to pay attention to the aesthetics of the subject and political matter. In the aesthetic analysis of political matter in this text, the political subject must acquire his subject-being from the inner self of the active and the passive, in order to realize the political matter, be connected with the meaning, be problem-oriented and concerned, to truthful events. Be loyal and this will cause a substantial movement in the political subject; and the political matter, in addition to formal developments, must also change in terms of content and be linked to morality and lovemaking and be measured by new criteria. It is in this realm that bioethics and lovemaking are possible in the aesthetic realm of politics in the light of new criteria for measuring the actions and meaningful resistance of the political subject.

The Mediterranean Sea has sensitive geopolitics for the three continents of Asia, Africa and Europe, whose importance has multiplied in recent years due to the discovery of hydrocarbon reserves. The increase in regional tensions, which has caused the expansion of the military presence of trans-regional powers, is an indicator of the increasing military importance of the Mediterranean Sea. The present article seeks to examine the importance of the Mediterranean Sea for trans-regional powers in the discussion of their military presence. It has been carried out as systematic quantitative research with a descriptive method. In order to answer the research questions, the authors used scientific texts and questionnaires and measured their reliability using SPSS software. The statistical population of this research consists of experts and elites in political science, international relations and economics, as well as graduate and doctoral students in Tehran, Shahid Beheshti and Allameh Tabatabai universities, who study in the fields mentioned above, as the sample population of this research. A total of 70 people have been determined. Also, the collected data has been analyzed through the fuzzy Delphi method. The results are as follows; Strengthening NATO against Russia (USA), creating a high capacity for quick reaction in the region (USA), maintaining the security of the sea and land route of the One Road-One Belt initiative (China), countering NATO activities (Russia), reducing vulnerability in times of surprise ( Russia) is one of the most important reasons for the military presence of America, China and Russia in the Mediterranean Sea.

The aesthetics of politics is the non-acceptance of the boundary between disciplines, which leads to the aesthetic process of retraining in the realm of politics. The purpose of this article is to discuss the ethical design of ethics - arising from this type of attitude - to seek moral rotation and its impact on politics, and seeks to change the position and forms of classification and differentiation, change the norms of the environment and change the current situation. Gives. Moral aesthetics, by relying on "breaking rules and values", "revolution in time", "logic of difference or difference" and the people - subject and other - promises a liberating moral regime that this liberation ر Part of the event is always in front of us. In this article, we have tried to rethink the relationship between politics and ethics by taking advantage of Ransier's aesthetic approach to politics, which causes the redistribution of the tangible, and by creating various forms of innovation, the bodies from Allocated space separates them, and with the help of critical freedom, the development of the subject's relationship with the justice of the activist is marginalized. With the entry of marginal actors as subjects in the field of politics, we will witness the demilitarization of the "police" order and the ruling moral representation regime, and at the same time the re-revolution in this field.